高中英语语法归纳总结20.doc

高中英语语法之小茂解析第一章主谓一致主谓一致(Subject-VerbAgreement)，指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如:Heisgoingabroad.Theyareplayingfootball.可分为:语法一致,内容一致,就近一致.(一)语法一致原则:即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数.以下为注意事项:1.单数主语即使后面带有with,alongwith,togetherwith,like(象),but(除了),except,besides,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan(而不是),including,inadditionto引导的短语,谓语动词仍用单数.如:Airaswellaswaterismatter.空气和水都是物质.Nooneexcepttwoservantswaslateforthedinner.除了两个仆人外,没有一个人迟来用餐。2.用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念,谓语动词用单数,否则用复数.如:Thepoetandwriterhascome.那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)Ahammerandasawareusefultools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具.(两样物)用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体,如:breadandbutter(黄油抹面包),knifeandfork(刀叉)等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。3.不定式(短语),动名词(短语),或从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数.如:Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.Whenwellgooutforanoutinghasbeendecided.我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。4.用连接的并列主语被each,every或no修饰时,谓语动词用单数.Everyboyandeverygirllikestogoswimming.每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.Noteacherandnostudentwasabsentfromthemeeting.没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.Eachmanand(each)womanisaskedtohelp.每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。5.eachof+复数代词,谓语动词用单数.复数代词+each,谓语动词用单数.如:Eachofushassomethingtosay.我们每个人都有话要说。6.若主语中有morethanone或manya/an,尽管从意义上看是复数,但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+thanone做主语时,谓语动词仍用复数.如:Manyaboylikesplayingbasketball.许多男生都喜欢打篮球.Morethanonestudentwaslate.不只一个学生迟到Morepersonsthanonecometohelpus.不止一个人来帮助我们。7.none做主语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数;但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数.如:Noneofusare(is)perfect.人无完人。Noneofthisworriesme.这事一点不使我着急。8.名词如:trousers,scissors,clothes,goods,glasses等作主语时,谓语动词必须用复数.如:Hisclothesaregood.但这些名词前若出现apairof,谓语一般用单数.如:Apairofglassesisonthedesk.桌上有一副眼镜。9.形复意单名词如:news;以ics结尾的学科名称如:physics,mathematics,economics;国名如:theUnitedStates;报纸名如:theNewTimes;书名如:ArabianNight;以及TheUnitedNations等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。10.“a+名词+andahalf“,“oneandahalf+名词”,“thenumberof+名词”等作主语时,谓语动词要用单数.如:Onlyoneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.注意:oneortwo+复数名词作主语,谓语动词用复数形式,如:Oneortwoplaceshavebeenvisited.参观了一两个地点。(二)内容一致原则:1.主语中有all,half,most,therest等,以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:Therestofthebikesareonsaletoday.剩下的自行车，今天出售。60%oftheapplewaseatenbylittleboy.这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。Mostoftheappleswererotten.大部分的苹果都是烂的。Mostoftheapplewaseatenbyarat.这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。2.不定数量的词组,如:partof,alotof,lotsof,oneof,anumberof,plentyof等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:Apartofthetextbookshavearrived.一小部分教科书已运到。Apartoftheapplehasbeeneatenupbythepig.这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。3.加减乘除用单数.如:Fifteenminusfiveisten.15减去5等于10。4.表示时间,金钱,距离,度量等的名词做主语时,尽管是复数形式,它们做为一个单一的概念时,其谓语动词用单数.如:Tenmilesisagooddistance.十英里是一个相当的距离。5.(1)通常作复数的集体名词.包括police,people,cattle等,这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:TheBritishpolicehaveonlyverylimitedpowers.(2)通常作不可数名词的集体名词.包括equipment,furniture,clothing,luggage等.(3)可作单数也可作复数的集体名词.包括audience,committee,government,family,enemy,group,party,team,public等.如:Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.委员会决定解雇他。6.the+形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物,作主语时,谓语动词用复数.如:Theinjuredweresavedafterthefire.(三)就近原则1.由here,there,where等引导的倒装句中,(有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如:Herecomesthebus公共汽车来了.Hereisapenandsomepiecesofpaperforyou.给你一支钢笔和几张纸。Whereisyourwifeandchildrentostaywhileyouareaway?你不在这儿的时候,你爱人和孩子在哪儿呆呢？2.用连词or,either.or,neither.nor,notonly.butalso等连接的并列主语,谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。如：Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherknowsanythingaboutit学生和老师都不知道这事.Heoryouhavetakenmypen.他或你拿了我的钢笔。注意:oneof+复数名词+who/that/which引导的定语从句中,定语从句的动词为复数。如：Maryisoneofthosepeoplewhokeeppets.玛丽是饲养宠物者之一。Theonlyoneof+复数名词+who/that./which引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。Maryistheonlyoneofthosepeoplewhokeepspets.玛丽是唯一一个饲养宠物的人。主谓一致练习1.About60percentofthestudents_fromthesouth,therestofthem_fromthenorthandforeigncountries.A.are/isB.are/areC.is/areD.are2.Halfoftheworkershere_under30_.A.is/yearsB.are/yearoldC.is/yearsoldD.are/yearsofage3.NowTomwithhisclassmates_footballontheplayground.A.playB.areplayingC.playsD.isplaying4.Thenumberofpagesinthisdictionary_abouttwothousand.A.areB.hasC.haveD.is5.Thirtydollars_tooexpensive.A.areB.isC.wereD.be6.Theaudience_solargethatnoseatwasleftunoccupiedinthegreathall.A.isB.areC.wasD.has7.Thesecretaryandprincipal_atthemeetingnow.A.arespeakingB.isspeakingC.weremakingaspeechD.haveaspeech8.Ifanybody_,pleaseputdown_name,saidtheteachertothemonitor.A.wantstobuythebook/hisB.wanttobuythebook/theirC.willbuythebook/onesD.wantstohavethebookbought/her9.Nothingbutonedeskandsixchairs_intheroom.A.areB.isstayedC.isD.areleft10.Havingarrivedatthestation,_.A.itwasfoundthatthetrainhadleft&nb,sp;B.th,etrai,nhadleftC.thetrainwasfoundleftD.hefoundthatthetrainhadleft11.Betweenthetworoads_aTVtowercalledSkyscraperTower.A.standsB.standingC.whichstandsD.stand12.Eitherofyou_goingtheretonight.A.willB.wasC.isD.are13.Youaswell_right.A.IareB.IamC.asIamD.asIare14.AllbutDick_inClassThreethisterm.A.areB.isC.wereD.was15.-ShallIwaithereforthreehours?-Yes.Threehours_,_t,owaitforsuchadoctor.A.arenotverylongforyouB.isnotlongenoughfo,ryouC.wasnotlongenoughforyouD.willbetoolongforyou16.Wheretogetthematerialsandhowtogetthem_atthemeeting.A.havenotdiscussedB.havenotbeendiscussedC.hasnotdiscussedD.hasnotbeendiscussed17.ItookmathematicsandphysicsbecauseIthinkthat_veryimportantformetomakefurtherresearchinthisfield.A.whatisB.theyareC.thisD.whichare18.Everystudentandeveryteacher_.A.aregoingtoattendthemeetingB.haveattendedthemeetingC.hasattendedthemeetingD.isattendedthemeeting19.Threefourthsofthebread_byBob,andtherestofthebread_leftonthetable.A.waseaten/wereB.wereeaten/wasC.wereeaten/wereD.waseaten/was20.Thispairofshoes_.A.isherB.ishersC.arehersD.areher21.There_nolifeonthemoon.A.issaidtohaveB.aresaidtohaveC.issaidtobeD.aresaidtobe22.Agroupof_areeating_and_atthefootofthehillA.sheep;grass;leavesB.sheepsgrassesleavesC.sheep;grassleafD.sheepsgrassleafs23.Myfamilyraisealotof_,includingtwo_.A.cattlescowsB.cowscattleC.cattlecowsD.cow,cattles24.Whathesaysandwhathedoes_.A.doesnotagreeB.donotagreeC.doesnotagreewithD.notagree25.Theboyandthegirleach_toys.A.havetheirownB.hastheirownC.haveherownD.hasherown26.Sheistheonlyoneamongthe_writerswho_storiesforchildren.A.woman,writesB.womenwriteC.womenwritesD.womanwrite27.Therailwaystationis_fromourschool.A.twohoursdriveB.twohoursdriveC.twohourdriveD.twohoursdrive28.MikeandJohns_.A.fatherisateacherB.fathersareteachersC.fatherareteachersD.fathersareteacher29.Agreatdealoftalkingandlisteningthat_undercasualcircumstancemayseemtobeaimless.A.isoccurredB.areoccurredC.occursD.occur30._theclassroomneedstobecleaned.A.EithertheofficesorB.TheofficesandC.BoththeofficeandD.Theofficeand31.Three-fourthsofthehomework_today.A.hasfinishedB.hasbeenfinishedC.havefinishedD.havebeenfinished32.Morethan60percentoftheworldsradioprogrammes_inEngland.A.isB.wasC.areD.be33._workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeopleslivingstandardA.AgreatdealofB.AgreatmanyC.AlargenumberofD.Many34.Therestofthemagazines_withinhalfanhour.A.issoldoutB.aresoldoutC.wassoldoutD.weresoldout35.There_alotofsugarinthejar.A.hasB.haveC.isD.are36.“All_presentandall_goingonwell”,ourmonitorsaid.A.isisB.are,areC.areisD.isare37.YesterdaytheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor_askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were.38.Maryaswellashersisters_ChineseinChina.A.arestudyingB.havestudiedC.studiesD.study39.Therich_notalwayshappy.A.areB.isC.willD.may40._canbedone_done.A.All,havebeenB.Allthat,havebeenC.AllhasD.Allthat,hasbeen41.Eitheroftheplans_equallydangerous.A.areB.isC.hasD.have42.Thepolice_themurderereverywherewhenhesuddenlyappearedinatheatre.A.issearchingB.weresearchingforC.aresearchingD.wassearchingfor43.Yourtrousers_dirty,youmusthave_washed.A.isitB.areitC.arethemD.isthem44.TheOlympicgames_heldeveryfour_.A.isyearsB.areyearsC.isyearD.areyear45.Heistheolyoneofthestudentswho_elected.A.areB.haveC.hasD.is46._agoodenoughpriceforthisbookA.TwoyuansareB.TwoyuanareC.TwoyuansisD.Twoyuanis47.Nobirdandnobeast_inthelonelyislandA.areseenB.isseenC.seeD.sees48.Everymeans_preventthewaterfrom_A.areusedtopollutingB.getusedtopollutingC.isusedto,pollutedD.isusedto,beingpolluted49.Eachofthe_intheship.A.passengerhashisownroomB.passengershavetheirownroomC.passengerhavetheirownroomD.sengershashisownroom50.Whatweneed_goodtextbooks.A.isB.areC.haveD.has51.Whatyousaidjustnow_todowiththematterwearediscussing.A.havesomethingB.hassomethingC.hadsomethingD.wassomething52.Eitheryourparentsoryourelderbrother_toattendthemeetingtomorrow.A.isB.areC.aregoingD.have53.Neitherofthenovelswhich_popularwithus_beentranslatedintoChinese.A.arehasB.arehaveC.ishaveD.ishas54.Everyboyandeverygirl_toattendtheeveningparty.A.wishB.wishesC.hopeD.arehoping55._hasbeendone.A.netyninepercentsoftheworkB.HalfofwhathepromisedC.Two-fifthsofthearticlesD.Threequarterofthebusiness答案：1-5BDDDB6-10ABACD11-15ACDAB16-20DBCDB21-25CACBA26-30CBACA31-35CCADC36-40CBCAD41-45BBCBD46-50DBDDB51-55BAABB第三章：非谓语动词不定式（infinitive）、分词（participle）、动名词（gerund）是非谓语动词，在句子中不能作谓语。以下表格列出了他们各自在句中的作用。（表示可以在句中担任的语法成分，则表示不可以。）作用种类主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语不定式动名词分词非谓语动词在句中的特点、性质、用法、区别及使用注意事项分述如下：第一节、非谓语动词作主语可作主语的非谓语形式为：不定式和动名词。其表达形式为：不定式：主动态todo;被动态tobedone;动名词：主动态doing;被动态beingdone。例1：Toactlikethatisfoolish.例2：Itisimpossibleformetobuythecarwithcash.要我用现金买那辆车是不可能的。例3：Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.例4：Whatmadeyousolateforworktoday?Drivingtotheofficewasveryslowthismorningbecauseofheavytraffic.因为交通拥挤，今早开车上班非常慢。一般说来，动名词和不定式作主语，可以互换，其意义没有多大差别，但须注意以下两点：1表示具体的，尤其是未发生的动作，倾向用不定式（如例2）。表示无时限的泛指动作（如例3）或描述当时的情况（如例4），倾向用动名词。2在下列句型用动名词作主语Itisnogooddoing.（没有用）Thereisnodoing.（不可能）Itisnogoodarguingwithhim.和他争论没有用。Thereisnoknowingwhatmayhappen.=Itisimpossibletoknowwhatmayhappen.练习：1（改错）Asisknown,learnaforeignlanguagewellrequiresgreatefforts.2（改错）Thoughflyingballoonsareeasy,balloonistsmustwatchtheweathercarefully.3（选择）_tosunlightfortoomuchwilldoharmtoonesskin.A.ExposedtoB.ExposingC.HavingexposedD.Beingexposed答案：1learnlearning原形动词不能作主语。2areis单个动名词作主语，谓语用单数。3.答案D。句义：遭太阳暴晒对皮肤有害。本题考查动名词作主语。分析句子结构可知，待选项在句中作主语，又因为人与expose为被动关系，所以选D。第二节、非谓语动词作表语可作表语的非谓语动词为：不定式，动名词。1YourtaskthismorningistodeliverthemailtoProfessorSmith.你今天上午的任务是把这个邮件送给史密斯教授。（不定式解释主语内容）2Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.（动名词解释主语内容）1.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,_itmoredifficult.（99全国）A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake2.分析句子是否正确:Whatwedoisprepareourstudentstofacefiercecompetitionswhentheyentersociety.1、答案B。is后有两个表语，两者必须在结构上对称。第一个表语为不定式tomakelifeeasier，则第二个表语也应该为不定式，所以选B。2、正确。当主语部分有实义动词do时，作表语的不定式可以省略to;若没有实义动词do,表语中to不能省略。第三节、非谓语动词作宾语可作宾语的非谓语动词为：不定式和动名词。1不定式作宾语例1Hedemandedtoknowthetruth.例2Thecarfailedtostopattheredlight.那辆轿车看到红灯没有停。英语中有相当数量的动词，只能以不定式作宾语。如：agree（同意），decide,refuse,pretend（假装），manage（设法），promise,seem,happen,hope,wish,offertodo（表示愿望）affordtodo（买得起，承担得起），bothertodo（特意），choosetodo（愿意或决定）attempt/seektodo（试图）learntodo（学习或学会）短语wouldlike（love）todo，wouldprefertodo（更愿意），beabouttodo（即将）,介词but/excepttodo例1）Ihavenochoicebuttogiveuptheplan.2）Therewasnothingwecoulddoexceptwait.注：but/except前有实义动词do,其后to必须省去请注意以下几点：1）疑问代词如what，which；疑问副词如when,whether（why除外）引导的不定式可作know,decide等的宾语，在意义上相当与一个未曾发生的宾语从句。例1Wehaventdecidedwhatstepstotakenext.Wehaventdecidedwhatstepsweshouldtakenext.2Ireallydontknowwhethertowritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.IreallydontknowwhetherIshouldwritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.这种结构也可以作主语和表语例1Whattodonextremainstobediscussed.下一步该怎么办有待于讨论。例2Ourdifficultyiswheretogetenoughmoney.2）为了避免重复，不定式可省去与前边重复的动词原形，而保留“to”。例：Wouldyouliketogoforapicnicwithme?Idloveto,butIcantspareanytimeatpresent.（to后省略了goforapicnicwithyou）3）不定式的时态与语态：主动语态被动语态形式时间概念形式时间概念todo(一般时)1）未发生2）和谓语动作同时tobedone同左tobedoing(进行时)谓语动作发生时，正在进行tohavedone(完成时)发生在谓语动作之前tohavebeendone同左不定式的进行时和完成时常用在下列句型中：seem/appear（似乎）to1）S（人，物）happen（碰巧）topretendtobesaid（据说）tobethought/supposed/considered/believed（据认为）to2）S（人，物）bereported（据报导）tobeknown（知道）to请注意：考查不定式的时态和语态，主要集中在以上句型中，是高考的重点和热点。Ihappenedtobestandingnexttohimwhenhefelldown.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.据当地报纸指导，这家银行昨天在光天化日之下遭到抢劫。Heisknowntohavebeenarrestedbythepolice.人们都知道他曾被警察逮捕过。4）was/weretohavedone；wouldliketohavedonewished（hoped/wanted/intended/meant）tohavedone表示当时想做，而实际不能做到Iwastohavepickedyouupattheairport,butIforgotaboutit.IintendedtohavehelpedyououtbutIhadnomoneythen.我当时真想帮助你摆脱困境，可是我那时身无分文。2动名词作动词或介词的宾语Icantimaginemarryingagirlofthatsort.我很难想象与那种女子结婚后的情形。Inarrowlymissedbeingkilledinthecaraccident.在那次车祸中我死里逃生。Headmittedhavingstolenmybicycle.他承认偷了我的自行车。Thereisnopointinarguinganyfurther.再争议下去毫无意义。1）下列动词必须带动名词结构作宾语：understand（理解），admit（承认），keep（on）（继续），practise（练习），finish（完成），imagine（想象），miss（错过，避免），avoid（避免），escape（逃避），suggest（建议），dislike（讨厌），enjoy（喜欢），delay（推迟），excuse（原谅），mind（介意），appreciate（感激），oppose（反对）。另外，有的词既可带动名词做宾语，亦可带不定式做宾语补足语，请区别清楚。如：allowdoing（比较：allowsb.todo）advisedoing（比较：advisesb.todo）2）下列短语必须带动名词结构作宾语：beworth（值得），payattentionto（注意），objectto（反对），canthelp（情不自禁），devoteoneselfto（致力于），putoff（推迟），be/getusedto（习惯于），feellike（想要），lookforwardto（盼望），getdownto（开始做，认真做某事），how/whatabout（怎么样），Thereisnopoint(in)doingsth(做某事毫无意义)3）下列动词可以用不定式作宾语，也可以用动名词作宾语，但有明显的语义差别。rememberdoing回忆起过去做过的事remembertodo记住要做的事forgetdoing忘记了曾做过的事forgettodo忘记该做的事regretdoing对已发生的事表示后悔regrettodo对现在要发生的事表示抱歉meandoing意味着，意思是meantodo打算，想要trydoing试一试某种方法trytodo设法去做一件事比较1Idontmeantogiveuptheplan.我不打算放弃这个计划。Abreakdownonourwaywouldmeanourwalkingforhours.汽车半路抛锚意味着我们要步行几个小时。比较2Ihavealwaysdeeplyregrettedselling（havingsold）thefarm.我一直为卖掉这个农场而后悔不已。Weregrettotellyouthatyouowethebank&100.我们很遗憾地告诉你，你欠银行100英镑。第四节、非谓语动词作状语作状语的非谓语动词为：分词和不定式1现在分词和过去分词的区别1）现在分词表示主动，译为“令人”；过去分词表示被动，译为“感到”，这是两者最重要的区别Theweatherofthissummerisdisappointing.MyparentswillbedisappointedwithmeifIfailtheexam.描述事物或事情的性质一般用现在分词。描述人的情感一般用过去分词。Idontthinkitsurprisingforsuchabadmantohavebeenpunished.（it指“象这样的坏人受到惩罚”这件事）Therewasasurprisedexpressioninhereyes.她的眼里流露出惊讶的神情。（人的表情是情感的具体表现，故应用过去分词来修饰expression）2）现在分词通常表示动作正在进行；过去分词通常表示动作已完成。Powerstationsemployfallingwatertoproduceelectricity.Thegroundiscoveredwithfallenleaves.2现在分词的时态与语态主动语态被动语态形式时间概念形式时间概念doing1）正在进行2）与谓语动作同时beingdone动作正在进行havingdone分词动作发生在谓语动作之前havingbeendone同左3分词表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随或补充说明等a）分词做时间、原因、条件、让步状语的表达形式如下：doingdonehavingdoneS（主语）+VhavingbeendoneS（主语）+V（主动关系）（被动关系）Notunderstandingitsmeaning,heaskedtheteachertoexplaintheword.（表原因：understa