八年级生物上册第七单元复习提纲.doc

promotion of employment, form a reasonable and orderly pattern of income distribution, build a more fair and sustainable social security systems, medical and health system reform. The plenary, innovation of social governance, must focus on the maintenance of fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, maximize factors, enhance social development, improving social governance, the interests of national security, ensure that the people live and work, social stability and order. 　　To improve social governance, stimulating social organization, innovative and effective system of preventing and resolving social conflicts, improving the public security system, set up the National Security Council, national security systems and national security strategy to ensure national security. Plenary session, the construction of ecological civilization, you must establish systems of ecological system, using the system to protect the ecological environment. 　　To improve natural resources asset property right system and use control, red line of delimitation of ecological protection, resources paid use system and ecological compensation system in ecological environment protection management system reform. Plenary session, centering on building a listening party command, can win and having a fine style of the people's army, a strong army under the new situation of the party Goals, restricting the development of national defense and army building is solved outstanding contradictions and problems, innovation and development of military theory, enhance military strategic guidance, improve the military strategy in the new period, building a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics. 　　To deepen the adjustment of personnel system reform in the army, military policy and system reform, promote the development of military and civilian integration depth. Plenary session stressed that comprehensive reform must be to strengthen and improve the party's leadership, give full play to the core role of the party commands the overall situation and coordinating all parties, improving the party's leading water ... Margin. Challenged the leadership of the Communist Party of China, Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong thought by Deng Xiao-ping's flag, replaced by three representatives and the harmonic society. 　　The former Communist Party spirit and social cohesion point of almost all political makeover. Characteristics of socialism public ownership is shifting to private ownership, planned regulation and market regulation, the proletarian regime controlled by the elite. Of universal equality, fairness and basic principles of distribution system is socialist society, however after economic monopolized by powerful, vested interests grow, employers do not have the same status, hardly seems fair social distribution. 　　State key protection of capital interests rather than the interests of citizens, had been hits the bottom of the proletariat 乐在其中，学有所成！
八年级生物上册第七单元复习提纲
第一章 生物的生殖和发育
一．植物的生殖
1．有性生殖：由两性生殖细胞的结合形成受精卵，最终发育成为新个体的过程
2．无性生殖
1）扦插：剪取植物的一段枝条，把枝条的下部插入湿润的土壤中，在适宜的温度下，不久，枝条下部长出不定根，上部发芽，最后长成一个新个体。如：天竺葵、葡萄、月季
2）嫁接：把一个植物体的芽或枝，接在另一个植物体，使结合在一起的两部分长成一个完整的植物体。
包括芽接和枝接。
关键：确保接穗与砧木的形成层紧密地结合在一起。
3）组织培养：
（1） 原理：植物细胞的全能性（植物体的任何一个活细胞，在适宜的条件下，都有分化并发育成完整植物体的能力）
（2）组织培养的过程：
人工配置的营养物质 分化出根和芽 移栽
植物组织 愈伤组织 试管苗 植物体
（3）组织培养的优点：可以在短时间内大量繁殖，繁殖速度快；可以培育出无病毒的植株；不受季节的影响；有利于科研与生产。

二．昆虫的生殖和发育
1．家蚕的生殖和发育
家蚕的生活史：卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫
变态发育：由受精卵发育成新个体的过程中，幼虫与成体的形态结构和生活习性差异很大
2．昆虫的发育
1）完全变态发育：一生经过 受精卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫四个时期。例如：蜜蜂、菜粉蝶、蛾、蝇、蚊、家蚕、蜻蜓。
2）不完全变态发育：一生经过 受精卵、若虫、成虫三个时期。例如：蝗虫、蟋蟀、蝼蛄、螳螂、蝉。
三．两栖动物的生殖和发育
1．青蛙生殖和发育的特点：都在水中进行，有性生殖水中产卵，体外受精，变态发育。
2．发育过程：受精卵 蝌 蚪 幼 蛙 成 蛙
3．两栖动物的生殖发育与环境：环境被污染不利于两栖动物的生殖和发育。
四．鸟类的生殖与发育
1．鸟卵的结构：
卵 壳 保护内部结构
卵壳膜
卵白：为胚胎发育提供所需要的水分和养料
卵黄膜
卵细胞 卵黄：提供胚胎发育用的养料
胚盘：含细胞核，胚胎发育的部位
卵黄系带：固定卵细胞
气室：提供空气
2．鸟类的生殖和发育过程
求偶 交配 筑巢 产卵 孵卵 育雏（画线部分是必不可少的）

第二章 生物的遗传和变异
（遗传：是指亲子间的相似性。变异：是指子代和亲代个体间的差异）。
一、 基因控制生物的性状
1、 生物的性状:生物的形态结构特征、生理特征、行为方式.
2、 相对性状：同一种生物同一性状的不同表现形式。
3、基因控制生物的性状。例：转基因超级鼠和小鼠。
4、生物遗传下来的是基因而不是性状。
二、基因在亲子代间的传递
1．基因：是染色体上具有控制生物性状的DNA 片段。
2．DNA：是主要的遗传物质，呈双螺旋结构。
3．染色体 ：细胞核内能被碱性染料染成深色的物质。
4．基因经精子或卵细胞传递。精子和卵细胞是基因在亲子间传递的“桥梁”。
每一种生物细胞内的染色体的形态和数目都是一定的。
在生物的体细胞中染色体是成对存在的，基因也是成对存在的，分别位于成对的染色体上。
在形成精子或卵细胞的细胞分裂中，染色体都要减少一半。

三、 基因的显性和隐性
1.相对性状有显性性状和隐性性状。杂交一代中表现的是显性性状。
2.隐性性状基因组成为:dd 显性性状基因组称为：DD或 Dd
3.我国婚姻法规定：直系血亲和三代以内的旁系血亲之间禁止结婚．
4.如果一个家族中曾经有过某种遗传病，或是携带有致病基因，其后代携带该致病基因的可能性就大．如果有血缘关系的后代之间再婚配生育，这种病的机会就会增加．
四、人的性别遗传
1.每个正常人的体细胞中都有２３对染色体．（男：44+XY 女：44+XX）
2.其中２２对男女都一样，叫常染色体，有一对男女不一样，叫性染色体．男性为XY，女性为XX．
3.生男生女机会均等，为1：1
五、生物的变异
1．生物性状的变异是普遍存在的。变异首先决定于遗传物质基础的不同，其次与环境也有关系。因此有可遗传的变异和不遗传的变异。
人类应用遗传变异原理培育新品种例子：人工选择、杂交育种、太空育种（基因突变）
第三章　生物的进化
一、地球上生命的起源
1．多数学者认为:原始大气中的无机物到有机物, 再到原始生命,这一过程是在原始地球上进行
2．原始地球条件:高温、高压、紫外线以及雷电、原始海洋、无氧气
3．蛋白质、核酸是生命中重要的物质

二、生物进化的历程
1．比较法:根据一定的标准，把彼此有某种联系的事物加以对照，确定它们的相同和不同之处。
2．化石：是生物的遗体、遗物或生活痕迹，由于种种原因被埋藏在地层中，经过若干万年的复杂变化系形成的。例如：始祖鸟化石（古代爬行动物→古代鸟类）
3．生物进化的总体趋势：简单到复杂，低等到高等，水生到陆生

三、生物进化的原因
1．模拟保护色的形成过程：动物在适应环境过程中所表现的一个方面，是自然选择的结果
2．自然选择：生物通过生存斗争，适者生存，不适者被淘汰。
3．过程： 过度繁殖 生存斗争 遗传变异 适者生存
4．意义：生物通过遗传、变异、自然选择而不断进化。
的自然选择和遗传积累逐渐形成的。

过去的一年，对我来说，是一个既紧张又忙碌的一年，是一个不断接受新事物，迎接新挑战的一年，在局党组的领导下，在同志们的帮助下，无论是思想、工作还是作风上都有所进步Obviously, face China's Socialist system, the Communist Party is not the party. In that case, political chaos has been very tight. Is remodeling or reconstruction, is a correction or a stove. Whether to turn right or left, is back to the source or put forward new political ideas. 　　This is to determine the road problems in China, is also the key out of the deep water of the reform of the economic system. 　　After 18, the new Central collective leadership attaches great importance to political orientation. 　　First, the "Central eight articles" as a starting point, starting from the Central Government's self-restraint, which preaches and pro-image, brought fresh feeling to the community. 　　Secondly, before reform and opening up and reform and opening two periods after non-negative, untying the tangle of the society a long time on this issue. Third, a new generation of party leaders on various occasions to Mao Ze-Dong and Mao Ze-Dong's thought of evaluation has room for manoeuvre, through to the ruling ideology of Mao Zedong thought, is the call of the soul to the Socialist Revolution and construction. Empty talks jeopardize national interests and try again, is an affirmation of Deng Xiao-ping's reform ideas. 　　These strong political signal showing a new generation of political leaders is still keeping to the Socialist road. 　　Four is revisiting the "talking to Mao Ze-Dong's historical cycle of" high profile anti-corruption and the importance of the Constitution, reorganization is bad style of officialdom, was to civilize people obey the law, while improving the color change of the regime of vigilance. 　　Five is to reform into deeper waters and stressed that top-level design, this is a review on the reform and opening up in the past, is also looking for a way out. 　　Six foreign and Russia closer, the flexible attitude on the issue of the Korean peninsula, Sino-Japanese fishing hardline China on the island out of the "patient" and low profile shadow began to gradually plan development. Signs show that the new leadership began to make a left turn in politics. 　　However, as of right now, not only ideological confusion in the community, the new leadership's thinking is messy. New leaders both stressed the need to implement the Constitution, stressed the need to turn off the power in a cage. Also stresses that Mao Zedong thought cannot be lost, 30 years after the reform and opening up 30 years ago can not deny each other. Both advocate democracy and release "seven does not speak of" files of political constraints. Neither deny the history of the CPC Central Committee on several issues ...
Comrades: today brings together members, mainly in order to provide a platform to Exchange and learn from each other in order to facilitate our work. Just now, we focus on taxation, planning and stability, safety, project construction, typical topics such as private facts presentation and interaction, and towns currently exist in the in-depth analysis of the problems to be solved, to explore new methods to solve the problem. It can be said that summing up the achievement, no grandstanding; analysis第 3 页
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