英语四级复习资料crt4状语从句.pptx

状语时用来修饰状语时用来修饰 词词，词词，词词或或 、的一种句子成分。它可以表示时间、地点、的一种句子成分。它可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、方式原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、方式等。等。当充当状语的部分是一个句子时，也就是状语当充当状语的部分是一个句子时，也就是状语从句。从句。分类如下：分类如下：动动形容形容副副句子句子状语从句状语从句1.时间时间状语从句状语从句2.地点地点状语从句状语从句3.原因原因状语从句状语从句4.条件条件状语从句状语从句5.让步让步状语从句状语从句6.目的目的状语从句状语从句7.结果结果状语从句状语从句8.方式方式状语从句状语从句9.比较比较状语从句状语从句引导词可分为两部分引导词可分为两部分 as while when whenever before after until(till)since as soon asevery timenext timethe first/timethe momentthe minute/instantlyimmediatelydirectly(一一就就)when,while,as 1)when从句的谓语动作同时发生或先后紧接着发生从句的谓语动作同时发生或先后紧接着发生。When you deal with them,you should be cautious.When从句中的谓语动词从句中的谓语动词非延续性非延续性/延续性动词。延续性动词。When I lived in country,I used to carry some water for him.When the fire broke out,all the students were sleeping soundly.2）while从句中谓语动词从句中谓语动词延续性动词延续性动词/表示表示状态的动词状态的动词侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。Please dont talk so loud while others are working.3）as从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时发生时发生“一边一边.，一边，一边.”或或“随着随着.”。He hurried home,looking behind as he went.As time goes by,we grow up and become mature.注意：注意：when从句为系表结构从句为系表结构+其主语和主其主语和主句的主语一致句的主语一致+其表语又是一个名词时其表语又是一个名词时=as引导引导的省略句代替的省略句代替when引导的从句。引导的从句。As a young man(When he was a young man),he was fond of hunting.2.after3.before（基本意：（基本意：）1）before作作“没有来得及没有来得及.就就”“未未.就就”“就就”解时，强调主句谓语动词表示的动作解时，强调主句谓语动词表示的动作发生得过早或过快。发生得过早或过快。Someone called me up in the night,but they hung up before I could answer the phone.2）before作作“.才才.”解时，强调从句谓语解时，强调从句谓语动词表示的动作发生得太慢或太晚。动词表示的动作发生得太慢或太晚。The fire lasted about four hours before the firefighters were able to control it.大火持续了大约四个小时，消防员才把火控制住 注意：注意：1 1）“It+It+will be will be +一段时间一段时间+before+before从句从句现在现在时时”意为意为“还要就多久才；多长时间以后某事还要就多久才；多长时间以后某事即即将将发生发生”；It wont be long before we meet again.2)2)如如 It+It+waswas +一段时间一段时间+before+before从句从句过去时过去时意为意为“多长时间以后某事才发生多长时间以后某事才发生”。It was 3 years before he came back from abroad.since引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句 since“自从自从”since从句的时态常若为一般过去时，主句常用现在完成从句的时态常若为一般过去时，主句常用现在完成时或现在完成进行时时或现在完成进行时We havent seen each other since we parted.句型：句型：It has been(is)+时间段时间段+since从句从句 “自从自从有多长时间了有多长时间了”翻译：自从她大学毕业已经有六年时间了翻译：自从她大学毕业已经有六年时间了It has been six years since she graduated from the university.until/till 引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句“直到直到时时”主句动作发生在从句之前。主句动作发生在从句之前。1）肯定句：）肯定句：主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词，主句、从句都为肯定式，主句、从句都为肯定式，“某动作一直延续到某某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止时间点才停止”。He remained there until/till she arrived.You may stay here until/till the rain stops.2）否定句：）否定句：主句的谓语动词必须是非延续性动主句的谓语动词必须是非延续性动词词，从句为肯定式，从句为肯定式，“某动作直到某时间才开始某动作直到某时间才开始”。构成。构成not.until/till，“直到直到.才才”She didnt go to bed until I come back.Dont worry.We wont set off until you arrive.3）till不可以置于句首，而不可以置于句首，而until可以。可以。4）not.until 句型中的强调和倒装用法。句型中的强调和倒装用法。译：译：直到你告诉我，我才知道这件事。直到你告诉我，我才知道这件事。I had not any idea of it，until you told me the news.强调句型：强调句型：It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.倒装句型：倒装句型：Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.译：直到钟敲了译：直到钟敲了12下，她才意识到她必须马上回下，她才意识到她必须马上回家了。家了。Not until the clock struck 12 did she realize she must go home at once.转换：转换：I didnt leave until she came back.I didnt leave until she came back.强调句：强调句：It was not until she came back that I left.It was not until she came back that I left.倒装句倒装句Not until she came back did I leave.Not until she came back did I leave.as soon asas soon as引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句“一一就就”例句：他一回来我就告诉他这件事。例句：他一回来我就告诉他这件事。I will tell him about it as soon as he comes back.I will tell him about it as soon as he comes back.相当于相当于as soon as as soon as 用法的词或短语还有：用法的词或短语还有：immediately,directly,instantlyimmediately,directly,instantly,the moment,the minute,the moment,the minute,the instantthe instant等等.DirectlyDirectly I had done it,I knew I had made a mistake.I had done it,I knew I had made a mistake.Ill give him your message Ill give him your message the minutethe minute he arrives.he arrives.名词短语名词短语引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句the moment,the minute,the instant,the time,by the the moment,the minute,the instant,the time,by the time,each time,every time,next time,any timetime,each time,every time,next time,any time等等I thought her nice and honest the first time I saw her.I thought her nice and honest the first time I saw her.By the time you arrived,the lecture had already ended.By the time you arrived,the lecture had already ended.Next time you come,do remember to bring your son here.Next time you come,do remember to bring your son here.区分区分the first time the first time 和和 for the first time for the first time no sooner.than.,hardly/scarcely.when.no sooner.than.,hardly/scarcely.when.lno sooner.than;hardly.when.这一结构的时态：no sooner与hardly所在的句子的谓语动词应用过去应用过去完成时完成时，而than与when引导的句子的谓语动词应用一般过去时一般过去时。此外：当把no sooner和hardly提到句首时，主句应用部分倒装语序。I had hardly got home when it began to rain.Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.翻译：我们一到车站，火车就离开了。We had no sooner arrived at the station than the train left.No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.地点状语从句用连接副词地点状语从句用连接副词 where或或wherever 引引导。导。e.g.a.Just stay where you are.b.Wherever you go,Ill be right here waiting for you.c.You can sit wherever you like.d.Where there is a will,there is a way.e.Where there is smoke,there is fire.无火不生烟无火不生烟无风不起浪无风不起浪常用的连接词是：常用的连接词是：because,as,since,now that,和和considering that,seeing that 连词都用于表连词都用于表示表示原因示表示原因,但在语气上一个比一个弱。但在语气上一个比一个弱。e.g.He didnt come to school because he was ill.e.g.He might be ill,for he didnt come to school.表示表示“直接直接”原因。原因。表示表示“间接的推断间接的推断”原因原因.不可出现在句首。不可出现在句首。1.because,as,since 1.because,as,since用法用法1 1）becausebecause语气最强语气最强回答回答whywhy引起的提问引起的提问，直接因果关系直接因果关系可和可和强调词强调词only,merely,justonly,merely,just及及否定词否定词notnot连用连用+可用于可用于强调句结构强调句结构。2 2）as as语气弱，所表达的原因比较明显，或是已语气弱，所表达的原因比较明显，或是已知的事实知的事实不不需要强调需要强调不可用强调词和不可用强调词和notnot+不能回答不能回答whywhy引起的提问引起的提问+不可用于强调结构。不可用于强调结构。As it was a public holiday,all the shops were shut.As it was a public holiday,all the shops were shut.3 3）sincesince的语气比较弱，常表示对方已知的事的语气比较弱，常表示对方已知的事实，实，“既然既然”不可用强调词和不可用强调词和notnot+不可不可用于强调结构用于强调结构+不能回答不能回答whywhy引起的提问，引起的提问，sincesince从句多置于从句多置于主句之前。主句之前。Since Monday is Bobs birthday,lets give him a party.Since Monday is Bobs birthday,lets give him a party.2.now that2.now thatnow thatnow that表示微弱的原因，主、从句的因果关系不明显，“既然”主句前。Now that Now that you have come,you may as well stay.Now that Now that everything is settled,I have no reason to stay here.3.for the reason that3.for the reason that I often go to the concert for the simple reason for the simple reason that I love music.For the reason that I havent worked hard,Ill have to cram before the coming examinations.cram adj.填鸭式学的vi.狼吞虎咽地吃东西；死记硬背功课vt.填满，塞满；死记硬背；猛吃n.死记硬背；极度拥挤4.on the grounds that4.on the grounds thatJapanesebossesrefusedtheideaofappointingoutside directorson thegroundsthatToyotaseemedto begettingonperfectlywellwithoutthem.on the grounds ofon the grounds of5.in that5.in that的用法的用法常用于书面语中常用于书面语中“由于某种原因由于某种原因”。The experiment is worth trusting in that it is The experiment is worth trusting in that it is based on scientific facts.based on scientific facts.6.when6.when,seeing that,considering that,seeing that,considering that也可以表也可以表示原因，意为：既然，考虑到示原因，意为：既然，考虑到It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could walk there in five minutes.could walk there in five minutes.尽管虽然鉴于如果届时尽管虽然鉴于如果届时e.g.He walks when he might take a taxi.The Queen will visit the town in May,when she will open the new hospital.How can you hope for mercy when you show none?How could I live in Los Angeles when all my favorite people live here?虽然虽然届时届时如果如果鉴于鉴于,既然既然 when 还有一些较为灵活的翻译还有一些较为灵活的翻译:目的状语从句目的状语从句目的状语从句目的状语从句They carved the words on the stone so that/in order that the future generation might remember what they had done.In order that we might see the sunrise,we started for the peak early.e.g.He ran fast so that he might arrive there before ten oclock.He ran fast so as to arrive there before ten oclock.注意：注意：当当从句与主句的主语一致从句与主句的主语一致时，可用时，可用 so as to do 或或 in order to do 2.for fear(that),in case,lest引导的目的状语引导的目的状语从句从句 for fear(that)表示表示“害怕害怕/担心发生某事担心发生某事”We had a meeting and talked the matter face to face,for fear that there could be any misunderstanding.in case表示以防（万一）发生某种情况。表示以防（万一）发生某种情况。Lest意为意为“以防以防”。Take an umbrella with you in case/lest it should rain.条件状语从句由从属连词引导：条件状语从句由从属连词引导：if,unless (if,unless (除非除非),as/so long as(),as/so long as(只要只要),on),on condition that(condition that(条件是条件是),in case(),in case(万一万一),),providing/provided(that)providing/provided(that)（如果），（如果），suppose/supposing(that)suppose/supposing(that)（如果）等。（如果）等。You will fail to arrive there in time You will fail to arrive there in time unlessunless you start earlier.you start earlier.I can tell you the truth I can tell you the truth on condition that on condition that you promise to keep it a secret.you promise to keep it a secret.though,although,even if,even though,as，while，whether.or.,no matter+疑问词疑问词(what/who/where/when/which/how)疑问词疑问词-ever(whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever)特殊引导词：特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while(一般用在句首一般用在句首)，whether or,whether()or not 1.though/although 1.though/although可与可与yet,neverthelessyet,nevertheless或或stillstill连用，但连用，但不与不与butbut连用。连用。Although its raining,they are still Although its raining,they are still working in the field.working in the field.He said he would come;he didnt,He said he would come;he didnt,thoughthough.当当副词副词用，用，“可是，然而可是，然而”，置于句末，而，置于句末，而althoughalthough不可。不可。2.even though/even if2.even though/even ifEven though he is poorEven though he is poor，she loves him.she loves him.3.whether.or/whether(.)or not“不论是否不论是否”“不管是不管是.还是还是”Whether you believe it or not,its true.4.while“尽管尽管”比比though/although语气弱。语气弱。while一般要位于一般要位于句首句首。While I like the color,I dont like the shape.While I understand what you say,I cant agree with you.（when也可以表示也可以表示让步让步，常在句中，相当于，常在句中，相当于although）Suddenly,she stopped when she ought to have continued.5.what-ever类词类词wh-ever类词可作疑问词，也可引导名词性从类词可作疑问词，也可引导名词性从句，还可引导让步状语从句。句，还可引导让步状语从句。让步状让步状=no matter+wh-词，词，名从只能用名从只能用wh-ever类词类词。Ill wait for you however(no matter how)late it is.注意：注意：Ill eat whatever you give me.Whoever comes will be welcome.6.as6.as引导让步状语从句时，从句中的引导让步状语从句时，从句中的表语、状语表语、状语以及谓语中的实义动词以及谓语中的实义动词需提前至从句句首，表需提前至从句句首，表语的单数可数名词前如有冠词，语的单数可数名词前如有冠词，冠词冠词需要需要省省去去Though he Though he was a childwas a child,he knew what was the right thing,he knew what was the right thing to do.to do.=Child Child as/though he was,he knew what was the right as/though he was,he knew what was the right thing to do.thing to do.TiredTired as/though he as/though he waswas,he will go on with his work.,he will go on with his work.MuchMuch as/though I as/though I likelike it,I wont buy it,for its too it,I wont buy it,for its too expensive.expensive.Try Try as you as you maymay,you will never succeed.,you will never succeed.Search as they would here and there,they could find Search as they would here and there,they could find nothing in the room.nothing in the room.（althoughalthough引导的引导的 从句只能用从句只能用正常语序）正常语序）While I was walking down the street,I came across an old friend.(while=_)While I really dont like art,I find his work impressive.(while=_)He likes pop music,while I am fond of folk music.whenalthoughbutWhile 在句中的不同含义在句中的不同含义:so,so.that.,such.that.so,so.that.,such.that.等。等。1.so.that.1.so.that.so+so+形容词形容词/副词副词 +that+that 从句从句Lisa left home so hurriedly that she left her cellphone Lisa left home so hurriedly that she left her cellphone home.home.so+so+形容词形容词 +a/an+a/an+可数名词单数形式可数名词单数形式 +that+that从从句句Tom is so kind a boy that they all like to make friends Tom is so kind a boy that they all like to make friends with him.with him.so+many/much/few/little+so+many/much/few/little+名词名词 +that+that从句从句There is so little time left that we have to speed up.There is so little time left that we have to speed up.2.such.that.such+a/an+形容词形容词+可数名词单数形式可数名词单数形式+that从句从句He is such a good teacher that we all respect him.such+形容词形容词+可数名词复数形式可数名词复数形式/不可数名词不可数名词+that从句从句We had such terrible weather that we couldnt finish the work on time.such+a lot of/lots of+名词名词+that从句从句so.that.so.that.与与such.that.such.that.的区别的区别1)soadv.,1)soadv.,修饰的修饰的中心词中心词是是adj.adv.adj.adv.such adj.such adj.，其修饰的中心词是，其修饰的中心词是n.n.2 2）名词前有）名词前有many,much,few,littlemany,much,few,little等修饰时用等修饰时用so so。He got so little money that his family had to live on He got so little money that his family had to live on welfare.welfare.Ps:Ps:为了为了强调强调adj.adj.或或adv.adv.，so/such.that.so/such.that.引导的结果引导的结果状语从句，可把状语从句，可把so/suchso/such部分置于句首，主句用半部分置于句首，主句用半倒装语序。倒装语序。So excited So excited waswas he that he could not fall into sleep.he that he could not fall into sleep.Such good news Such good news did wedid we get that everyone was excited.get that everyone was excited.描述主句动作进行方式的状语被称为方式描述主句动作进行方式的状语被称为方式状语。通常用下列词语引导状语。通常用下列词语引导:as,just as,as if,as though,等。等。a.We must do as the Party tells us.b.Leave the things as they are.c.Most plants need sunlight just as they need water.d.It sounds as if it is raining.as if 和和as though引导的从句要用引导的从句要用虚拟语气虚拟语气，但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气可用陈述语气e.g.The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.I feel as if I have a fever.一般位于一般位于句尾句尾as.as,not as/so.as.,thanas.as,not as/so.as.,than等等+“the+the+比较级比较级.，the+the+比较级比较级.”1.1.同级比较同级比较 as.as.as.as.He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep.He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep.2.2.不同级比较不同级比较“not as/so.as.not as/so.as.”His handwriting is not as good as yours(is).His handwriting is not as good as yours(is).3.3.“.than.than.”。He was more successful than we had expected.He was more successful than we had expected.4.“the+比较级比较级.，the+比较级比较级.”The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you will make.The sooner you come back,the better it will be.几个句式：几个句式：Food is to men what/as oil is to machine.食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。Engines are to machines what/as hearts are to animals.引擎对于机器而言就好比心脏对动物一样。引擎对于机器而言就好比心脏对动物一样。Though(he was)young,he had to live on himself.When(you are)in doubt,please look up the dictionary.The waves dashed on the rocks as if(they were)in anger.状语从句中的省略状语从句中的省略如果如果谓语含有动词谓语含有动词be，主语又和主句的主语一主语又和主句的主语一致致，或，或其主语是其主语是it，那么从句中的主语和谓语的，那么从句中的主语和谓语的一部分（尤其是一部分（尤其是be动词）往往可以省略。动词）往往可以省略。if necessary,if possible,if true,if so,if not,if necessary,if possible,if true,if so,if not,if anyif any If(it is)necessary,you can refer to the dictionary.If(it is)necessary,you can refer to the dictionary.He may not be at home then.If so(=If he is not at He may not be at home then.If so(=If he is not at home),leave him a not.home),leave him a not.Get up early tomorrow.If not(=If you dont get Get up early tomorrow.If not(=If you dont get up early),you will miss the first bus.up early),you will miss the first bus.盗盗梦梦空空间间2010莱莱昂昂纳纳多多迪迪卡卡普普里里奥奥