1、初中英语300组常用词语辨析(3)168end/ finish/ stop. end 指动作过程终止。finish指动作已完成,再没有动作做。stop 侧重动作的停止,即由“动”到“不动”。如:Everything ended. 一切都结束了。Have you finished your work? 你的工作做完了吗?He stoppedreading to have a rest.他停止阅读,休息了一会儿。169enjoy/ like/ love/ prefer 这四个词都有喜欢之意,但用法不同。.like意为“喜欢、爱好”,语气较弱,其后可跟名词、代词、不定式、动名词等作宾语。like也跟
2、复合宾语,宾语补足语常用动词不定式,即like sb. to do sth. “喜欢某人做某事”。如: In England many people like fish and chips. 在英国,许多人喜欢鱼和油煎土豆条。 He likes playing volleyball. 他爱打排球。 I dont like to eat pears now. 现在我不想吃梨。.love意为“爱,爱好”,在感情上比like强烈,经常用于爱祖国、爱父母这一类程度比较深的情况,在口语中它往往仅指一般的喜爱,这样用时和like的意思相近,可以互换,后面可以跟名词、动名词或动词不定式。如:We love
3、our Party. 我们热爱我们的党。I love to skate. 我喜欢滑冰。(可用like替换)They love playing table tennis. 他们爱打乒乓球。(可用like替换).enjoy意为“喜欢、欣赏”之意;有“乐于;享受。之乐趣”的意思,其后跟名词、代词、动名词作宾语,不接不定式形式。另外enjoy oneself 是“玩得愉快”之意,相当于have a good time,如:Many old people enjoy living in a village. 许多老年人喜欢在乡村居住。Did you injoy yourself in the park
4、yesterday? 昨天你在公园玩得痛快吗?.prefer为“更喜欢、宁愿”之意。常用于两者之间的选择,其后可跟名词、代词、动名词和不定式,也可跟宾语从句,但宾语从句要用虚拟语气。prefer还可以与介词to连用,表示“喜欢。,而不喜欢。”。其中to为介词,后跟名词或动名词。Prefer to dorather then do意为“喜欢。,不喜欢。”。如:Li Lei likes Chinese , but I prefer English. 李雷喜欢语文,而我更喜欢英语。Mr Green prefers walking to riding a bike. 格林先生喜欢步行而不愿骑车。Whi
5、ch would you prefer, tea or coffee? 你比较喜欢喝茶,还是咖啡?He prefers to write her some letters rather then telephone her. 他喜欢给她写信,不愿给她打电话。总结:rather than“宁可;是。而不是。”,连接各种并列成份,在语气上肯定前面否定后面。也可写成wouldrather than;rather thanwould,相当于instead of,如:He ran rather than walked. 他跑步而不是步行。They lost fame rather than wealth
6、. 他们失去的不是财富,而是名誉。He would die rather than give in.=Rather than give in he would die. 他宁死不屈。These shose are comfortable rather than pretty. 这双鞋不好看但穿起来很舒服。She would rather be poor than do that. 她宁愿受穷也不愿那样做。170enter/ enter into.enter. “进入”表进入一个具体处所,如房间、场所等,后面无需加介词; 也可表“进入”某个时期或阶段;当表示加入某个组织而成为其成员时, ente
7、r相当于join.如: She entered the house.她走进那间屋子。(不用into) China is entering a new stage of development.中国正在进入一个新的发展阶段。.enter into. “进入、参加、开始从事”,后加抽象名词,主要表示“进入”某种状态。一般用于表抽象和借喻的意义。Toms accident didnt enter into our plan. Tom的事故是我们的计划中没有预料到的。171error/ mistake/ fault.error的意思是错误、过失,指背离某种准则的偏差,表示精确、不正确、不对。在本组词中
8、,这个词用得最广泛。例如:This is an error in grammar. 这是一个语法上的错误。He made an error in opinion. 你的意见有错误。. mistake “错误”, 指由于粗心、疏忽、缺乏正确的理解等原因而造成的“错误”。与error可通用,但在某些固定词组中不能换用。如:by mistake. In error 等。如:You have made a mistake in your spelling. 你在拼写上弄错了。I took his umbrella by mistake. 我拿错了他的伞。. fault“缺点、毛病”也可表“过失、过错”
9、含有当事人对造成的过错有责任的意味。如:With all his faults , he is still a good comrade. 尽管他有缺点,分还是一个好同志。172even if / even though/ though 三者都可以引导让步状语从句。Even if 与even though一般可以换用,意为“即使、纵然”,引出的从句叙述的是假设或把握我大的事情,有时动词可用虚拟语气;though 意思是“虽然”,引出的从句叙述的是事实。如:He wont tell me about it though he knows the news 虽然他知道这个消息但他不愿意告诉我。(他
10、是肯定知道的)He wont tell me about it even if / though he knows the news 即使他知道这个消息,但他不愿意告诉我。(他对消息或知或我知,句子含有一定的推测意味)I will try even if I may fail. 即使失败,我也要尝试一下。Though it was very late, he went on working. 虽然很晚了,他还继续工作。注 though 和but 不能同时出现在句中。173evening/ night.evening的意思是“傍晚、晚上”,指从晚餐至就寝这段时间,如:I must start b
11、y tomorrow evening. 我至迟到明天傍晚必须动身。We have a film every Saturday evening. 我们每星期六晚上都有电影。.night的意思是“夜、夜里、晚上”,指从日落到日出或从黄昏到拂晓这段时间。如:They spent the night in the forest. 他们在森林里过夜。We sleep during the night and work during the day. 我们夜里睡觉,白天工作。We saw the play on the first night. 这戏第一晚上演我们就看了。174every day/ eve
12、ryday.every day连写和分开,不但在句中的作用不同,意义也不同。 every day是副词词组,意为“每天、天天”,在句中作状语。如:We go to school every day. .everyday是形容词,意为“日常的、普通的”,在句中作定语。如:I study everyday English every day.175every one/ everyone.every one是“每个”的意思,通常指物,后面常跟of短语。但跟of短语的every one既可指人,也可指物。具体指什么要看of短语的内容。如:He ate up every one of those app
13、les.他把那些苹果一个个都吃完了。Every one of us went there. 我们每个人都去了那儿。.everyone是代词(=everybody),意思是“每个人、人人”,但一般不指具体哪个人,后接单数动词。如果需要跟物主代词,应用their或his,其后不跟of引起的介词短语。如:Is everyone here?Everyone can do it.注every one后不与of连用时,即可指人又可指物,指人时与everyone 相同。如:Everyone (every one) can do it.every one与of连用必须分开写。everyone 与not连用,只
14、表示部分否定,并不是每个人的意思。176examination/ test/ quiz.examination表示考试的意思时,通常指比较正式的考试,如学期考试、入学考试等。如:We have an examination in English today.我们今天考英语。The students did very well in the terminal examination. 学生们学期考试成绩很好。(这里指多门课程的考试,故examination 用复数形式)Theyve passed the entrance examination for Nanjing Teachers Coll
15、ege. 他们通过南京师范学院的入学考试。.test表示考试的意思时,指小考或考查。如:We are going to have a midterm test next week.。我们下周进行期中考试。The teacher gave us a test in grammer. 老师对我们进行了语法考查。.quiz表示小考测验的意思时,指事先无准备,随时进行的短促的测验。如:The teacher gave us a five-minute quiz.老师对我们进行了一次五分钟的测验。How ofter do you have your quiz? 你们多长时间测验一次?177excitin
16、g/ excited. exciting 与excited 都含有“激动”的意思,在句中可作定语或表语。 exciting 指某事物“令人兴奋、激动”,主语常是物。如:Skiing is more exditing than skating. 滑雪比滑冰更令人兴奋。It was an exciting match. 那是一场激动人心的比赛。. excited 表示某人对某事物“感到兴奋、激动”,主语常是人。如:The boys were excited when they saw their team was winning 男孩们看到自己的球队要赢了,都十分激动。The excited ch
17、ildren were opening their Christmas presents.兴奋的孩子们正在打开各自的圣诞礼物。注意英语中与它有类似用法的词常见的还有:interested 感兴趣的 interesting 令人感兴趣的worried 感到着急的 worrying 令人着急的tired 感到疲倦 tiring 令人疲倦的bored 觉得厌烦的 boring 令人厌烦的frightened 感到害怕的 frightening 令人害怕的178 excuse for/ excuse from. excuse for “原谅某事”。如:He excused me for being l
18、ate. 他原谅我迟到了。Please excuse me for using your telephone without asking permission. 请原谅我没经你允许就用了你的电话。. excuse from “使免于,允许不”如:The teacher excused him from the examination. 教师同意他免试。The boy was excused from doing housework. 允许这男孩不做家务事。179expect/ wait .expect 是及物动词,作“期待,预料,指望”解,表“期待某人会来或某事会发生”的意思,后接名词、代词
19、、动词不定式或从句。如:We expected you yesterday. 我们昨天就盼你来。We expect to meet you again next year. 我们期待明年再见到你。expect 可引申为汉语的“等待”,多用于进行时态,主要指“期盼”的心理状态,其后不可接介词for. 如:Mr Brown was anxious. He was expecting you.布朗先生很焦急,他在等着你来呢?. wait 是不及物动词,常常与for连用,主要指“等候”的具体行为。如:Xiao Hu is waiting to have a word with you. 小胡等着和你说
20、几句话。I have a month to wait yet. 我还得等一个月。We are waiting for a bus. 我们在等公共汽车。180family/ home/ house这三个词都可以作“家”讲。.house指供一家人住的房子,侧重于具体的建筑物。如:There are four rooms in the house. .family指由父母、子女所组成的家庭,是集体名词,既可把它看成单数(指整体概念),以可视为复数名词(指家庭成员)。如:His family is a large one. 他的家是一个大家庭。My family are all watching TV
21、. 我们家的人在看电视。.home指一个人出生或居住的地方,具有抽象的含义。如:Hise is home near the station. 他的家在火车站附近。另外,home还可作副词。如:Lets go home.181faraway/ far away.faraway指时间、距离、程度等,“遥远的”如:the faraway guests 远方的客人它还可表“心不在焉的”。如:a faraway look 恍惚的神色.far away是副词词组,只表距离远,在句中作状语还常作后置定语。如:Hes standing far away.He lived in a small village
22、far away.182farm / field.farm是“农场”,它的范围大,包括田地、树木、家畜、家禽、房屋等,其前常用介词on。.field是“田地”,或生长草木的原野,多用复数形式,但一块稻田可以说:a rice field,其前常用介词in。如:There several kinds of animals on the farm.Theyre working in the rice field.1 83farmer/ peasant.farmer指经营农庄的人。.peasant包括雇农、小佃农或小耕农。在我国将农民都译为peasant。184farther/ furtherfath
23、er, further都可以是far的比较级,意为“较远、更远”,但further除此之外,还有“更进一步,此外的”等意思,既可以作形容词,也可以作副词。如:They made further arrangement. 他们作了进一步的安排。I may be able to give you some further information about it. 关于这件事,我可以提供另外一些信息。She didnt argue further about it. 她对此不再争论了。185fast/ rapid/ swift/ quick. fast “快”一般指物体的运动速度(speed)快,
24、常用来形容交通工具跑得快,钟表走得快,人的动作快等。如:A car goes faster than a truck. 小汽车比卡车跑得快。How fast the horse runs! 这匹马跑得多快呀!. quick 指较短的时间或较近的将来即可发生或完成某事,常用来形容动作敏捷、反应迅速。如:Come quick! 快来呀!Please give me a quick reply. 请迅速给我答复。. rapid 表速度之快,往往可与fast通用,但它多指运动本身。如:The boy is making rapid progress. 这孩子进步很快。Rapid speech is u
25、sually indistinct. 急促的语言往往不清晰。The current was rapid. 水流得很急。. swift 表速度很快而又常指运动平稳而不费力。如:Eagles are swift in flight. 鹰飞得很快。The curent was very swift. 水流得很快。186feed/ keep . feed “喂养”,强调具体的动作,意为:“给喂食、给东西吃”常用句型为:feed sb. / sth.(on sth); feed sth. to sb./ sth. 给(人或动物)某物作为食物。如:Mr King has a large family to
26、 feed. 金先生要养活一大家人。What do you feedyour dog on?你用什么喂狗?Feed some stewed(炖的)apple to the baby. 给婴儿多喂些炖苹果。. keep “饲养”,指总体情况,不涉及具体动作。如:The old woman kept many dogs. 那位老太太养了许多狗。187festival/ holiday/ red-letter day/ vacation.festival“节日”其特点是同欢乐,如:外国的圣诞节,我国的春节等。Christmas and Easter are Church festival.圣诞节和复
27、活节都是教会的节日。A number of new films were shown during the Spring Festival. .red-letter day “纪念、节日、大喜日子”,指日历是用红字标明的日子,如:There aare many red-letter day round the year.vacation通常指按规定停下工作或学习等活动而休息的一段时间,一般较长,如学校里的寒暑假。如:The summer vacation is over. 暑假已经过去了。188few/ a few/ little/ a littlefew和a few 修饰可数名词,littl
28、e 和a little 修饰不可数名词;few和little表否定意义,可受very修饰。a few 和a little表肯定意义,可受only修饰。如:Few people will agree to the plan because its too dangerous.This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it.-There is little water left in my glass.-Will you please give me some? Dont worry, we have a
29、 little time left.189fairly /quite / rather. fairly 多用于褒义,语气最弱,表“适度、尚可”等意思。Its fairly cold out; wear a jacket. 外面颇冷,穿件外套。This is a fairly easy book. 这是一本相当浅易的书。. Quite 与fairly 用法相似,但语气较强。如:It is quite cold out; wear a coat. 外面很冷,穿件外套。You are not quite happy this morning. 你今天早上我太高兴。. rather 多用于贬义。语气在
30、这三个词中最强。如:It is rather cold out; wear a warm coat. 外面相当冷,穿件暖和人大衣。190fight/ struggle/battle.fight 意为“战斗”,指人与人,动物与动物,用武器或不用武器的战斗,也可以引伸其义,如:They fought their enemies bravely. 他们勇敢斗敌。.struggle意为“斗争”,指那些费力、很艰苦、时间长的斗争,如:His life was a hard struggle with sickness. 他一生与疾病作了艰苦的斗争。.battle“作战”,一般指有组织的武装部队之间的斗争
31、。如:They were wounded in battle. 他们都在战斗中受了伤。作为名词时,fight和battle都有“战斗”的意思,有时可以通用。如:The fight/battle lasted a long time. 这次战斗持续了很长时间。fight的意义比较广泛,还可指人对自然界的斗争,有时也指人们之间的斗争。如:We have starded a fight against pollution. 我们已开始了一场消除污染的斗争。struggle相当于a hard fight(奋斗),如:The slaves won their struggle for freedom.
32、奴隶们为自由而进行的斗争胜利了。191fill/ full.fill为及物动词,表“使满”,常与介词with搭配,表达“被充满”时用be filled with结构。如:The bottle is filled with water. 这只瓶子装满了水。He was filled with joy at the news. 听到这个消息,他内心充满了喜悦。.full是形容词,多作表语,表示主语所处的状态,常见于be full of 结构中。如:The schoolbag is full of books. 书包里装满了书。He drew in an old badsket full of sa
33、nd.他捞上来一个灌满泥沙的旧蓝子。注:be filled with = be full of .可以互换。但介词with与of 不能混淆。如:The room is full of people. = The room is filled with people.192final/ last.final表终止或结束之意,有时带有决定性或结论性等意味。如:Today is the final day of this term. 今天是本学期的最后一天。We shall know the final results of the elections tomorrow. 明天我们将知道选举的最后结
34、果。.last “最后的、末尾的”指按次序的前后或时间的先后居于最后,并意味着后面不再有了。如:My house stands in the last row.He was the last one to enter.193finally/ at last/ in the end这三个都可以作“最后”讲,但用法不同。.finally表动作的发生顺序是在“最后”,无感情色彩,只用于过去时,它居句首时较多。.at last 表经过一定曲折之后某事才发生,强调努力的结果,带有较强的感情色彩,须用一般过去时。.in the end 表事物发展的自然顺序的“终结”,有时或与 finally相互替换,但用
35、于对将来的预测,则只能用in the end。如:Did the man in the shop understand him at last?Finally he went to see the famous man himself.I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.194famous as / famous for. (be) famous as “以(某种身份)出名(著名)”as后跟人宾语往往与主语同位。如:She is famous as a poet. 他以一名诗人而著名。The town is fam
36、ous as a car-making place. 该城镇以制造汽车而闻名。. (be) famouse for “困而闻名(驰名)”表示由于某种特征而出名,for后的宾语一般为主语人从属内容。如:China has been famous for its silk. 中国素以丝绸闻名。This city is famous for its big gambling resort. 该市因其大赌场而驰名。195fix/ mend/ repair. 这三个词都可译为“修理”,但fix 一词在美语中应用更广泛。fix 和repair 一样,都表示使受到一定损坏或失灵的东西恢复其性状或机能,如“修
37、理、安装”钟表、收音机、照相机、电视机、汽车和机床等大型物体。repair 还可以用于修筑堤坝、道路和建筑等。如:a mend 一般用于“修补”破损的东西使其恢复原样,一般指较小之物。如衣服、鞋袜、伞和桌椅等。如:mend196foolish/ silly / stupid.foolish 的意思是“愚蠢的、傻的”,指显得缺乏判断力或普通常识的人或言行等。如:How foolish of you to condent! 你竟会同意,多么愚蠢啊!Dont be so foolish. 别那么傻。He is a foolish man to throw away such a chance. 他放
38、弃这样的机会真是个傻瓜。.silly的意思是“愚蠢的、傻的”,表示愚蠢到了极点,以致令人发笑或轻视,它还常常表示没有意思、无聊等意义。如:How silly of you to do that! 你竟做那件事,多么愚蠢啊!That is a silly story. 那是一个无聊的故事。.stupid的意思是“愚蠢的、笨的”,指智力差,觉察理解力、学习能力等差。它有时可与foolish或silly通用,但其意味最强。如:He is a stupid person. 他是个蠢人。How stupid of him to overlook such an obvious mistake. 如此明显
39、的错误他居然都没有看出来,多么愚蠢呀!197for short/ short for.for short意为“简称”、“缩写”,是介词词组,常用作状语,如: The teacher told Tom to write the text for short. 老师要汤姆缩写课文。.short for意为“是。 。的缩写”与be 动词连用,构成系表结构作谓语,如: “Therere” is short for “there are”.198 from now on/ from then on from now on“从现在起”,是以现在为起点延续下去,谓语通常用将来时态。from then on“
40、从那时起”,是以过去为起点延续下来,谓语通常用过去时态和完成时态。如:She is going to live with you from now on. 从现在起我将刻苦学习。From then on, he hasnt seen his uncle again. 从那以后他再也没有看见他叔叔了。199 game/ match/ race/ sport . game 主要指决定胜负的游戏,通常有一套规则,凡参加者均须遵守。如:After a game on the wports field they often become good friends. 他们在运动场上进行一场比赛之后,常常变
41、成了好朋友。注:说“比赛”, 在英国通常用match,在美国通常用game.另外game 的复数形式一般指大型的国际比赛或综合性体育运动会。如:the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会。.match 表示相互间正式的体育比赛、球类比赛,英国人常用。They are going to have a volleyball match.他们将进行一场排球赛。. race 主要用于赛跑、赛车等速度比赛。如:Who can win the relay race, Class 3 or Class 4?谁能赢这场接力赛,三班还是四班?. sport 多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动,如打球,跳高,游泳,
42、钓鱼,打猎,赛马和拳术等。如:Swimming is his favourite sport.游泳是他最喜欢的运动项目。Skating is one of the winter sports. 滑冰是一个冬季运动项目。注复数形式sports可指运动会。如:He created a new record in high-jump at our school sports.在我们学校的运动会上,他创造了跳高新纪录。200gift/ present.gift“礼物”指较正式的礼物。如:The watch was a gift from his father.present往往与gift通用,但不如g
43、ift正式。如:Im buying it for a present, so please wrap it up nicely. 我买这东西是作礼物送人的,请你包扎得好一点。He gave me the book as a present. 他给我这本书作为礼物。201grow / keep / raise / plant. grow & plant 都可表示“种植”如种植草、树、苗、花卉粮食等植物。grow 着重指种植以后的栽培、管理过程。 plant 着重指“种植”这一行为。某人plant a tree 之后,树是死是活,不一定管,但某人grow a tree 则包括培育管理,使其生长的过
44、程。如: The students are planting trees on the hill. 学生们正在山坡上栽树。(不用grow) The farmer grows wheat in this field.那位农民在这块田里种植小麦。(不用plant) People grow bananas in Hainan. 海南种植香蕉。(不用plant). keep 表“赡养”后可接表人或动物的名词,不用来代替plant 或grow. 如:He has a wife and three children to keep. 他要养活妻子和三个孩子。My grandma keeps pigs an
45、d hens. 我奶奶养猪养鸡。My uncle has a large family to keep. 我叔叔要养活一大家人。. raise 除表“饲养(动物)”以外,还可表示“教育(子女)”; “培育(植物)”。如:We raised a good crop of tomatoes this year.今年我们种的西红柿长得很好。My grandma raised a family of five. 我祖母养育了五口之家。Where were you raised ? 你在哪儿长大?He raised some flowers in the back garden. 他在后园里种了一些花。
46、注:raise 强调从小精心培养到大,通常指培养花卉以及较难管理的植物。如: Lets grow / raise some flowers in the garden.咱们在园子里种些花吧。We grow rice, wheat and cotton in my hometown.在家乡,我们种植水稻、小麦和棉花。(不宜用raise)202glad/ happy/merry/ pleased这组形容词都有:“高兴、快乐”之意。.glad 多用在与人见面时的客套语中,指使人感到:情绪上有短暂的喜悦,常用作表语,一般情况下不作定语。如:Im glad to help you with your English. 我很高兴帮你学英语。.happy指使人感到内心的满足、幸福和愉快,祝贺新年或庆贺生日时常用到它,可用作表语和定语。如:Happy New Year! 新年好!Ill be happy to meet him. 我将高兴地与他见面。.pleased 意为:“对感到满意/高兴”常与be连用,后面接介词with(sb), at(sth) 等