外研英语选修八语言点整理.doc

外研英语选修八语言点整理
Module I Deep south
一、重点单词与短语
1．state n. 状态；状况
e.g.As students, we should have a good state of mind.
作为学生，我们应该有良好的心态。
The house was in a dirty state.
那房子很脏。
These buildings are in a bad state of repair.
这些建筑物需要整修。
a state of emergency 紧急状态
e.g.She was in a terrible state when we arrived.
我们抵达时，她情绪很不好。
2．depth n. 深度
e.g. the depth of the well/box
井/盒子的深度
in depth 在深度上
Water was found at a depth of 30 feet.
在30英尺深处找到了水。
3．adapt to sth./adapt oneself to sth. （使）适应
e.g.Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark .
我们的眼睛慢慢地适应了黑暗的环境。
My son has adapted to the life abroad.
我儿子已适应了国外的生活。
4．trap v. 储存，留存；使陷入困境
e.g.Help! I’m trapped——open the door!
救命啊！我出不来了——快开门！
They were trapped in the burning hotel.
他们被困在发生火灾的旅馆里。
5．mass n. 质量；(聚成一体的)团；块；大量
e.g.a mass of 大量
masses of (人/物)许多的，大量的
A mass of almost pure white cloud lay below us.
一团近乎纯白的云朵飘浮在我们下面。
The yard was just a mass of weeds.
院子简直就是杂草堆。
Masses of books cover every surface in the room.
大量的书籍摊满了整个房间。
There was a mass of people around the club entrance.
俱乐部门口聚集着一大群人。
6．as well as 也，和（并列连接词）
e.g.He wrote three famous novels as well as some plays.
他写了三部著名的小说还有一些戏剧。
7．set foot in(on) 进入，到达
e.g.He said that he would never set foot in that house again.
他说他永远不再踏进那座房子。
They were filled with joy when they set foot on Chinese soil in late July.
当七月底踏上中国的土地时，他们兴奋不已。
8．promote v.
（1）促进，增进(help the progress of sth.; encourage or support)
e.g.The organization works to promote friendship between nations.
该组织旨在促进各国之间的友谊。
（2）提升，晋升(raise sb. to a higher position )
promote sb.(to sth.) 提升某人……
e.g.She worked hard and was soon promoted.
她工作很努力，很快便获得提升。
派生词：promotion n.
gain/win promotion 获得晋级
9．come up with: think of (a plan, answer, reply…), produce 想出
e.g.He couldn’t come up with an answer when I asked him why he was late.
当我问他为什么迟到时，他说不上来。
Can you come up with a way out？
你能想出办法吗？
二、重点句子
1．With annual rainfall close to zero, Antarctica is technically a desert.
[译文]南极洲年降雨量几乎为零，严格来说该区域就是一片荒漠。
with annual rainfall close to zero为介词短语，表示原因，由“介词+名词+形容词(词组)”组成 (有些语法书称它们为复合结构)。with的复合结构：with加复合宾语这种结构，在句中主要作状语，表示谓语动作发生的伴随状语、时间、原因、方式，也可以作定语，常见结构如下：
（1）with + n./pron. + adj.
e.g.It’s not polite to speak with your mouth full.
满嘴东西说话是不礼貌的。(作伴随状语)
（2）with + n./pron. + adv.
e.g.She fell asleep with the light on.
她睡着了，灯还亮着。(作伴随状语)
（3）with +n./pron. + prep.phr.
e.g.The teacher walked into the classroom with some books under his arm.
老师走进教室，腋下夹着一些书。(作伴随状语)
（4）with +n./pron. + present participle
e.g.He used to sleep with the light burning.
他过去常常亮着灯睡觉。(作伴随状语)
With you standing here, we can’t work.
你站在这儿，我们没法工作。(作原因状语)
（5）with + n./pron. + past participle
e.g.A young man was brought in with his hands tied behind.
一个年轻人被带了进来，双手被反绑着。(作伴随状语)
（6）with + n./pron. + to do
e.g.With him to help us, we finished the work well.
由于他帮忙，我们很好地完成了这项工作。(作原因状语)
2．Covering about 14 million square kilometers around the South Pole, it is the fifth largest continent in the world.
[译文]南极洲覆盖了南极圈周围约为1,400万平方公里的面积，是世界第五大洲。
在此句中，covering about…在句中作状语的情况。
e.g.They then headed north, pulling three lifeboats behind them.
他们拖着三条救生船朝北走去。
pulling three lifeboats behind them在此作伴随情况的状语。
3．Gases and minerals, in the form of volcanic dust trapped in the ice, can tell us a lot about what the world’s climate was like in past ages.
[译文]这些以火山灰形式封冻进冰层里的气体和矿物质可以告诉我们很多关于远古时期全球气候的状况。
trapped in the ice是v-ed形式作定语，修饰volcanic dust。
e.g.Most of the artists invited to the party were from south Africa.
参加聚会的大部分艺术家来自南非。
4．But the long Antarctic winter night, which lasts for 182 days(the longest period of continuous darkness on earth) as well as the extreme cold and lack of rainfall, means that few types of plant can survive there.
[译文]但是南极洲冬天的夜晚长达182天(地球上持续时间最长的黑暗时期)，气候极度寒冷降水量极少，这意味着很少有植物能够在这里生存。
which lasts for 182 days…是一个非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句中，which有时并不代表一个名词/代词，而是代表前面句子的全部或部分意思。
e.g.He changed his mind, which made all of us angry.
他改变了主意，这使我们所有的人很生气。
The students finished the work by themselves, which was encouraging.
学生们自己完成了工作，这是非常鼓舞人心的。
5．Not until the late 18th century did the British explorer James Cook cross the Antarctic Circle, but he never saw land.
[译文]直到18世纪末，英国探险家詹姆斯·库克才穿越了南极圈，但他却从未发现任何陆地。
通过本句，我们复习否定词于句首的倒装句。当含有否定意义的副词或连词，如：hardly, never, not, seldom, barely, rarely, nowhere, not only, little等放在句首时，要部分倒装，即主语和助动词要倒装。
e.g.Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.
直到河里的鱼全死了，村民们才意识到污染多么严重。
Not until his wife came back did he stop working.
直到他妻子回来他才停止工作。
Not until is everyone seated will the meeting begin.
直到每人座好了，会议才开始。
Never shall I do this again.
我决不再做这样的事情了。
注意not until在强调句中的运用，until作连词引导的从句不倒装。
e.g.It was not until his wife came back that he stopped working.
It was not until the war broke out that they left London.
It was not until his lawyer entered the room that the man opened his mouth.
三、语法：主语
1．主语通常由一个起名词作用的成分担任。起名词作用的成分可以是名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词(v-ing形式)，词组、名词化的其他词类、名词性从句等。
*名词
Our place is taking off in five minutes.
我们的飞机五分钟后就起飞。
*代词
Anybody knows the answer？
*数词
First went to the Chinese team.
*动词不定式
To study abroad is my long-term plan.
起名词作用的-ing form(动名词)
Listening to English every day is very important and helps us a lot.
*词组
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
名词化的其他词类
The rich should help the poor and contribute more to the society.
*从句
Who will go remains unknown.
It is certain that they have won the match.
It’s not known where she went.
2．动名词作主语时，前面可加代词或名词所有格表示动名词的逻辑主语：
Their winning the match is an inspiration to all of us.
Jane’s joining the singing team gave them a surprise.
四、典型例题解析
1.—Why, Jack, you look so tired!
—Well, I _____the house and I must finish the work tomorrow.（江苏）
A. was painting 　　　　　　　　B. will be painting
C. have painted 　　　　　　　　D. have been painting
答案：D
2. _____some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others. （北京）
A. Whether 　　　　　　　　　　 B. What
C. That 　　　　　　　　　　　　D. How
答案：B
3. It is uncertain _____ side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. （浙江）
A．that 　　　　　　　　　　　　B．what
C．how 　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．whether
答案：B
4. Not until he left his home ______ to know how important the family was for him.（江西）
A．did he begin　　　　　　　　 B．had he begun
C．he began 　　　　　　　　　　D．he had begun
答案：A
5．Joining the firm as a clerk, he got rapid promotion, and ______ as a manager.（天津）
A. ended up 　　　　　　　　　　B. dropped out
C. came back　　　　　　　　　　D. started off
答案：A
选择题：
1．Hardly ______ when it began to rain.
A．had he arrived　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B．arrived he
C．he had arrived　　　　　　　　　　　　　　D．did he arrive
2．Not until the early years of 19th century ______ what heat is.
A．man did know　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B．man knew
C．didn’t man know　　　　　　　　　　　　　D．did man know
3．The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the people watching ______ on beaches, chairs or boxes.
A．having seated　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．seating
C．seated　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　D．having been seated
4．At least 100 persons were killed in the plane crash, ______ 5 children.
A．included　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B．including
C．contained　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．containing
5．Betty sings ______, if not better than, John.
A．as well　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．as well as
C．so well as　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　D．well as
6．After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth, ______ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.
A．where　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．what
C．that　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　D．how
7．Though ______ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A．lacked　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B．lacking of
C．lacking　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．lacked in
8．A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ______ in the kitchen.
A．smoke　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．smoking
C．to smoke　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　D．smoked
9．______ her hand in mine, I walked with the blind old lady to her daughter’s house.
A．To keep　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 B．Kept
C．Keeping　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 D．Being kept
10．______ in diving suits, they walk around in this magic world, lighted by the lamps of the ship.
A．Dressing　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B．Dressed
C．To dress　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　D．Being dressed
　　1．A。hardly是否定副词，于句首时，必须倒装。hardly…when/no sooner…than为固定搭配，意思是“一……就……”。
　　2．D。本题干以否定副词not于句首，故必须倒装，即主语man和助动词did部分倒装。
　　3．C。本题有一定难度，考查with +n.(名词)+过去分词(-ed)复合结构。
　　With the people watching seated on beaches作状语，现在分词watching作后置定语修饰people，seated作people的补语。
　　4．B。including在这里是介词，根据题干要用including，containing不能作介词。
　　5．B。本题可以理解为：Betty sings as well as John, if he doesn’t sing better than John. 意思是：如果说Betty唱歌不比John好的话，至少和他唱得一样好。A as well as B指“A和B一样好”。
　　6．B。what our astronauts desire to do是主语从句作主语，what=the things that，意思是：我们的宇航员渴望做的事情是……。
　　7．C。全句意思是：虽然他父母亲缺钱，但还是设法送他上了大学。though是连词，原句为：
　　Though his parents
　　lack可用作及物动词，如lack money；也可作名词the lack of money；形容词为lacking (be lacking in sth.)。本题考查现在分词短语作状语，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语相一致。
　　8．B。本题考查非谓语形式作补语的用法。find sb. doing sth.变为被动句为sb. be found doing sth.。此处是现在分词作主补。
　　9．C。keeping her hand in mine“我牵着瞎老太太的手”是现在分词短语作伴随情况的状语。非谓语动词现在分词短语逻辑上的主语必须与主句的主语一致。
　　10．B。本题考查过去分词短语作状语。
Module 2 The Renaissance
一、重点词汇和短语
1．work n.[U & C]工作，劳动；工艺品；著作，作品
e.g.skilled work
需要技能的工作
all sorts of valuable works of art
各种贵重的艺术作品
Shakespeare’s works include plays and poems.
莎士比亚的作品包括剧本和诗歌。
This mat is my own work.
这个垫子是我自己做的。
短语：in work/out of work 　　在业/失业
　　　do repair work 　　　　 做修理工作
　　　at work 　　　　　　　　在工作，在干活
2．effect n. 结果；影响；效果
e.g.The advertisement didn’t have much effect on sales.
这个广告对销售额没起多大作用。
Beating children has no effect.
打孩子不起作用。
3．dash vi. 猛冲
dash＋adv./prep.
e.g.He dashed across the street.
他冲过马路。
They’ve been dashing about all day.
他们整天在跑来跑去。
n． make a dash for sth. 为……而狂奔
4．depend on/upon 相信，信赖
e.g.You can’t depend on John——he nearly always arrives late.
你不能相信约翰——他几乎总是迟到。
depend on sb. to do sth./doing sth.相信某人做某事
e.g.We’re depending on you the job.
我们相信你可以完成这件工作。
习惯用语：That (all) depends./It all depends.
　　　　　那得看情况。
5．seek ( sought, sought) v. 寻找、寻求、探索
e.g.seek after the truth
寻找真理
The travelers sought shelter from the rain.
旅行者找地方躲雨。
短语：seek one’s fortune 去闯天下；寻出路
6．on behalf of=in behalf of (AmE.) 为了……的利益；代表(for the interests of)
e.g.On behalf of everyone here, I’d like to thank our special guest for his speech.
我代表在座的各位，感谢我们特邀嘉宾的讲话。
7．inspire vt. 鼓舞，鼓励；使产生灵感
e.g.Lei Feng’s spirit inspires us to work harder.
雷锋精神激励我们更加努力地工作。
The memory of his mother inspired his best music.
他对母亲的怀念使他产生灵感，谱写出最佳作品。
8．debt n. [C & U ]任务；负债的情况
e.g.pay one’s debts 还债
be out of debt/pay off the debt 还清债务
run into debt 负债
9．blame n. 责任 v. 责怪
e.g.The judge laid/put the blame for the accident on the driver of the car.
法官把事故的责任归咎于汽车司机。
习惯用法：
be to blame for sth. 应为……承担责任
e.g.The children were not to blame for the accident.
那次事故不能怪孩子。
10．liberty n. 自由，自由权
e.g.dream of liberty 　　　梦想获得自由
the Statue of Liberty 自由女神雕像
短语：at liberty (free from prison, control) 获得自由的
11．lead to(result in) 导致
e.g.Hard work leads to success.
勤奋导致成功。
This will lead to trouble in the future.
这会导致以后的麻烦。
lead to sb. doing 导致某人做某事
e.g.This led to him resigning.
这导致他辞职。
12．take up
（1）begin to spend time doing sth. 开始花时间从事(某种活动)
e.g.John took up acting while he was at college.
约翰在上大学时开始喜欢上演戏。
He has taken up playing the guitar.
他开始迷上玩吉它。
（2）fill or use (space or time) 占用
take up time (space) 占时间/空间
13．get/be tired of 对……感到厌倦；对……失去兴趣
e.g.I’m tired of fried eggs.
I’m tired of your conversation.
Everybody’s tired of your complaints.
比较：be tired with… 因……而疲倦
e.g.I’m tired with walking.
我走累了。
Are you tired from rowing？
你划船累了吗？
二、重点句子
1．It is believed to be the best example of a new lifelike style of painting that amazed people when it was first used.
[译文]它被认为是一种新的形象逼真型绘画的最好代表，这种绘画风格一经使用就使人们惊叹不已。
本句的第一个it不是形式主语，而是有实在意思的人称代词，指的是the Mona Lisa；to be the best example…是不定式短语作主语补足语；
这句中的第二个it也是有实在意义的人称代词，指的是：a new lifelike style of painting。
本句可替换成主语从句It is believed that the Mona Lisa is the best example of new lifelike style of painting.
e.g. It is believed that they have discussed the problem.
相信他们已经讨论这个问题了。
→They are believed to have discussed the problem. (简单句)
→The problem is believed to have been discussed. (简单句)
2．Painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the years 1503～1506, the Mona Lisa is a mysterious masterpiece.
[译文]《蒙娜·丽莎》由达·芬奇于1503到1506年期间绘制而成，是一件神秘的杰作。
painted by……是过去分词短语作状语。
e.g.Inspired by Lei Feng’s spirit, I work harder.
3．The word was used to describe a period in European history which began with the arrival of the first Europeans in America，an age of exploration, and the beginning of the modern world.
[译文]这个词被用来描绘随着首批欧洲人抵达美洲而开始的那段欧洲历史，这是一段探险的历史，也是现代世界史的开端。
此句中的was used to不是“习惯于某事”，而是表示被动的意思，to describe a period in European history是不定式短语作状语。
比较
搭配
4．This meant that people had money to spend on the arts; and it became easier for artists to find people who could afford to buy their works or employ them.
[译文]也就是说人们有钱花费在艺术上，对于艺术家来说要想找到人来购买他们的作品或者雇用他们也更容易。
在这句中，to spend on the arts为不定式短语作定语，修饰money；
for artists to find people…为不定式短语作句子的主语，artists是不定式短语to find people的逻辑主语；
can afford to do something出得起钱做某事，动词不定式to do作宾语。
5．After centuries of accepting a medieval world view in which human life was considered of little value compared with the greatness of God, philosophers began asking questions like“What a person？”“Why am I here？”
[译文]几个世纪以来，哲学家们都持有中世纪的世界观，认为与上帝的伟大相比人的生命很渺小。现在他们开始提出诸如“人为何物？”以及“我为何存在？”这样的问题。
（1）in which是“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句；
（2）compared with…是过去分词短语作状语。
compare…with/to 把……和……进行比较
compare…to… 把……比作……
e.g.London is large, compared with/to Paris.
与巴黎相比，伦敦较大。
compare a rose to love 　　　　把玫瑰比作爱
compare books to our friends 　把书比作朋友
6．Wherever he went he carried a notebook around with him, in which he wrote down his ideas.
[译文]不管走到哪里他都随身携带一个笔记本，以便随时记录下自己的想法。
（1）wherever he went是让步状语从句，相当于no matter where he went。
（2）in which引导定语从句，相当于in the note book。
7．In short, Leonardo was an extraordinary genius, an example of what has been described as “Renaissance man”: someone interested in everything and with many different talents.
[译文]简言之，莱奥纳多·达·芬奇是一个非凡的天才，一个被描绘成“文艺复兴人”的典范；一个对凡事皆感兴趣并有诸多才能的人。
what has been described as“Renaissance man”是名词性从句，充当介词of的宾语；
过去分词短语interested in…作后置定语修饰someone。
三、语法——非谓语动词的用法
1．动词的-ing形式
动词的-ing形式包括传统语法所讲的现在分词和动名词两种形式，因此，-ing形式在句子中可以起形容词、副词或名词的作用。
（1）主语
e.g.It is no use talking to him.
（2）表语
e.g.Your duty is looking after the baby.
（3）动词和介词的宾语
e.g.He dislikes being interrupted.
She kept working all day without taking even one minute’s rest.
（4）宾语补足语
e.g.I saw a light burning in the window.
（5）定语
e.g.Look at the sleeping child.
What can you see from the boiling water？
（6）状语
e.g.Having arrived at a decision, the students began their work at once.
Working hard, you will succeed.
2．动词的-ed形式
及物动词的-ed形式表示被动意义，不及物动词的-ed形式表示主动地完成意思。
（1）表语
e.g.The door remains locked.
（2）宾语补足语
e.g.Every time they