英语写作常见十大语法错误.pptx

英语写作常见十大语法错误“Top Ten Common Errors”in English Writing n一、句子不完整na.一个简单句有两个基本成分：主语和谓语动词，两者缺一不可。n1.They think buy Japanese goods is having nothing to do with loving the motherland.n They think to buy Japanese goods is having nothing to do with loving the motherland.n2.Resist the Japanese products is one of this ways n To resist the Japanese products is one of this ways n3.This will only harm to China more.n This will only do harm to China more.b.如果一个句子有从句，也必须保证从句的完整性。n1.Many people are considering whether to boycott the purchase of Japanese goods or not,for the Diaoyu Island incident/events.Many people are considering whether to boycott the purchase of Japanese goods or not,for the Chinese people are enraged by the Diaoyu Island incident/events.2.Someone think it necessary to refuse to buy Japanese goods.Someone think it is necessary to refuse to buy Japanese goods.c.介词后面一定要加名词、代词或者从句作宾语。n1.People who stick to be against the behavior of Japanese claim to destroy all the goods n People who stick to being against the behavior of Japanese claim to destroy all the goods n2.They even make extreme behavior by the name of Chinese,like hit cars which are made in Japan.n They even make extreme behavior by the name of Chinese,like hitting cars which are made in Japan.n二、句子成分多余na.一个简单句通常只有一个主语，如果主语超过一个，要使用连词构成并列主语。nSmoking,drinking are banned in many places of work.nSmoking and drinking are banned in many places of work.nb.如果一个句子中出现多个谓语动词，要使用连词连接构成并列动词，或者在一些句子中使用关系代词构成复合句。有一些动词后面可以跟动词作宾语或者宾语补足语。n1.The media distorts reality,categories things as all good or all bad.n The media distorts reality and categories things as all good or all bad.n2.Should we Chinese boycott Japanese Goods is hotly debated recently because of the territorial disputer for Diaoyu Islands.n Whether we Chinese should boycott Japanese Goods is hotly debated recently because of the territorial disputer for Diaoyu Islands.n3.People think it is terrible that we stop buy Japanese goods.n People think it is terrible that we stop buying Japanese goods.nc.如果一个句子出现多个宾语，一般要使用连词连接构成并列宾语。但是也有一些动词，如give，offer等可以跟双宾语。nMore people would prefer cycling,walking if conditions were right.nMore people would prefer cycling or walking if conditions were right.nd.如果出现两个句子，中间除了用加连词这种方法之外，还可以用标点符号分割，比如用句号或者分号。句号和分号在语法上有连词的功能，其前后要有完整的句子；而逗号、括号则不能够连接完整的句子。nEducation has been made available to more people nowadays,however,many adults have some problems with literacy and numeracy.nEducation has been made available to more people nowadays;however,many adults have some problems with literacy and numeracy.ne.部分名词短语可独立作时间状语，前面不能加介词。nPeople can travel to and from duty in every day on foot or by bike.nPeople can travel to and from duty every day on foot or by bike.nf.一般来说，because和so,although和but等连词不能够同时用在一个句子当中。nAlthough the crime rate is falling in many parts of the world,but violent crimes are constantly rampant.nAlthough the crime rate is falling in many parts of the world,violent crimes are constantly rampant.ng.用词避免累赘，同义词或近义词最好不要同时出现。nTeamwork is indispensable,essential and crucial if you are not an experienced learner or worker.nTeamwork is indispensable if you are not an experienced learner or worker.n三、时态、语态使用错误na.情态动词后面加动词原形n1.We can do what we should to do,we can do what we could to do n we can do what we should do,we can do what we can do n2.Clothes for travel should was lightweight and practical.n Clothes for travel should be lightweight and practical.nb.助动词，主要有：do(does,did),be(am,is,are,was,were),have(has,had),shall(should),will(would)nIs it seem reasonable?nDoes it seem reasonable?n助动词be后的动词不能是原形，一定要是动词的现在分词或者过去分词形式。nThe budget of a country should be balance each year.nThe budget of a country should be balanced each year.nc.有些句子的谓语动词由助动词（或情态动词）与实义动词构成，以构成一定的语态或时态。n If everybody buys goods which are made in China replace Japanese goods.n If Japanese goods are replaced by ones are made in China.nd.动词的语态要分清主动和被动。n1.if we boycott Japanese goods entirely,two countries relations will completely break,n if we boycott Japanese goods entirely,two countries relations will completely be broken,n2.Consumer confidence will improve,which is crucial to an economic recovery.nConsumer confidence will be improved,which is crucial to an economic recovery.ne.被动语态中,如果谓语动词是由动介或动副短语构成且位于句尾，那么后面的介词或者副词不能够省略。nAt the nursing home,elders can be well cared.nAt the nursing home,elders can be well cared for.n四、前后不一致na.动名词和不定式做主语的时候谓语动词用单数。n1.Raising standards of literacy are the governments priority.n Raising standards of literacy is the governments priority.n2.To rear a child alone are challenging to any parent.n To rear a child alone is challenging to any parent.nb.当主语后跟着with,together with,coupled with,combined with,as well as,like等词引导的短语时，谓语动词的数跟前面主语的数保持一致。nOverworking,coupled with poor diet,lead to physical degeneration.n Overworking,coupled with poor diet,leads to physical degeneration.nc.不定代词anybody,anything,everybody,everything,nobody,nothing,somebody,something,each,none等作主语，谓语动词用单数。nEven if somebody fall sick,everything go on as usual.n Even if somebody falls sick,everything goes on as usual.nd.neithernor或者eitheror引导主语的时候，谓语动词的数视邻近动词的那个主语而定。ne.定语从句中动词的数应该与先行词的数保持一致。nParenting,which are a stressful job,has been increasingly valued by society.n Parenting,which is a stressful job,has been increasingly valued by society.nf.由what,whether,how,that,where等词引导主语从句，从句的谓语动词用单数。nNowadays,whether Diaoyu Islands belong to China or Japan become the focus of the debate.n Nowadays,whether Diaoyu Islands belong to China or Japan becomes the focus of the debate.ng.the number of+名词的复数，后面谓语动词用单数；a number of+名词的复数，后面谓语动词用复数；a huge amount of+不可数名词，后面谓语动词用单数。nA significant number of young people has been leaving the countryside for urban areas.nA significant number of young people have been leaving the countryside for urban areas.n五、谓语动词使用错误na.及物动词后一定要加名词或者名词性质的成分作宾语，构成主语+谓语动词+宾语的基本句型；否则就是错误的。nI will discuss in some detail.n I will discuss this topic in some detail.nb.不及物动词后不能直接加任何名词或者名词性的词语作宾语，如果要加宾语，则要加介词；不及物动词没有被动语态。n1.The accident was similar to one that was happened last year.n The accident was similar to one that happened last year.n2.I disagree many points made by the supporters of globalization.n I disagree with many points made by the supporters of globalization.nc.有些动词词组不用被动语态。常见的有depend on,rely on,survive on,arise form,stem from,belong to,consist of，等等。n1.People who favor the view believe that Diao Yu islands are belonged to China.n People who favor the view believe that Diao Yu islands belong to China.n2.A successful organization should not be consisted entirely of older people.n A successful organization should not consist entirely of older people.nd.有一些及物动词后面常跟双宾语，构成主语+谓语动词+双宾语的基本句型（如bring,deny,grant,rend,show等等）nWe should not deny children that they have the opportunity to study what they like.nWe should not deny children the opportunity to study what they like.ne.有一些及物动词后面跟宾语和宾语补足语，构成主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语的基本句型。注意：make,have,let这三个使役动词后面跟的宾语补足语常用不加to的动词不定式。n1.In order to let Japanese known that we are unified into a united front with our government.n In order to let Japanese know that we are unified into a united front with our government.n2.Whether we like it or not,our families shape our lives and make us to be what we are.n Whether we like it or not,our families shape our lives and make us what we are.nf.系动词后面接表语，构成主语+系动词+表语的基本句型。比如be,seem,look,get,stay,remain等。n1.副词不能作表语，形容词则可以。nCycling is beneficially to our health.nCycling is beneficial to our health.n2.系动词一般不用被动。nMost children are seemed to be better at remembering bad habits,instead of good ones.nMost children seem to be better at remembering bad habits,instead of good ones.n六、词性理解错误na.可数名词和不可数名词n1.单数可数名词前一定要加限定词；对不可数名词则无此约束。nComputer is a machine for collecting,processing and presenting information.nA computer is a machine for collecting,processing and presenting information.n2.有一些词或者短语后面要加复数可数名词（例如a few,few,a variety of,various,other,numerous,a number of,different,one of,many等）nSmoking cessation is one of the likely factor that contribute to the development of obesity.nSmoking cessation is one of the likely factors that contribute to the development of obesity.n3.有一些词或者短语后面要加单数可数名词（例如any other,another,each,neither,either）nMany teenagers begin smoking habits due to peer pressure but not for any other reasons.nMany teenagers begin smoking habits due to peer pressure but not for any other reason.n4.有一些词或者短语后面要加不可数名词（例如a little,little,much等）。nLittle progresses have been made towards tackling poverty.nLittle progress has been made towards tackling poverty.n5.当主语被some/any,a proportion of,a majority of等修饰的时候，谓语的数要与主语的数保持一致。nIn most developed countries a high proportion of the population now enters higher education at some time in their lives.nIn most developed countries a high proportion of the population now enter higher education at some time in their lives.nb.冠词 n1.有一些形容词前面常加定冠词（比如only,very“恰好”,same等）nPeople with same experience should be paid same.nPeople with the same experience should be paid the same.n2.序数词和形容词最高级前要加定冠词。n1.Tourism has become the top earner of foreign currency for many countries since late twentieth century.nTourism has become the top earner of foreign currency for many countries since the late twentieth century.n2.The cigarette is most common method of smoking tobacco.n The cigarette is the most common method of smoking tobacco.n3.unique,university,union,European等词的第一音节为辅音，不定冠词应该用a；而hour和honour等单词的第一个音节为元音，因此不定冠词要用an。nc.介词n1.介词后不能跟句子，注意其与连词的区别。比较容易被误用为连词的介词或者介词短语有despite,in spite of,during,because of等。nMany smokers are unwilling to cease smoking despite they have knowledge of ill health effects.nMany smokers are unwilling to cease smoking despite their knowledge of ill health effects.n2.to在句子中可能是介词（需要加名词或者具备名词性质的内容），也可能是动词不定式符号。要根据具体情况注意区分。如，在contribute to,lead to,pay attention to,give rise to等词组中，to都是介词。nThough it leads to numerous people are unemployed,we should adopt some measures to handle this situation.nThough it leads to numerous people s unemployed,we should adopt some measures to handle this situation.n3.有一些词既可以作介词也可以作连词（跟句子），如for,since,after,before等。nTraditional buildings are desired sometimes,for the simple reason is that they are of commercial and cultural values.nTraditional buildings are desired sometimes,for the simple reason that they are of commercial and cultural values.n4.有些介词的用法是固定的，对于这种情况，必须牢记。nIf we spend one RMB on Japanese goods,which is equal to we provide a bullet to Japan.nIf we spend one RMB on Japanese goods,which is equal to we provide a bullet for Japan.nc.动词和非谓语动词n1.不定式短语可以作后置定语修饰一个名词或者代词，常和这个名词或者代词在逻辑上形成动宾关系，此时如果不定式短语中的动词是不及物动词，需加上相应的介词。n2.有些动词加不定式作宾语或宾语补足语，如want,expect,encourage,advise,persuade,cause,urge,force等。ne.代词nAsking for advice from your family is better than overcoming a problem ourselves.n Asking for advice from your family is better than overcoming a problem yourself.nf.分词（分词具有形容词的性质）n1.分词有时候放在名词后作定语，可以看作是定语从句的作用。n2.分词常可以放在句首或者句末充当状语。这个时候，要注意分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作或者状态。nIn faced of the territorial disputes,we can do what we need to do,we can do what we should don Faced with the territorial disputes,we can do what we need to do,we can do what we should to dong动名词和不定式n 动名词和不定式的一个常见区别是：动名词常表示状态、性质，描述抽象的、经常性的、已经发生的事情；而不定式常表示的是目的、原因，描述具体的、一次性的、将要发生的事 情。但具体的区别需要根据具体情况而定。n 例：The main role of a teacher is teaching the students the knowledge accumulated over centuries of human experiencen The main role of a teacher is to teach the students the knowledge accumulated over centuries of human experiencenh形容词和副词n 1副词可以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词和全句；形容词只可以用来描写或修饰名词和代词。n 例：There are not easy answers to the problems facing this countryn There are no easy answers to the problems facing this countryn n2双音节的形容词或者副词比较级应该加er，最高级应该加est。对于这类词的比较级和最高级要加以特别注意，很多考生经常将strong，young，healthy这些词误以为是三音节词。n 例：In extreme circumstances，women appear to be more strong than expectedn In extreme circumstances，women appear to be stronger than expectedn3副词在句子中作状语，形容词作表语。n 例：Young drivers ale more possibly to have accidents than old driversn Young drivers are more likely to have accidents than old driversni连词n 1句子中的并列成分要用并列连词连接。n 例：An immigrant to a new country is normally unemployed，homeless，friendlessn An immigrant to a new country is normally unemployed，homeless or friendlessn 2从属连词(because，although，that等等)一定要连接两个句子。n 例：Because it is not seriousnBecause it is not serious，many countries do not take any real countermeasuresn3.疑问词who，what，which，where，how和when后直接加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语，它在句子中可以用作主语、宾语、表语等。n 例：We do not know what do next,as we have never seen anything like it.n We do not know what to do next，as we have never seen anything like it.n How do they think?Why do they do this?n How can they think?Why do they do this?n 4however，therefore，otherwise，thus，hence等副词常被误认为是连词，这些词是不可以连接句子的。n 例：Today，many young people prefer to eat fast food such as fried chickenor pizza in fast food restaurant，therefore，young people have a greater risk of overweightn Today，many young people prefer to eat fast food such as fried chicken，or pizza in fast food restaurants；therefore，young people have a greater risk of overweightn七、单词使用错误n 因为各种原因，很多同学对单词的理解有误，因此在写作过程中错用单词。常见的例子 是instead of，很多同学以为这是“代替”的意思，而instead of不是动词，是介词。这样的例子还有很多，在这里不赘述。n 例1：Tourism has instead of agriculture as the main industry in many placesn Tourism has replaced agriculture as the main industry in many placesn 例2：Many people come to the street and against the so-called diaoyu islands nationalization.n Many people come to the street and oppose the so-called diaoyu islands nationalization.n例3：Some people who do this think it will straightly block the development of Japan.n Some people who do this think it will straight block the development of Japan.n 例4：Many Chinese civilians are having on this boycott behaviour for Japaneses aggression on military、political and economic.n Many Chinese civilians are having on this boycott behaviour for Japaneses aggression on military、political and economic affairs.n八、词序和语序na副词的位置n 1动词带有一至三个助动词时，频度副词一般放在第一个助动词之后；动词前有情态动词时，频度副词放在情态动词之后。n 例：The importance of a balance of trade to a healthy economy has been never clearer than it is nown The importance of a balance of trade to a healthy economy has never been clearer than it is nown2在疑问句中，副词一般只能放在句中或句末。在有一个助动词或情态动词的疑问句中，副词常放在实义动词之前；在有两个助动词或情态动词的疑问句中，副词的位置与其在陈述句中的位置相同。n 例：Can you say honestly that you have never lied?n Can you honestly say that you have never lied?n3有的副词位置非常灵活，如sometimes，often，soon，perhaps等，可放在句首、句中或句末。nb形容词的位置n 形容词大部分时候放在所修饰的词的前面，但是也有例外：复合不定代词的定语后置。n 例：Nearly every immigrant comes to realise immediately that there is incomprehensible and peculiar something about the local culturen Nearly every immigrant comes to realise immediately that there is something incomprehensible and peculiar about the local culturen九、倒装和平行结构na倒装n 1Sothat和suchthat句型中，如果so或者such放在句首，则需要倒装。n 例：So popular Internet is that its impacts on our daily lives are worthy of concernn So popular is Internet that its impacts on our daily lives are wor