繁荣与衰落2024—追踪全球燃煤电厂开发.pdf

2024Boom and Bust CoalGlobal Energy Monitor,CREA,E3G,Reclaim Finance,Sierra Club,SFOC,Kiko Network,CAN Europe,Bangladesh Groups,Trend Asia,Alliance for Climate Justice and Clean Energy,Chile Sustentable,POLEN Transiciones Justas,Iniciativa Climtica de Mxico,and Arayara TRACKING THE GLOBAL COAL PLANT PIPELINEBOOM AND BUST COAL 2024REPORT|APRIL 2024|2GLOBAL ENERGY MONITOR,CREA,E3G,RECLAIM FINANCE,SIERRA CLUB,SFOC,KIKO NETWORK,CAN EUROPE,BANGLADESH GROUPS,TREND ASIA,ALLIANCE FOR CLIMATE JUSTICE AND CLEAN ENERGY,CHILE SUSTENTABLE,POLEN TRANSICIONES JUSTAS,INICIATIVA CLIMTICA DE MXICO,AND ARAYARAABOUT THE COVER“Power Plant Smokestack Demolition”by Ted Shaffray.The smokestack at the former B.L.England Generating Station was imploded in October 2023.The coal and oil burning power plant in New Jersey,United States,was retired in 2019.The demolition cleared the way for the waterfront site to enter its next potential role in providing energy to New Jerseyans:As the connection point for several of the states planned offshore wind farms.Copyright 2023 The Associated Press.All rights reserved.GLOBAL ENERGY MONITORGlobal Energy Monitor(GEM)develops and analyzes data on energy infrastructure,resources,and uses.We provide open access to information that is essential to building a sustainable energy future.For more information,visit www.globalenergymonitor.org.CENTRE FOR RESEARCH ON ENERGY AND CLEAN AIRCREA is an independent research organization focused on revealing the trends,causes,and health impacts,as well as the solutions to air pollution.We use scientific data,research and evidence to support the efforts of governments,companies and campaigning organizations worldwide in their efforts to move towards clean energy and clean air.For more information,visit www.energyandcleanair.org.E3GE3G is an independent climate change think tank with a global outlook.We work on the frontier of the climate landscape,tackling the barriers and advancing the solutions to a safe climate.Our goal is to translate climate politics,economics and policies into action.For more information,visit www.e3g.org.RECLAIM FINANCEReclaim Finance is an NGO affiliated with Friends of the Earth France.It was founded in 2020 and is 100%dedicated to issues linking finance with social and climate justice.In the context of the climate emergency and biodiversity losses,one of Reclaim Finances priorities is to accelerate the decarbonization of financial flows.Reclaim Finance exposes the climate impacts of financial players,denounces the most harmful practices and puts its expertise at the service of public authorities and financial stakeholders who desire to bend existing practices to ecological imperatives.For more information,visit reclaimfinance.org.SIERRA CLUBThe Sierra Club is Americas largest and most influential grassroots environmental organization,with millions of members and supporters.In addition to protecting every persons right to get outdoors and access the healing power of nature,the Sierra Club works to promote clean energy,safeguard the health of our communities,protect wildlife,and preserve our remaining wild places through grassroots activism,public education,lobbying,and legal action.For more information,visit www.sierraclub.org.SOLUTIONS FOR OUR CLIMATESolutions for Our Climate(SFOC)is a nonprofit organization established in 2016 to address the social and environmental impacts of climate change.SFOC conducts research on solutions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and expanding renewables,and coordinates campaigns with both domestic and international organizations to address the climate crisis.For more information,visit www.forourclimate.org.KIKO NETWORK Kiko Network is a national Japanese environmental NGO that tackles climate change by working with local communities,conducting research,submitting proposals or negotiating at the national and international level,and maintaining a database of coal-fired power generation units in Japan.For more information,visit kikonet.org/en/.CLIMATE ACTION NETWORK EUROPEClimate Action Network(CAN)Europe is Europes leading NGO coalition fighting dangerous climate change.With over 170 member organisations active in 38 European countries,representing over 1,500 NGOs and more than 47 million citizens,CAN Europe promotes sustainable climate,energy and development policies throughout Europe.For more information,visit caneurope.org.Note:CAN Europe only contributed to information on Trkiye.BANGLADESH GROUPS(BWGED,CLEAN,WKA&DHORA)The Bangladesh Working Group on External Debt(BWGED)works to stop unjust and dirty loans which affect the environment,human rights,and livelihoods in Bangladesh.For more information,visit B.Coastal Livelihood and Environmental Action Network(CLEAN)promotes local ecology based adaptation to ensure sustainable livelihoods of natural resource dependent coastal communities through environmental protection.For more information,visit Bangladesh(WKB)works to protect the water and water bodies of Bangladesh including its forests resources through enforcement,fieldwork,and community action.For more information,visit waterkeepersbangladesh.org.Dhoritri Rokhhay Amra(DHORA)recognises the urgency of addressing Bangladeshs challenges and is committed to championing environmental protection and resilience-building efforts across the country.For more information,visit dhora.org.TREND ASIATrend Asia is an independent civil society organization that acts as an accelerator of energy transformation and sustainable development in Asia.Their mission is to reinforce,enrich,amplify,intensify,cultivate,and co-lead the ecosocionomics movement in Southeast Asia.For more information,visit trendasia.org.GlobalEnergyMonitorBOOM AND BUST COAL 2024REPORT|APRIL 2024|3GLOBAL ENERGY MONITOR,CREA,E3G,RECLAIM FINANCE,SIERRA CLUB,SFOC,KIKO NETWORK,CAN EUROPE,BANGLADESH GROUPS,TREND ASIA,ALLIANCE FOR CLIMATE JUSTICE AND CLEAN ENERGY,CHILE SUSTENTABLE,POLEN TRANSICIONES JUSTAS,INICIATIVA CLIMTICA DE MXICO,AND ARAYARAALLIANCE FOR CLIMATE JUSTICE AND CLEAN ENERGYThe Alliance for Climate Justice and Clean Energy(ACJCE)is a civil society network endeavoring for a transition in Pakistans energy sector.ACJCE includes six organisations,namely Policy Research Institute For Equitable Development(PRIED),Pakistan Fisherfolk Forum(PFF),Alternative Law Collective(ALC),Indus Consortium(IC),The Knowledge Forum(TKF),and Alternate Development Services(ADS).For more information,visit .CHILE SUSTENTABLECreated in 1997,Fundacin Chile Sustentable is an initiative of environmental organizations,academics,and citizens dedicated to the analysis and design of new public policies on water,energy,and biodiversity in support of Chiles transition to a green,democratic,and socially equitable society capable of restoring ecosystems and facing the climate crisis.Through citizen proposals and campaigns,it has influenced the achievement of new laws for environmental protection,water security,and energy transition in Chile.For more information,visit .POLEN TRANSICIONES JUSTASPOLEN Transiciones Justas is a non-profit climate-progressive think tank in Colombia,focused on creating a post-fossil and just future.Through research and social dialogue,POLEN Transiciones Justas develops socially accepted and policy viable strategies for decarbonization,democratization,and labor and economic reorientation.For more information,visit www.polentj.org.INICIATIVA CLIMTICA DE MXICOICM is a non-profit organization that seeks to influence decision-making regarding climate change in the public sector,private sector and at the social level,with the goal of getting Mexico to adopt and implement ambitious mitigation actions.ICM directs efforts to transform Mexico into a leader and an example at a global level in terms of climate change.For more information,visit www.iniciativaclimatica.org.ARAYARA Over more than 30 years,the Arayara International Institute(a non-profit Brazilian CSO)has developed a new generation of activism for the fair energy transition.With a strong focus on defense of human rights,promotion of racial equality,health,education and innovation of social technologies,Arayaras work encompasses energy,climate and anti-fossil initiatives,enabling public policies,legislation,litigation,knowledge production,communication,campaigns and advocacy that pave the way for a fair energy transition and the reduction of GHG emissions.Arayara operates in all Brazilian states and in some Latin American countries.For more information,visit www.arayara.org.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe lead Global Energy Monitor authors include Flora Champenois,Lucy Hummer,Jeanette Lim,Claire Pitre,Gregor Clark,and Nassos Stylianou.Contributing authors,researchers,and/or reviewers include,but are not limited to:Jelena Babajeva,Xing Zhang,Mingxin Zhang(GEM);Qi Qin,Nandikesh Sivalingam,Sunil Dahiya,Katherine Hasan,Lauri Myllyvirta(CREA);Oyku Senlen,Samora Levy,Hanna Hakko,Yoko Mulholland,Katrine Petersen(E3G);Yann Louvel,Julie Lassus,Paddy McCully,Clment Faul(Reclaim Finance);Donghyun Go,Seok Hwan Jeong,Evgeniya Lee,Wooyoung Lee(SFOC);Yasuko Suzuki(Kiko Network);Elif Cansu İlhan,zlem Katsz(CAN Europe);Hasan Mehedi(BWGED&CLEAN);Sharif Jamil(WKA&DHORA);Zakki Amali,Fadilla Miftahul,Twina Paramesthi(Trend Asia);Azhar Lashari(PRIED);Gonzalo Melej,Sara Larrain(Chile Sustentable);Nadia Combariza,Mariana Villegas(POLEN Transiciones Justas);Ricardo Cruz,Rodrigo Palacios(Iniciativa Climtica de Mxico);Nicole Figueiredo de Oliveira,Anton Schwyter,Ana Cludia Castro(Arayara).Global Energy Monitor also thanks additional individuals and organizations for their time,insights,and/or data,including but not limited to:Dan Prull,PhD(Sierra Club);Perceval Pradelle(Beyond Fossil Fuels);Marta Anczewska(CAN Europe);Donna Lisenby;Jessica Lawrence(Earthjustice);Pippa Gallop(Bankwatch);Maureen Harris(International Rivers);Greenpeace East Asia;Ember;and Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis.ABOUT THE GLOBAL COAL PLANT TRACKERThe Global Coal Plant Tracker is an online database that identifies and maps every known coal-fired generating unit and every new unit proposed since January 1,2010(30 MW and larger).Developed by Global Energy Monitor,the tracker uses footnoted wiki pages to document each plant and is updated biannually.For further details,see Tracker Methodology.PRODUCTIONDesign and page layout by David Van Ness.Figures led by Nassos Stylianou.Editing contributions provided by Stefani Cox and David Hoffman.Copy edits by Amanda DeBord.PERMISSIONS/COPYRIGHTCopyright Global Energy Monitor et al.Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.FURTHER RESOURCESFor additional data on proposed and existing coal plants,see Summary Data on the GEM website,which provides over 20tables providing results from the Global Coal Plant Tracker(GCPT),broken down by province,nation,and region.For links to reports based on GCPT data,see Reports&Briefings on the GEM website.To obtain primary data from the GCPT,seeDownload Data on the GEM website.PRIMARY CONTACTFlora Champenois Program Director for Coal,Global Energy Monitor flora.champenoisglobalenergymonitor.orgREPORT|APRIL 2024|4GLOBAL ENERGY MONITOR,CREA,E3G,RECLAIM FINANCE,SIERRA CLUB,SFOC,KIKO NETWORK,CAN EUROPE,BANGLADESH GROUPS,TREND ASIA,ALLIANCE FOR CLIMATE JUSTICE AND CLEAN ENERGY,CHILE SUSTENTABLE,POLEN TRANSICIONES JUSTAS,INICIATIVA CLIMTICA DE MXICO,AND ARAYARAEXECUTIVE SUMMARYSince the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement,almost all countries have reduced their coal-fired power plant capacity under development,and more than half the countries with coal-fired power plants have reduced or kept operating coal capacity flat.Climate con-cerns,unfavorable economics,and public opposition continue to close the door on many coal plant pro-posals and close actual doors at some coal plants.However,despite promising momentum,the worlds operating coal power capacity has grown 11%since 2015,and global coal use and coal capacity reached an all time high in 2023.The global coal fleet grew by 48.4gigawatts(GW),or 2%,in 2023 to a total of 2,130 GW,with China driving two-thirds of additions.Outside of China,the coal fleet also saw a small 4.7 GW uptick for the first time since 2019.Although new retirement plans and phaseout commitments contin-ued to emerge,less coal capacity was retired in 2023 than in any other single year in more than a decade.One of the key indicators of growth in coal capacity new construction starts declined outside of China for the second year in a row and hit a record annual low since data collection began in 2015.In China,the exact opposite happened,with new construction starts increasing for the fourth year in a row and hitting an eight-year high,which is out of line with President Xis 2021 pledge to“strictly control”coal projects.Outside of China,113 GW of coal is still under consideration,only slightly up from 110 GW in 2022,due to a surge in proposals in India,and,in China,268 GW is under consideration,up from 249 GW in 2022.This global pre-construction capacity,up 6%since last year,crys-tallizes the importance of calls to stop proposing and breaking ground on new coal plants.Countries must also ramp up phaseout commitments,as well as ensure announcements are translated into plant-by-plant retirement plans.Just 15%(317 GW)of the current global operating coal capacity has a commitment to retire in line with the Paris Agreement goal of limiting global warming to the critical thresh-old of 1.5 degrees Celsius.Phasing out operating coal power by 2040 would require an average of 126 GW of retirements per year for the next 17 years,the equiva-lent of about two coal plants per week.Accounting for coal plants under construction and in pre-construc-tion(578 GW)would require even steeper cuts.Boom and Bust Coal 2024TRACKING THE GLOBAL COAL PLANT PIPELINEGlobal Energy Monitor,Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air(CREA),E3G,Reclaim Finance,Sierra Club,Solutions for Our Climate,Kiko Network,Climate Action Network Europe,Bangladesh Working Group on External Debt(BWGED),Coastal Livelihood and Environmental Action Network(CLEAN),Waterkeepers Bangladesh,Dhoritri Rokhhay Amra(DHORA),Trend Asia,Alliance for Climate Justice and Clean Energy,Chile Sustentable,POLEN Transiciones Justas,Iniciativa Climtica de Mxico,and ArayaraGlobalEnergyMonitorBOOM AND BUST COAL 2024REPORT|APRIL 2024|5GLOBAL ENERGY MONITOR,CREA,E3G,RECLAIM FINANCE,SIERRA CLUB,SFOC,KIKO NETWORK,CAN EUROPE,BANGLADESH GROUPS,TREND ASIA,ALLIANCE FOR CLIMATE JUSTICE AND CLEAN ENERGY,CHILE SUSTENTABLE,POLEN TRANSICIONES JUSTAS,INICIATIVA CLIMTICA DE MXICO,AND ARAYARAKey developments of 20232023 saw the highest net increase since 2016 in operating coal capacity.The increase is primarily driven by a surge in new coal plants coming online in China(47.4 GW),and lower retirements in the United States(9.7 GW)and Europe(5 GW)com-pared to other key years.About half of the United States operating coal capacity is plan