AP化学5分必会单词(根据历年真题汇编).pdf

APAP 化学化学 5 5 分必会单词（根据历年真题汇编）分必会单词（根据历年真题汇编）Structure of MatterStructure of Matter物质结构物质结构actinide series:锕系元素alkalimetal:碱金属（第一主族金属元素）alkalineearth metal:碱土金属（第二主族金属元素）alpha(a)particle:a 粒子amu:atomic mass number 原子质量单位（12C 质量的 1/12 为 1 amu）angular momentum quantum number:角量子数anions:阴离子atomic number:原子序数（等于质子数）atomicradius:原子半径Aufbau principle:原子中的电子优先填入低能量原子轨域Avogadrosnumber(NA):阿佛加德罗常数 6.022 x 1023beta(b)particle:b粒子cathode rays:阴极射线cations:阳离子continuous spectrum:连续光谱core electron(inner shell electron):内层电子degenerate orbitals:能量相等轨道diamagnetism:逆磁性diffraction:衍射dual nature of light:光的波粒二象性electromagnetic radiation:电磁辐射electronaffinity:电子亲和势electron capture:电子捕获electronegativity:电负性electronicconfiguration:电子构型empiricalformula:经验式excitedstate:激发态fission:裂变fusion:核聚变gamma(g)ray:g射线ground state:基态groups:族half-life:半衰期halogens:卤素（第七主族元素）Heisenberguncertainty principle:海森堡测不准原理Hunds rule:洪特规则ionizationenergy:电离能isoelectronic:电子数相等的isotopes:同位素lanthanide series:镧系元素Line spectrum 线性光谱magnetic quantum number:磁量子数main-group elements:主族元素mass number:质量数massspectrometer:质谱molar mass:摩尔质量mole:摩尔molecular formula:分子式neutron:中子noblegas:惰性气体元素node:节点nucleus:原子核octetrule:八电子规则orbital:轨道paramagnetism:顺磁性Pauliexclusion principle:泡利不相容原理periodic table:（元素）周期表periods:周期photon:光子positron:正电子principal quantum number:主量子数proton:质子quantum numbers:量子数significantfigures:有效数字spin quantum number:自旋量子数subshells:电子亚层transition metals:过渡金属元素valenceelectrons:价电子wave function:波函数Bonding and Intermolecular ForcesBonding and Intermolecular Forces化学键与分子间作用力化学键与分子间作用力alloy:合金amino acid:氨基酸amorphous solid:无定形固体antibonding molecular orbital:反键分子轨道aqueous solution:水溶液Avogadroslaw:阿伏伽德罗定律（气体体积与摩尔数成正比）barometer:气压计binary compound:二元化合物bondenergy:键能bonding molecular orbital:成键分子轨道bondingpair:成键电子对bond length:键长bond order:键级Boyle slaw:波义耳定律（气体的温度和物质的量恒定时，体积和压力成反比）capillary action:毛细作用carbohydrate:糖类化合物Charles slaw:查理定律（气体的压力和物质的量恒定时，体积和绝对温度成正比）chelate:螯合物chromatography:色谱分离法colligativeproperties:依数性colloids:胶体condensation:冷凝condensed states:凝聚态（气态和液态）coordinate covalent bond:配位共价键coordination compound:配位化合物coordination number:配位数Coulombslaw:库仑定律covalentbonding:共价键crystalline solid:晶体型固体Dalton slaw:道尔顿分压定律（混合气体的总压等于个气体分压之和）diffusion:（气体）扩散混合dilution:稀释dipole dipoleintermolecular force:偶极-偶极分子间作用力dipolemoment:偶极矩distillation:蒸馏double bond:双键effusion:(气体)隙透electrolyte:电解质formalcharge:形式电荷Gay-Lussac slaw:盖吕萨克定律（气体的体积和物质的量恒定时，压力和绝对温度成正比）gasconstant:气体常数 0.08206(L atm)/(K mol)Graham slaw:格雷姆定律（气体扩散和逸散速率与其摩尔质量的平方根成反比）Henryslaw:亨利定律（气体的溶解性随气体分压的增加而增大）hybridorbitals:杂化轨道hydration:水合hydrocarbon:烃hydrogenbonding:氢键idealgas law:理想气体状态方程idealsolution:理想溶液iondipoleintermolecular force:离子-偶极分子间作用力ionicbonding:离子键ion-induceddipole intermolecular force:离子-诱导偶极分子间作用力isotonic solutions:具有相等渗透压的溶液kineticmolecular theory(KMT):（气体）动态分子理论latticeenergy:晶格能Lewisstructure:路易斯结构式ligand:配体liquefaction:液化lonepair 孤对电子Londondispersion forces:伦敦色散力manometer:压力计molality:摩尔浓度molarvolume:（理想气体标准）摩尔体积molecular orbital(MO):分子轨道理论mole fraction:摩尔分数nonelectrolyte:非电解质osmosis:渗透作用osmoticpressure:渗透压partialpressures:分压pibond:p 键Plancks constant:普朗克常数Raoultslaw:拉乌尔定律（理想溶液蒸汽压正比于溶剂的摩尔分数）resonancestructure:共振结构reverse osmosis:反渗透semipermeable membrane:半透膜sigmabond:s 键solubility:溶解度solute:溶质solvation:溶剂化solvent:溶剂sublimation:升华surface tension:表面张力triple bond:叁键Tyndalleffect:廷德尔效应（光的路径在胶体可见）unit cells:晶胞valencebond theory:价键理论vander Waals equation:范德华方程（实际气体状态方程）vant Hoff factor:范特霍夫因子（溶液中溶质产生的粒子摩尔数与溶质摩尔数之比）vaporization:蒸发vaporpressure:蒸气压viscosity:粘度VSEPRtheory:价层电子对互斥理论Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions化学反应化学反应accuracy:准确度acid:酸acidbase indicator:酸碱指示剂acidicoxide:酸性氧化物addition reaction:加成反应Ampere:安培amphoteric:酸碱两性的anode:阳极base:碱basicoxide:碱性氧化物battery:电池Br?nstedLowrytheory:酸为 proton donor，碱为 proton acceptorcathode:阴极cellpotential:电池电势chemicalstoichiometry:化学计量学combustion reaction:燃烧反应complete ionic equation:全离子反应方程式condensation reaction:缩合反应conjugateacidbase pair:共轭酸碱对disproportionationreaction:反应中一元素既被氧化又被还原electrode:电极electrolysis:电解electrolyticcell:电解池end point:滴定终点equivalencepoint:等当量点Faraday:法拉第（1 摩尔电子所带电量）fuel cell:燃料电池Galvaniccell:原电池half-reactions:半反应HendersonHasselbalch equation:亨德森-哈塞尔巴尔赫方程（用于计算缓冲溶液pH 值）hydronium ion:水合氢离子limitingreactant:限制反应物Nernst equation:能斯特方程（计算非标准状态下原电池的电池电位）netionic equation:净离子反应方程式neutralizationreactions:中和反应oxidation:氧化oxidationnumbers:氧化数oxidizing agent:氧化剂percent yield:产率precipitation reaction:沉淀反应precision:精确度redoxreactions:氧化还原反应reducing agent:还原剂reduction:还原spectator ions:旁观（不参与反应）离子standardcell potential:标准电池电位standard hydrogen electrode:标准氢电极standardreduction potentials:标准还原电势substitution reaction:取代反应titrant:滴定剂titration:滴定titrationcurve:滴定曲线KineticsKinetics动力学动力学activatedcomplex(transition state):活化复合物（过渡态）activationenergy:活化能Arrheniusequation:阿伦尼乌斯公式k=Ae-Ea/RTcatalyst:催化剂collisiontheory:碰撞理论coordinate covalent bonds:配位共价键elementarystep:基元反应步enzyme:酶integratedrate law:积分速率方程intermediates:中间体isomers:异构体orderof reaction:反应级数rateconstant:速率常数rate-determiningstep:决速步(differential)rate law:速率方程reactionmechanism:反应机理ThermodynamicsThermodynamics热力学热力学absolute zero:绝对零度calorimetry:量热法endothermic:吸热enthalpy:焓entropy:熵exothermic:放热fossil fuel:化石燃料Gibbsfree energy:吉布斯自由能heatcapacity:热容heat of fusion:熔化热heat of hydration:水合热heat of solution:形成溶液的热量变化heat of vaporization:气化热Hessslaw:盖斯定律internal energy:内能irreversibleprocess 不可逆过程kinetic energy:动能Law of conservation of energy:能量守衡定律potential energy:势能standardenthalpy of formation:标准生成焓standard free energy of formation:标准生成自由能standard temperature and pressure(STP):标准温度压力（0oC，1 atm）state function:状态函数specific heat capacity:比热容surroundings:环境system:体系Chemical EquilibriumChemical Equilibrium化学平衡化学平衡aciddissociation constant(Ka):酸离解（电离）常数basedissociation constant(Kb):碱离解（电离）常数bufferingcapacity:缓冲能力buffersolution:缓冲溶液common-ioneffect:同离子效应equilibriumconstant:平衡常数ion-product constant(Kw):离子积常数LeChateliers principle:勒夏特列原理（如果改变影响化学平衡的一个条件，平衡就向能够减弱这种改变的方向移动）reactionquotient:反应熵reversible process:可逆过程solubilityproduct constant:溶度积常数