英语写作如何写.pptx

Summary Writing英语七班 吕静nDefinition and features of a summarynUses of summary writingnProcedures of writing a summaryWhat is Summary?A summary is a brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition.It reproduces the theme of the original with as few words as possible.When one writes a summary,one should not interpret or comment.All one has to do is to give the gist of the authors exact and essential meaning.缩写是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。Features of SummarynBrevitynObjectivitynCompleteness Uses of summary writingnSummary writing is a very good exercise for improving reading comprehension.Some students read carelessly,and gain only a vague idea of what they have read.Summary writing can force them to try to understand what they read,because summarizing requires one to read with the mind,as well as with the eye,on the page.Uses of summary writingnSummary writing is also helpful to composition writing.When writing a summary,one has to work within strict limits.One must express a certain meaning in a fixed number of words.So it is important to choose words carefully,to make sentences with accuracy and brevity,and to write with summary in logical order.Uses of summary writingnSummary writing has practical uses.The ability to grasp quickly and accurately what is read,or heard,and to reproduce it in a clear and concise way is of great value to people of many professions.Procedures of writing a summarya.Readingb.Writingc.Revision Reading nFirst read the passage through carefully to get the gist of it.if reading it once is not sufficient to give you a clear understanding of it,read it over again.The more you read it,the more familiar to you will be its subject,and what is said about the subject.n认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。nGive a title to your summary.Think of some word,phrase or short sentence that will sum up briefly the main idea of the passage.Sometimes what is called a topic sentence may be used.The topic sentence may be found at the beginning or at the end of the passage.To find a suitable title will help you to define what exactly the subject,or main theme,of the passage is.n给缩写起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。ReadingnYou should now be in a position to decide what parts of the passage are essential and what parts are comparatively unimportant and can be omitted without much lossn现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。ReadingnJot down in brief notes the main points-the subject,the title,and the details which you consider essential or important.n简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括缩写重要的东西。ReadingWriting nA summary should usually be about one-third to one-fourth as long as the original passage.So count the number of words in the passage and divide it by three.You may use fewer words than the number prescribed,but in no case may you exceed the limit.n缩写应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。缩写的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。WritingnThe summary should be all in your own words.It must not be a patchwork made up of phrases and sentences quoted from the original passage.n缩写应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。WritingnYou should follow the logical order of the original passage,if possible(and desirable).Ideas and facts need not be rearranged.n应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。WritingnThe summary should be self-contained,that is,it must convey the message of the original fully and clearly,so that your reader need no reference to the original to understand what its main ideas are.n缩写必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。WritingnSummary writing is an exercise in compression.In writing a summary,you may:n缩写时可以采用下列几种小技巧：采用下列几种小技巧：Writing skillnOmit the details.Only the important points should be included in the summary;all the details that explain the main points can be left out.n删除细节。只保留主要观点。Writing skillnReduce the examples.Out of five or six examples given in the original passage one or two may be chosen for the summary;the rest are to be omitted.n选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。Writing skillnSimplify the descriptions.If in the passage there are ten sentences describing a person or an object,it will be enough to keep one or two in the summary.n把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。Writing skillnEliminate all repetitions.Sometimes a statement is repeated for emphasis.This is not necessary in a summary.Sometimes an idea is repeated in different words.Such a veiled repetition should also be avoided.n避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在缩写中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。Writing skillnCompress wordy sentences and change phrases to words.Here are a few examples:n压缩长的句子。如下列两例：Writing skilln“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”n可以概括为：n”He was very brave in battle.”n“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”n可以概括为：n“He was in financial difficulties.”Writing skillnYou may also make phrases do the work of clauses or sentences.Here is an example:n你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：Writing skilln“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai,Lushan Mountain,and Mount Huang,were visited by only a few people in the past.Today,better wages,holidays with pay,new hotels on these mountains,and better train and bus services,have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”n可以概括为：n”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai,once visited by only a few people,are today accessible to many,thanks to better wages,paid holidays,new hotels and better transportation services.”Writing skillnUse general words instead of specific words.Here is an example:n使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：Writing skilln“She brought home several Chinese and English novels,a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks.She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”n可以概括为：n”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”Writing skillnUse the shortest possible transitions.For example,but,then,thus,yet,and for,can be used in place of longer transitions like at the same time,on the other hand,etc.Often the semi-colon can take the place of a transitional word or phrase.n 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but,then,thus,yet,though，不能使用at the same time,in the first place,because of these,on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。Writing skillnPut the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech.This is advisable because indirect speech can be made very brief while it is difficult to abridge dialogues.Here is an example:n文章中的第一人称说的话通常在缩写中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：Writing skillnKate looked at Paul disapprovingly:You use much too much salt on your food,Paul its not good for you!”Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not!If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it,or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!”Kate was patient.She didnt want to quarrel with Paul.She wanted to persuade him.She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you.It cause high blood pressure and latter on,heart-attacks.It also disguises the taste of food,the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt,and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”n可以用第三人称概括为：nKate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt.She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food.But Paul disagreed.He said that food without salt would be tasteless.Revision nRevise your draft.Compare it carefully with the original to see that you have included all the important points.If it is too long,further compress it by omitting unnecessary words and phrases or by remodeling sentences.Correct all mistakes in spelling,grammar and idiom,and see that it is properly punctuated.Make the language simple and direct.n草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，缩写中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果缩写中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。Thank You!