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授课题目
动词及动词短语
课 型
讲授课
使用教具
Multi-media, chalk and blackboard
第 7.8课时
教学目的与要求:
让学生熟练掌握情态动词及系动词的语法知识框架。
教学重点与难点:
1. 系动词的基本用法
2. 情态动词的基本用法
主要参考书及资料:
《新编英语语法教程》 上海外语教育出版社
《新编英语语法教程》(教师用书) 上海外语教育出版社
教学过程:
一、概念与分类
1) 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。
3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。
说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:
She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)
She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)
4) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如:
She sings very well. She wants to learn English well.
说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。
5) 根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)例如:
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
The young ought to take care of the old.
6) 动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。
二、 系动词
系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
说明:有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:
He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)
He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。
1)状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)
2)持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3)表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4)感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。
5)变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如: He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
6)终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如:
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
三、系表结构
系表结构有两部分构成:连系动词和表语。连系动词也称系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语共同构成复合谓语。连系动词与其后的表语合起来叫作系表结构。系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
一) 表语
下列成分都可以做表语:名词, 形容词,副词, 动词不定式,动名词,过去分词,现在分词,表语从句.
使用举例(注意:连系动词不能够单独作谓语,他们必须和表语一起工作构成谓语):
1) 名词:
False: I am.
Right: I am a student.
2) 形容词:
False: He became.
Right: He became strong.
3) 副词:
False: She remained.
Right: She remained there.
4) 现在分词:
False: The story seemed.
Right: The story seemed interesting.
5) 过去分词:
False: The window seemed.
Right: The window seemed broken.
6) 动名词:
False: His job is teach English.
Right: His job is teaching English.
7) 动词不定式:
False: Her plan is become the winner in the game.
Right: Her plan is to become the winner in the game.
6)和7)的区别:
6)中动名词表示某人经常干某事:她从星期一到星期五天天教英语;
7)中动词不定式表示某人将要干某事:她的计划是将要成为比赛的胜者。
8) 表语从句:
False:The question is.
Right::The question is whether he will come here in time tomorrow.
Right::The question is what he is going to do next.
Right::The question is how he has managed to solve the problem by himself.
二) 连系动词
一种分类方法是:连系动词常分为三类:be 动词,感观动词,趋势动词。
1) Be 动词:am, is, are, was, were
2) 感观动词:sound, look, keep,taste, feel, smell
3) 趋势动词:appear, become, grow, get, turn, seem, remain,go
注意: 有一些动词既可以做连系动词又可以作及物动词和不及物动词。
He is growing very fast. ---不及物动词
I am growing apples in my backyard.---及物动词
The sea is growing rough.---连系动词
He is tasting the food.--- 及物动词
The food tastes good.--- 连系动词
四、助动词
1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:
a. 表示时态,例如:
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态,例如:
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句,例如:
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气,例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3) 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
一) 助动词be的用法
1) be +现在分词,构成进行时态,例如:
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2) be + 过去分词,构成被动语态,例如:
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3) be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令,例如:
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
c. 征求意见,例如:
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?
d. 表示相约、商定,例如:
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.
二) 助动词have的用法
?1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态,例如:
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时,例如:
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。
3)have+been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态,例如:
English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。
三) 助动词do 的用法
1) 构成一般疑问句,例如:
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?
2) do + not 构成否定句,例如:
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
3) 构成否定祈使句,例如:
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。
4) 放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
5) 用于倒装句,例如:
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6) 用作代动词,例如:
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?
---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车,对吧?
四)助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
说明:在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)
He will come. 他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)
五)助动词should, would的用法
1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如: I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
比较: "What shall I do next week?" I asked.
2) would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如: He said he would come. 他说他要来。
五、 情态动词
情态动词表示说话人对动作或状态的各种观点和态度,如需要、猜测、意愿或怀疑等。情态动词有词义,但不完全,是所谓的“辅助性”动词,在句中不能单独充当谓语。
一)情态动词的意义和用法
A. may和might
1.表示请求、许可,常译为“可以”。
在口语中可用can, could代替may,但在正式场合用may。表示允许时,也可用might代替,might不表示过去时,而是表示口气比较婉转。
You may take this seat if you like. 如果你喜欢可以坐这个位置。
MayCan Could Might I have a talk with you 我可以和你谈谈吗?
--- MayMight I come into the room to see my mother 我可以进房间看我母亲吗?
--- No, you mustn't. She needs to have a good rest. 不,你不能进。她需要好好休息。
提示:May I ... 问句常见的肯定回答和否定回答。
肯定回答
Yes, please./Certainly./Yes, of course./Sure./Go ahead, please.
否定回答
No, you can't. (最常见)
No, you mustn't. (具有强烈禁止的意思)
Please don't. /You'd better not./I don't think you can./I'm sorry it's not allowed.
2.表示推测,可译为“可能,也许”。
Your math teacher maymight be in his office.
The light isn't on. It maymight be broken. 那盏灯没有亮,它可能坏了。
There may might be some ink left in the bottle. 瓶子里也许还剩点儿墨水。
3.用在目的状语从句中,构成谓语。
He wants to take a taxi so that he may get there in time.
4. 有时可以用于祈使句表示祝愿。
May you succeed. 祝你成功
May you be happy. 祝你快乐。
May that day come soon. 希望这一天早日到来。
B. can和could
1. 表示能力,可译为“能,会”。
I can swim. 我会游泳。
Emily can dance well and her mother could dance well when she was young.
2. 表示允许、许可,常用在口语中。could比can语气上要客气。
--- Could I use your dictionary 我可以用一下你的字典吗?
---Yes, go ahead. 可以,用吧。(或Yes, you can. 但不能说Yes, you could.)
Could Can you tell me how to get to the zoo 劳驾,你能告诉我怎么去动物园吗?
3.表示推测,可用于肯定句(can罕见)、否定句和疑问句,但更常见于疑问句或否定句。在此种用法中can和could没有时态的区别,只是表示可能性的大小,can表示推测的可能性比could大。
Can he be ill at home 他会是生病在家吗?
Can the story be true 这个故事会是真的吗?
4.表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度,主要用于否定句和疑问句中。
How can you be so careless 你怎么这么粗心?
Where can could they have gone 他们会去了哪里?
5.Could可以用在虚拟条件句中。
If I could fly, I should be very happy. 如果我能飞, 我会很高兴。
If you had followed my advice, you could have finished it.
6.can与be able to的区别
①can表示“能力”时,和be able to相当,许多场合都可以互相替换。但当叙述过去经过一番努力才能完成的事情或前面有特殊说明,表示你有能力时,只能用be able to。
【正】Can you speak any foreign languages 你会说外语吗?
【正】Are you able to speak any foreign languages 你会说外语吗?
【误】The fire spread the building quickly but everybody could escape.
②be able to 比can有更多形式。
No one could answer the question. 没人能回答这个问题。(这里could可用was able to 代替)
When he grows up, he will be able to support his family. 他长大后就能养家了。
③could经常和动词see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand等连用。
When we went into the house, we could smell something burning.
She spoke in a very low voice, but I could understand what she said.
④在谈论说话时发生的动作,用can,不用be able to。
【误】Look! I'm able to swim.
【正】Look! I can swim. 看,我会游泳了!
C.must和have to
1.must表示有做某一动作的必要或义务,强调主观看法,可译为“必须,应该”。
Everyone must obey the rule. 人人都必须遵守制度。
We must do everything step by step. 我们必须逐步做每件事。
Teachers must be patient enough with their students. 老师必须对学生有足够的耐心。
2.have to 表示因客观需要促使主语不得不做某事。
You can't turn right here. You have to turn left. 你不能在这里右拐,你必须左拐。
My eyesight is very poor. I have to wear glasses for reading.
提示: 在口语中,我们可以使用have got to来代替have to.
I've got to work on Sunday. 我不得不星期天工作。
When has Ann got to go 安必须什么时候走?
3.must 与have to的比较。
must 与have to在表示“必须”这个意思时意义相近,但在用法上有所区别。
①must含有说话者的强烈决意(表示主观的看法),have to 则表示外力环境或习惯使然(即表示客观的必要,作“不得不”解)。
I must study hard. 我必须努力学习。(发自内心的决定)
I have to study hard. 我不得不努力学习。(外界因素逼迫)
②must只有一种形式,而have to可有多种时态。
They had to put off the sports meet due to the bad weather.
These last two days he has had to take a rest at home.
③must的否定式和have to的否定式的意思完全不同。
You must keep it a secret. You mustn't tell anyone.
You don't have to tell me the secret. 你不必告诉我这个秘密。
4.must用于表示推测,它的肯定程度比may, might, could大得多,一般只用于肯定句。
①must do (这里的do通常是状态动词或系动词) ,表示对现在状态的推测。
He must be very lazy for his desk is very untidy.
Carol must get very bored with her job. She does the same thing every day.
②must be doing表示对现在动作或状态的推测。
Put on more clothes. You must be feeling cold with only a shirt on.
③must have done表示对过去的动作或状态的推测。
The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. 地面是湿的,昨晚肯定下雨了。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我没听见电话铃响,我一定是睡着了。
5.must可用来表示根据逻辑推理必然要发生的事,可译为“必然会,总是会”。
We all must die. 我们都会死。
Truth must be out. 真相必然会大白的。
6.must有时可用来表示“偏偏”的意思。
Why must it rain today 为什么偏偏在今天下雨?
When I was taking a nap, a student must knock at the door.
D. will和would
1.will和would可用于第二人称疑问句,表示请求和建议等。would比 will委婉客气。
Will you have some tea 你喝点茶,好吗?
Will you share your happiness with us 你可以把你的欢乐与我们共享吗?
必背: Will\Would you ... 表示请求和建议的答复。
肯定回答
Yes, please. 是的,请。 Certainly. 当然可以。 Sure. 当然了。 All right. 好啊!
否定回答
I'm sorry. I can't. 对不起,不行。 No, thank you. 不,不行。 No, I won't. 不,不行。
2.will和would可表示意志、愿望和决心,用于各种人称陈述句。
I will do anything for you. 我愿为你做任何事。
I will never tell you the secret. 我永远不会告诉你这个秘密。
3.will和would可表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。will表示现在的习惯动作,would表示过去的习惯动作。
He will surf the Internet every night. 他每天晚上都在上网。
The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
4.will可表示固执坚持,这时will不可使用'll的简略形式。用于非人称主语时,表示物体的固有性质和倾向。
I will take the job, and no one can stop me. 我就要这个工作,没有人可阻止我。
He won't do what he's told. 他就是不愿按所吩咐的去做。
5.will表示将来时间时,不可用于条件状语从句,但will表示意愿或决心时,可用于条件状语从句。
If you will read the book, I'll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书,我会把它借给你。
If you will give up smoking, your health will improve.
6.will和would可表示推论或猜测。
The patient took the sleeping pills an hour ago. He will be asleep now.
It would be about ten when he left home. 他大约在十点钟离开的家。
E.shall和should
1.shall
①表示征询意见或请求指示,用于一、三人称疑问句。
Shall I carry it for you 我来帮你搬它,好吗?
Shall we sing a song 我们唱一支歌,好吗?
②表示说话人的意愿,有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思,用于第二、三人称陈述句中。
You shall do as I say. 按我说的做。(命令)
He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you. 我告诉你,总有一天他会后悔的。(警告)
You shall fall behind in your exam if you keep playing. 如果你一直玩,你就会在考试中落后。
2.should
①表示义务,意为“应该”(某件事宜于做),用于各种人称。
Children should obey their parents. 儿童应该服从他们的父母。
One shouldn't be selfish. 人千万别自私。
②常与what, how, why等词连用,表示意外、惊讶等情绪。
How should I know 我怎么会知道呢
Why should I fear 我为什么会害怕?
③表示对过去、现在或将来情况的某种推测,可译为“可能、照说应该”。
It should be fine tomorrow. 明天可能天是晴天。
He should be taking a bath now. 他可能在洗澡。
④表示对现在或以前的动作的责怪、批评(应做的事却没做)。
The boys shouldn't be playing football. They should be at school.
You shouldn't have entered the teachers' office without permission.
F.ought to
1.表示义务,意为“应该”(因责任、义务而该做),口气比should稍重。
We ought to defend our country. 我们应当保卫我们的国家。(每一个公民应尽的义务)
You ought to respect your parents. 你应当尊敬你的父母。
Oughtn't we to do everything possible to stop pollution 难道我们不应当尽可能地制止污染吗?
2.表示推测,暗含很大的可能,可译为“应该是,会是”。
Prices ought to come down soon. 价格可能会很快下跌。
Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。
3.ought to和should一样,表示对现在或以前应做的事却没做的责怪、批评。
You ought to be washing your clothes. Why are you playing Ping-Pong
You ought to have handed in the exercise last week.
4.ought to 与should的比较。
ought to 和should的含义较近,但不完全相同。ought to表示“应该”, 是从“义务”或“按理推断”的角度来讲的。should则是从说话人的个人看法这一角度来讲的。
You are her mother. You ought to look after her.
We should encourage him for we are his classmates.
G.used to
1.used to表示过去的习惯或过去某时期的状况,但现在已不存在。
He used to drink tea but now he drinks coffee.
I know where there used to be a river here. 我知道这儿以前哪里有条河。(现在没有河了)
2.would 和used to的用法区别。
①used to表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同,强调“现已无此习惯了”,而would只表示过去的情况,与现在无关。
When he was young, he would smoke a lot.
He used to live in the country, but now he lives in the city. 他过去住在乡下,现在住在城里。
②used to可表示过去的习惯动作或状态,而would只表示过去的习惯动作。
Kate used to be very thin. 以前凯特非常瘦。
There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down.
③used to可泛指过去的习惯动作或状态,而would表示过去的习惯动作时,往往要带有一个特定的时间状语。
【误】We would play hide-and-seek in the fields.
【正】We used to play hide-and-seek in the fields. 我们过去常在田野里玩捉迷藏。
【正】Whenever we were in the country, we would play hide-and-seek in the fields.
H.dare
dare既可用作情态动词,也可用作行为动词,指勇气和胆量上的可能,可译为“敢”。
1.情态动词dare
①dare作为情态动词时主要用于疑问句和否定句,一般不用于肯定句中。
He dare not drive too fast on the rainy day. 下雨天他不敢开得太快。
He dared not do it last year. 去年他不敢做这事。(dare的过去时为dared)
②可以用于表示怀疑的名词性从句中。
I wonder how he dar
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