英语四级作文典型类型.pptx

n常见题型结构与模板常见题型结构与模板n一、观点论证型一、观点论证型n二、利弊选择型二、利弊选择型n三、现象解释型三、现象解释型n四、途径方法型四、途径方法型n五、记叙文五、记叙文n六、应用文六、应用文n一、观点论证型一、观点论证型n体裁介绍体裁介绍n观点论证型作文，是指命题要求考生根据题目给出的论点，按照所给提纲的结构要求对其进行论证，然后表明自己的立场和观点，通过摆事实、讲道理的方式论述事理，发表意见，确立或否定某一主张。n审题思路审题思路可以按照以下步骤写作：n表明观点，提出论点；n论证观点，以事实和数据为依据，例证论点；n得出结论或表明个人看法与做法。n真题分析(09年12月)nDirections:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Creating a Green Campus.You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.n1.建设绿色校园很重要n2.绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境n3.为了建设绿色校园，我们应该n【审题审题】n这是一篇典型的观点论证型文章，可根据提纲将其分为三部分：第一段引入绿色校园的概念并指出建设绿色校园的重要性；第二段深入阐释绿色校园所包含的绿色环境和精神文明两个方面；第三段阐述个人观点，呼吁大学生自身、学校、政府以及社会各界共同努力，采取有效措施，共建绿色校园。n【范文范文】nCreating a Green Campus During recent years,the topic of a green campus,which has aroused widely public attention,is becoming more and more popular.Undoubtedly,a green campus,the indispensable part for the development of college students,has a profound impact on both individuals and society,for its significance cannot be neglected.A green environment,rather than anything else,plays a decisive role in the growth of college students.Meanwhile,it should also be mentioned that a green campus includes not only the places where the students live,but also the mental environment.Without green surrounding,the soul of students could be not as pure as we wish.In that case,in no place other than campus should we attempt to make a green atmosphere.Due to the seriousness of the situation,it is crucial for us to take effective measures to create a green campus.In the first place,its essential that law and regulations should be worked out and enforced by the government and authorities.Furthermore,it is high time that we enhanced the awareness of the students themselves.Only in this way can we get satisfactory results.With these measures taken,it is reasonable for us to believe that a green campus will be achieved in the near future.n模板模板nNowadays/Recently,_is a common thing/has gradually become a concern for many.For example,_.All these_.nThere are different attitudes/views towards _.Some people believe/have the idea that _;while others view differently/find it hard to agree;they say/contend that _;And some others _.nFrom my point of view/As far as I am concerned,I prefer/I would rather _.As long as/With the development of/_,well definitely/I am confident that _in the end.n二、利弊选择型二、利弊选择型n体裁介绍体裁介绍n利弊选择型作文要求能对一个论题的正反两个方面利弊选择型作文要求能对一个论题的正反两个方面加以阐述分析，进一步做出选择，推导出自己认为合理加以阐述分析，进一步做出选择，推导出自己认为合理的解决该问题的模式。的解决该问题的模式。n审题思路审题思路n可以分四个步骤来写：可以分四个步骤来写：n第一段：开头段，简述事件。第一段：开头段，简述事件。n第二段：阐述提纲中列举的第一种看法，给出理由或者第二段：阐述提纲中列举的第一种看法，给出理由或者举例说明：举例说明：主题句理由主题句理由/举例举例1+1+理由理由/举例举例2+2+理由理由/举例举例3 3n第三段：阐述提纲中列举的另一种看法，给出理由或者第三段：阐述提纲中列举的另一种看法，给出理由或者举例说明：举例说明：主题句理由主题句理由/举例举例1+1+理由理由/举例举例2+2+理由理由/举例举例3 3n第四段：表明自己的观点，结束全文。第四段：表明自己的观点，结束全文。n真题分析真题分析 (20112011年年6 6月月)nDirections:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Online Shopping.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:n1现在网上购物已成为一种时尚n2网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题n3我的建议Online ShoppingNowadays,with the rapid development ofInternet technology,online shopping is cominginto fashion,especially among young people.It goes without saying that online shopping is beneficial to consumers and retailers alike in more than one way.For consumers,it is time-and energy-saving to purchase whatever they want on the Internet at a much lower price.For retailers,they can save lots of costs that are originally used to rent a store compared with traditional market sale./However,despite the many benefits brought by online shopping,there are still some defects that cannot be ignored.For one thing,lack of face-to-face communication makes online shopping less reliable and trustworthy.For another,some merchants with evil motives may provide false information,which makes it time-consuming to identify the commodity.n From my perspective,the benefits of online shopping outweigh its defects,and to refuse to eat for fear of choking is always an unwise choice.One of the effective measures is to carry out relevant laws to regulate the online trading activities.Only when a harmonious Internet environment is established can we enjoy the pleasure and convenience of online shopping.n模版模版nWhen asked about/When it comes to,different people will offer different opinions.Some people take it for granted that观点一观点一In their opinion,理由理由一一.Besides,理由二理由二.nHowever,others hold that观点二观点二They maintain that理由一理由一And理由二理由二nWeighing up these two arguments,I am for the first opinion/choice.For one thing/On the one hand,我的理由一我的理由一For another/On the other hand,我我的理由二的理由二For instance,举例说明理由二举例说明理由二Therefore,as stated above,重申观点重申观点 n三、现象解释型三、现象解释型n体裁介绍体裁介绍n现象解释型作文命题要明确描述社会生活中存在的一种现象解释型作文命题要明确描述社会生活中存在的一种现象，要求考生说明该现象反映的社会问题，解释该现现象，要求考生说明该现象反映的社会问题，解释该现象存在或发生的原因。象存在或发生的原因。n审题思路审题思路n可以分为三部分：可以分为三部分：n第一部分描述现象，引起话题；第一部分描述现象，引起话题；n第二部分对现象做细致的分析，解释现象发生或变化的第二部分对现象做细致的分析，解释现象发生或变化的原因；原因；n第三部分针对现象做出评论，表明自己的态度、观点或第三部分针对现象做出评论，表明自己的态度、观点或做法，以及如何在日常生活中有效地发扬该现象的优势做法，以及如何在日常生活中有效地发扬该现象的优势或消除这种现象或其不利方面。或消除这种现象或其不利方面。n图表说明型作文，也可根据命题要求将文章分为三部分：图表说明型作文，也可根据命题要求将文章分为三部分：n第一部分描述图表中数据的主要趋势，对数据进行分析第一部分描述图表中数据的主要趋势，对数据进行分析比较，总结归纳图表内容所呈现的主要特征；比较，总结归纳图表内容所呈现的主要特征；n第二段对现象和变化做细致的分析，解释现象发生或变第二段对现象和变化做细致的分析，解释现象发生或变化的原因；化的原因；n第三段针对现象和变化做出结论。第三段针对现象和变化做出结论。n真题分析 (2010年6月)Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:1.如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写2.出现这种情况的原因3.为了改变这种状况，我认为Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling Nowadays,an increasing number of students seem to attach less importance to spelling in English learning.Thus,numerous misspellings appear in their papers,and whats worse,a well-organized essay is cast into the shade.There are various reasons responsible for this embarrassing situation.For one thing,more and more students give priorities to oral English at the cost of doing less spelling exercises.For another,many teachers put so much emphasis on communication and grammar teaching that they seldom highlight spelling.To change this situation,I hold to the belief that students and teachers should work together.On the one hand,teachers should pay more attention to spelling teaching,focusing on pronunciation and word formation,for example.On the other hand,students should stop complaining about spellings and realize correct spelling should be a must in learning any language.Only via joint efforts can students spell words correctly.n真题分析 (1998年1月)nExample 1nDirections:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic:Harmfulness of Fake Commodities.You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below：（98年1月真题）n1.目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品(fake commodities)；n2.为什么会有这种现象?n3.举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。n【写作思路写作思路】n主题主题 分析假冒伪劣商品的危害。分析假冒伪劣商品的危害。n开头段开头段 指出现象：社会上有不少假冒伪劣产品。指出现象：社会上有不少假冒伪劣产品。n中心段中心段 说明现象存在的原因。说明现象存在的原因。n 假冒伪劣商品可以为生产商带来巨大的利润。假冒伪劣商品可以为生产商带来巨大的利润。n 市场监管力度不够。市场监管力度不够。n 购买到假冒伪劣商品的消费者很难从有关部门获得购买到假冒伪劣商品的消费者很难从有关部门获得帮助。帮助。n结论段结论段 伪劣商品危害消费者个人和社会等，必须坚决伪劣商品危害消费者个人和社会等，必须坚决打击假冒伪劣产品。打击假冒伪劣产品。n 假冒伪劣商品给消费者造成巨大的损失。假冒伪劣商品给消费者造成巨大的损失。n 假冒伪劣商品危害人们的健康，甚至是生命。假冒伪劣商品危害人们的健康，甚至是生命。n 必须采取措施打击假冒伪劣商品，这样才能生活得必须采取措施打击假冒伪劣商品，这样才能生活得更好。更好。n【范文范文】nHarmfulness of Fake CommoditiesnNowadays,there is an increasingly serious social problem of fake commodities.It is common that all kinds of fake commodities are sold in the market.And the question occurs to our minds:What leads to the existence of fake commodities?nAccording to a survey,there are a couple of reasons caused fake commodities.First of all,fake commodities may bring about massive profits for producers.Whats more,our market supervision is still not powerful enough.Last but not least,consumers who bought fake commodities may find it difficult to ask the authority concerned for help.nAs a matter of fact,fake commodities do great harm to people.For one thing,fake commodities cause great losses to consumers.For another,fake commodities may harm peoples health,sometimes even lives.Therefore,we should take dozens of measures to prevent fake commodities from bringing us more harm.Only when fake commodities disappear can we live a better life.nExample 2nDirections:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Student Use of Computers.You should write at least 120 words,and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below:(2002年年6月真题月真题)fn1.1.上图所示为上图所示为19901990年、年、19951995年、年、20022002年某校大学生使年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；n2.2.请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；n3.3.你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。题。n【写作思路写作思路】n主题主题 分析学生使用电脑的情况。分析学生使用电脑的情况。n开头段开头段 整体描述图表中所体现的现象，提出问题。整体描述图表中所体现的现象，提出问题。n中心段中心段 分析出现这种现象的原因。分析出现这种现象的原因。n 电脑可以被广泛应用到学习当中。电脑可以被广泛应用到学习当中。n 电脑的价格大幅下降。电脑的价格大幅下降。n 使用电脑的收费降低。使用电脑的收费降低。n结论段结论段 存在的问题是：大多数学生没有充分利用电脑。存在的问题是：大多数学生没有充分利用电脑。n 电脑经常被当作打字机使用。电脑经常被当作打字机使用。n 有些学生把电脑应用到有限的范围之内。有些学生把电脑应用到有限的范围之内。n【范文范文】nStudent Use of ComputersnRecently,there has been a tremendous growth in the student use of computers since 1990.What amazes us most is that the average hours a student spend using computers grow up to 20 hours per week in 2000.It is true that college students are spending more hours on using computers today.nThere are many reasons explaining this growth.The main reason is that computers can be widely used in study.What is more,computer prices decrease greatly.Thirdly,charges for using PC have dropped.As a result,more college students can afford computers for daily use.nConsidering all these,I believe that many students dont make full use of computers.For one thing,the computer is often used as a typewriter on campus.For another,some students use computers only in a small field.In conclusion,we should try to help students make better use of computers.n模板模板nFrom the graph/table/figure,we can clearly see that_.Obviously/it is self-evident that_.nIn my mind,there are three reasons explaining/We believe that three reasons account for this phenomenon.To begin with/one reason is_.What is more/in addition,_.Lastly/apart form that_.nConsidering all these,_.For one thing_.For another_.In conclusion/in brief_.n四、途径方法型四、途径方法型n体裁介绍体裁介绍n途径方法型试题通过提示性文字或图表提出(或反映)社会生活中存在的一个现实问题，通常会要求考生指出问题的危害性或解决这一问题的紧迫性；然后对问题展开分析，提出解决问题的方案或应对措施；最后要求考生表明自己对待这一问题的态度、做法等。n审题思路审题思路n开头段：概述现状，提出问题；开头段：概述现状，提出问题；n中间段：分析和解决问题；中间段：分析和解决问题；n结尾段：总结全文或提出建议。结尾段：总结全文或提出建议。nDirections:For this part,you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic:How to Succeed in a Job interview?You should write at least 100 words,and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:（01-1）n1.1.面试在求职过程中的作用面试在求职过程中的作用n2.2.取得面试成功的因素：取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是业知识、自信、实事求是n【写作思路写作思路】n主题主题 如何面试成功如何面试成功n开头段开头段 指出人们认为面试在找工作时越来越重要，因指出人们认为面试在找工作时越来越重要，因此掌握面试技巧更是必不可少。此掌握面试技巧更是必不可少。n中心段中心段 指出成功面试的因素。指出成功面试的因素。n 得当的着装与举止有助于留下好印象；得当的着装与举止有助于留下好印象；n 要谈吐不凡，说话实事求是，表达清楚。要谈吐不凡，说话实事求是，表达清楚。n 应试者充分展现其才能和技能。应试者充分展现其才能和技能。n 还有一点不能忽视：应试者的自信。还有一点不能忽视：应试者的自信。n结论段结论段 得出结论，重申上述成功面试因素的重要性。得出结论，重申上述成功面试因素的重要性。n【范文范文】nNowadays,people attach more and more importance to the job interview.It is true to the present situation that it plays an important role in job-seeking.So it is of great importance for us to master the skills of it.nAs is known to all,there are many ways to succeed in a job interview.In the first place,you should dress and behave properly in order to leave a good impression on the interviewer.In the second place,when it comes to talking,you should speak clearly and honestly.Whats more,the interviewee must demonstrate his abilities and skills for the job.Last but not the least,the applicant is supposed to be self-confident.nAs far as I am concerned,I pay great attention to the ways during an interview.In fact,the interview usually plays a decisive role when the interviewer makes a choice.So long as you put the above principle into practice,you will succeed in a job interview.It is high time for us to obtain the skills.模版模版With the improvement of_，there are_.For example,_.So it is high time_.The reasons are:First/To begin with _.Secondly/In addition,_.Lastly/Finally_.But how to_?In my opinion/For my part/As far as I am concerned_.On the one hand_.On the other hand_.Therefore,I believe_.n五、记叙文五、记叙文n体裁介绍体裁介绍n要求考生叙述一个事件发生的经过以及由此引发的一些要求考生叙述一个事件发生的经过以及由此引发的一些感想或思考，比如车祸见证、自己或同学生病、或一次感想或思考，比如车祸见证、自己或同学生病、或一次难忘的经历等。难忘的经历等。n基本结构：基本结构：一：事情发生的背景或起因一：事情发生的背景或起因二：具体描述事件发生的经过二：具体描述事件发生的经过三：事件的最终结果三：事件的最终结果四：谈谈四：谈谈“我我”的感受或由该事件引发的思考的感受或由该事件引发的思考nDirections:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic:In honor of teachers on the occasion of Teachers Day.You should write at least 120 words,and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:(05-6)n 1.向教师致以节日祝贺向教师致以节日祝贺n 2.从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的 奉奉献献n 3.我如何报答老师的关爱我如何报答老师的关爱n范文范文nWith the coming of Teachers Day,all the students are eager to express their respect and love to their teachers.It is of great importance for me to show my esteem to my dearest teacher,Mr.Li.On one hand,I wish him a happy holiday.On the other hand,I want to thank him for all the work he has done for me,especially that unforgettable lesson he gave.nIt happened,I still remember,when we were having an exam.I was copying answers from one of my classmates in the classroom.Just at the moment,Mr.Li came in and found my cheating behavior.It impressed me most that instead of criticizing me strictly,he gave me a very meaningful lesson.He told me patiently the importance of honesty and the harm of cheating even not in an exam,which helped me a lot in my future life and study.nConsidering all these,I believe that I should return his great love with my achievements.First of all,I will study hard to become an eligible talent.Furthermore,I will devote myself to the development of our country as he does.I do believe the enlightenment he gave me will always encourage me in my whole life.n模版模版:It was/happened It was/happened 时间地点时间地点.I was.I was 我正在做什么我正在做什么.It impressed me most because.It impressed me most because 事件给我留下深刻印事件给我留下深刻印事件给我留下深刻印事件给我留下深刻印象的原因象的原因象的原因象的原因.总体概括事件的性质总体概括事件的性质.At first,At first,事件进展或情况表现一事件进展或情况表现一.Almost at the.Almost at the same time,same time,事件进展或情况表现二事件进展或情况表现二.事件或情况表现三事件或情况表现三.As a result,.As a result,事件的结果事件的结果.As I understand,As I understand,我的看法或偏好我的看法或偏好.On one hand,.On one hand,个人看法的依据一个人看法的依据一/原因一原因一.On the other hand,.On the other hand,个人看个人看法的依据二法的依据二/原因二原因二.Therefore/In conclusion,.Therefore/In conclusion,个人的个人的结论或文章的结论结论或文章的结论。n六、应用文六、应用文n体裁介绍体裁介绍n考生会读到一个特定的场景，然后在理解的基础上，给相关人士写一封短信，并在信中明确表达自己写信的原因、动机、目的和愿望等。文章所涉及的内容多种多样，但大部分都与日常生活比较贴近，书信的类型可能千变万化，如邀请信、申请信、求职信、感谢信、道歉信、批评信、抱怨信等，然而万变不离其宗，只要掌握了英语书信的基本格式，同时掌握其写作的语言，就能创作出一篇好的文章。n审题思路审题思路n 在写书信时，除了信首的称呼和信尾的签名、落款在写书信时，除了信首的称呼和信尾的签名、落款之外，信的主要内容体现在信的主体部分。信的主体部之外，信的主要内容体现在信的主体部分。信的主体部分包括以下三个部分：分包括以下三个部分：n简短的问候，自我介绍，引出话题，提出写信的目的。