初二英语八年级下册第二单元知识点.doc

初二英语八年级下册第二单元知识点Unit 2 Ill help clean the city parks.一知识点：短语动词小结常见短语动词结构有下面几种：申申老师提示，下面的短语十分重要，归纳相当到位，建议成绩优秀的同学必须全部掌握。1.动词+副词 如：give up 放弃 turn off 关掉 stay up 熬夜这种结构有时相当于及物动词，如果其宾语是代词，就必须放在动词和副词之间，如果是名词，则既可插在动词和副词之间，也可放在短语动词后。2. 动词+介词 如：listen of 听 look at 看 belong to 属于这种结构相当于及物动词，后面跟宾语。3. 动词+副词+介词 如：come up with 提出，想出 run out of 用完，耗尽4. 动词+名词(介词) 如：take part in参加 catch hold of 抓住1.cheer (sb.) up 使(某人)高兴、振作 如：cheer me up 使我高兴 clean up 打扫 clean-up n. 打扫2. homeless adj. 无家可归的 a homeless boy 一个无家可归的男孩home n. 家4. sick adj. 生病的 作表语、定语 ill adj. 生病的 作表语 ，不能作定语5. volunteer to do v. 志愿效劳、主动贡献 volunteer n. 志愿者6. come up with 提出 想出 = think up 想出 catch up with 赶上 追上7. put off doing 推迟做某事 put on 穿上 (指过程) put up 张贴8. write down 写下 记下 9. call up 打电话 make a telephone call 打电话10. set up 成立 建立The new hospital was set up in 2000. 这座医院是在2000年成立的。11. each 每个 各自的 强调第一个人或事物的个别情况 常与of 连用every 每个 每一个的 一切的 则有“全体”的意思不能与of 连用12. put to use 把 投入使用，利用They put the new machine to use. 他们把新机器投入使用13. help sb. (to) do 帮助某人做某事 help him (to) studyhelp sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事 help him with Englishhelp do 帮助做某事 help study14. plan to do 计划做某事 plan + 从句I plan to go to Beijing. = I plan (that) I will go to Beijing. 我计划去北京。15. spend doing 花费做 I spent a day visiting Beijing.我花了一天的时间去参观北京。spend on sth. 花费在 I spent 3 years on English.16. join 参加 (指参加团体、组织) 如：join the Party 入党take part in 参加 (指参加活动) 如： take part in sports meeting 参加运动会17. run out 与 run out ofrun out (become used up). 其主语往往为物。如时间，食物，金钱，油等，本身就含有被动意义。His money soon ran out. 他的钱很快就花光了。Our time is running out. 我们剩下的时间不多了。run out of 主语为人，表示主动含义。He is always running out of money before pay day. 他总是在发工资的日子还没有到就把钱花完了。两者在一定条件下可以互换如：The petrol is running out. 汽油快用完了= We are running out of petrol. 我们快把汽油用完了。Our time is running out. 我们剩下的时间不多了。= We are running out of time18. take after (在外貌、性格等方面)与(父母等)相像be similar to 与.相像 take after 相像look after 照顾 take care of 照顾19. work out v. + adj.结局，结果为The strategies that he came up with worked out fine. 他提出的这个策略效果很好。算出，制订出，消耗完（精力等）He never seems to be worked out. 他好像永远不会疲乏似的。He worked out a plan. 他制订了一个计划。I have worked out our total expenses. 我已经算出了我们总的费用。21. hang out 闲荡 闲逛I like to hang out at mall with my friends. 我喜欢和我的朋友一起去购物中心闲荡。22. be able to do 能 会 be unable to do 不能 不会23. thank you for doing 谢谢做某事 如：thank you for helping me 谢谢做帮助我24. for sure 确实如此，毫无疑问You dont have money. Thats for sure. 你没有钱，这是毫无疑问的。25. fill with 使充满 用填充She filled the bowl with water. 她用水填满碗。26. hand out 分发 hand out bananasgive out 分发 give out sth to sb. 分.给某人give up doing 放弃 give up smoking 放弃吸烟give away 赠送 捐赠 give away sth. to . give away money to kidsgive sb. sth. 给某人某东西 give me money 给我钱give sth. to sb. 给某人某东西 give money to me 给我线27. help sb. out 帮助做事，解决难题(摆脱困境)I cant work out this math problem. Please help me out. 我不能算出这道数学问题，请你帮我解决。28. train n. 火车 train v. 训练train sb. to do. 训练某人做某事She trains her dog to fetch things. 她训练她的狗去取东西。29. at once = right away 立刻 马上 如：Do it at once. 马上去做。Ill go there at once/ right away. 我马上去那里。30. one day 有一天 (指将来/过去) some day 有一天(指将来) 如：One day I went to Beijing. 有一天我去了北京。Some day Ill go to Beijing. 有一天我将去北京。34. disabled adj. 肢体有残疾的 disable v. 不能36. volunteer 可数名词 “志愿者” adj. 自愿的vi. volunteer to do sthThey are the Chinese Peoples Volunteers. 他们是中国人民志愿军。I volunteer to help you. 我自愿帮助你。二句子1We cant put off making a plan. Clean-up Day is only two weeks from now. 我们不能推迟制订计划，清洁日离现在只有两周了。2She puts this love to good use by working in the after-school care centre at her local elementary school.她在当地的一所小学的课后辅导中心工作，使这个爱好得到较好的利用3Not only do I feel good about helping other people, but I get to spend time doing what I love to do. 帮助别人不但自己感到快乐，而且我开始花时间做自己喜欢做的事了。申申老师语法讲解：本句中包含了一个部分倒装的语法难点（初中生只需掌握否定词位于句首的倒装形式，成绩优异的同学最好把我下面的语法讲解全部掌握）部分倒装是指将该句中谓语的一部分如be动词、助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前。下面详细讲解部分倒装的各种类型题：1) 以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法: 例:Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.(小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。)In no country other than Britain, it had been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.(据说除了英国世界上没有哪个国家能让人在一天中感受到四季变化)2) 以否定副词开头并加状语放在句首的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely when, never, no sooner than, rarely, no more, not nearly, not only等以及only。 Only in the country can you learn the true English.3)一些如scarcelywhen, no sooner than, hardlywhen引导的主从复合句主句要求使用过去完成式。 注意:在部分倒装句中，只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be可以置于主语之前，其它部分都要置于主语之后。4)此外，一些介词+no+名词的结构中需要用部分倒装，这些结构包括at no time; by no means; by no manner of means; for no reason; in no case; in/under no circumstances; in no sense; in no way; on no account; on no consideration; at no point例如Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money. 注意:a) 如果含有从句时，只要求主句倒装: 例:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.(只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。)b) 如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分，不用倒装:例: It was not until he went abroad that he knew the truth of the fact.(直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。)c) 如果hardly, scarcely后面接的是any, ever, at all时，意义类似almost no/ not/ never(几乎不、从不)，则无须倒装。例:Hardly any people invited went there.(几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。)5) 由no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句要求部分倒装，因为形容词或副词通常紧跟在这三个引导词后面，然后才是主语和谓语，形成形式上的部分倒装句:例:I know nothing about this river, neither how long, how wide nor how deep it is.(我一点也不了解这条河，不知道它有多长，多宽或多深。)6) 由as引导的部分倒装句:a) 当as作为比较意义时，即用于as + adj./ adv. + as结构中时，如果把第一个as省略掉，就形成部分倒装句。例:Cautious as the rest of her family (was) , she didnt seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.(正如她家里人一样谨慎小心，她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。)She charged the stairs, quick as a rabbit (ran).(她跑上楼去，跑得象兔子那么快!)b) 当 as引导让步状语时，和although, though一样，当用作尽管之义时，可以用于部分倒装句。Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.(虽然他很用功，但他还是没及格)c) 表示原因时，为了强调起见，也可以倒装。例:Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.(因为他太累了，我们决定不打扰他。)d) 等于so时，意义是也，也是例:She worked hard, so/ as did her husband. (她工作很努力，她的丈夫工作也很努力。)4The three students plan to set up a student volunteer project at heir school.这三个学生计划在他们校开展一个学生志愿者项目。5.He also put up some sign asking for old bikes.他还贴了一些需求旧自行车的告。6.The strategies that he came up with worked out fine. 几米想出的这个办法很效。8We need to come up with a plan. 我们需要指定一个计划。9You could help clean up the city parks. 你可以帮助打扫城市公园。10He now has sixteen bikes to fix up and give away to children whodont have bikes. 他现在有16辆要修理的自行车，并准备把这些修好的自行车赠送给那些没有自行车的孩子。