高三英语二轮复习专题八科普知识型阅读理解新课标.pptx

专题八专题八 科普知识型阅读理解科普知识型阅读理解专题八科普知识型阅读理解专题八科普知识型阅读理解专题导读专题导读专题八专题八 专题导读专题导读科普说明文的特征科普说明文的特征 1结构严谨，逻辑性强。科普类文章属于解释类说明体结构严谨，逻辑性强。科普类文章属于解释类说明体裁，和叙事类文章不同，它有明确的主题，论证主题的事实以裁，和叙事类文章不同，它有明确的主题，论证主题的事实以及严谨的逻辑结构，层次分明，段落清晰。一般由导语及严谨的逻辑结构，层次分明，段落清晰。一般由导语(introduction)、背景、背景(background)、主体、主体(mainbody)和结尾和结尾(ends)四部分构成，在段首和段尾常出现主题句。四部分构成，在段首和段尾常出现主题句。专题八专题八 专题导读专题导读 2从从词词汇汇角角度度来来看看，在在科科普普类类文文章章中中，词词汇汇的的意意义义比比较较专专一一、稳稳定定、简简明明，不不带带感感情情色色彩彩，具具有有单单一一性性和和准准确确性性的的特特点点。它它没没有有文文学学英英语语中中常常采采用用的的排排比比、比比喻喻、夸夸张张等等修修辞辞手手段段，一一词词多多义义的的现现象象也也并并不不多多见见。由由于于科科普普类类文文章章读读者者对对象象是是大大众众，所所以以语语言言上上力力求求浅浅显显易易懂懂，用用通通俗俗的的语语言言解解释释某某种种科科学学现现象象和和科科学学道道理理，但但其其中中有有些些词词汇汇仍仍带带有有很很强强的的术术语语性性的的烙烙印印。但但通通过过上上下下文文解解释释考考生生可可以以推推定定词词义义，从从而而顺顺利利解解题题。因因此此，科科普普类类文文章章中中尽尽管管有有专专业业词词汇汇和和术术语语，但但可可以以通通过过上上下下文文意意、构构词词法等来理解题目，猜出词义。法等来理解题目，猜出词义。专题八专题八 专题导读专题导读3从从语语法法和和句句子子结结构构方方面面看看，句句子子结结构构较较复复杂杂，长长难难句句较较多多，语语法法分分析析较较困困难难。为为了了描描述述一一个个客客观观事事物物，准准确确地地表表达达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句。4常常用用下下列列一一些些结结构构形形式式：(1)常常使使用用被被动动语语态态，定定语语从从句句等等。(2)虚虚拟拟语语气气经经常常出出现现。因因为为科科学学家家在在对对事事物物和和现现象象进进行行研研究究，探探讨讨和和论论证证时时，总总是是避避免免武武断断。因因此此很很多多解解释释和和陈陈述述都都要用虚拟语气。要用虚拟语气。专题八专题八 专题导读专题导读 科普说明文的解题技巧科普说明文的解题技巧 1在在阅阅读读时时，考考生生需需先先通通读读短短文文，把把握握文文章章大大意意，了了解解该该短短文文是是解解释释何何种种科科学学现现象象或或科科学学道道理理，抓抓住住体体现现本本文文主主题题的的关键词和关键句，提高阅读速度。关键词和关键句，提高阅读速度。2要要做做好好科科普普类类文文章章试试题题，考考生生还还要要掌掌握握这这类类文文章章的的特特点点及及结结构构，真真正正读读懂懂并并理理解解它它。在在阅阅读读这这类类文文章章时时要要遵遵循循此此类类文文章章的的一一般般结结构构：导导语语、背背景景、主主体体和和结结尾尾。导导语语一一般般位位于于文文章章的的首首段段，背背景景交交代代一一个个事事实实的的起起因因，主主体体则则对对导导语语所所概概括括的的事事实实进进行行详详细细叙叙述述，结结尾尾往往往往也也是是中中心心思思想想的的概概括括，并并常常常常与与导导语语相相呼呼应应。阅阅读读时时，要要注注意意短短文文的的开开头头和和结结尾尾。它它们们往往往往提提出或归纳某一要点或中心思想。出或归纳某一要点或中心思想。专题八专题八 专题导读专题导读 3在在了了解解全全文文大大意意和和结结构构的的基基础础上上，学学会会解解决决what、how、why等等一一类类的的问问题题，它它们们是是文文章章的的关关键键，如如能能带带着着这这些些问题去阅读，将会更迅速地抓住文章的主题。问题去阅读，将会更迅速地抓住文章的主题。另另外外，还还要要多多读读些些科科普普类类文文章章，比比如如有有关关以以下下主主题题的的文文章章：太太空空与与海海洋洋、保保护护环环境境、创创造造与与发发明明、动动物物世世界界等等。这这样样长长期期坚持，既开阔了视野，又能正确迅速地做好此类试题。坚持，既开阔了视野，又能正确迅速地做好此类试题。专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例真题典例真题典例2011北北京京卷卷 As the railroads and the highways shaped the American West in the past centuries,a new electrical generating(发发电电)and transmission(输输送送)system for the 21st century will leave a lasting mark on the West,for better or worse.Much of the real significance of railroads and highways is not in their direct physical effect on the scenery,but in the ways that they affect the surrounding community.The same is true of big solar plants and the power lines that will be laid down to move electricity around.专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例The 19th century saw land grants(政政府府拨拨地地)offered to railroad companies to build the transcontinental railroads,leaving public land in between privately owned land.In much of the West,some of the railroad sections were developed while others remained undeveloped,and in both cases the landownership has presented unique challenges to land management.With the completion of the interstate highway system,many of the small towns,which sprang up as railway stops and developed well,have lost their lifeblood and died.专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例Big solar plants and their power lines will also have effects far beyond their direct footprint in the West.This is not an argument against building them.We need alternative energy badly,and to readily take advantage of it we need to be able to move electricity around far more readily than we can now.So tradeoffs will have to be made.Some scenic spots will be sacrificed.Some species will be forced to move,or will be carefully moved to special accommodations.Deals will be struck to reduce the immediate effects.专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例 The lasting effects of these tradeoffs are another matter.The 21st century development of the American West as an ideal place for alternative energy is going to throw off a lot of power and money in the region.There are chances for that power and money to do a lot of good.But it is just as likely that they will be spent wastefully and will leave new problems behind,just like the railroads and the highways.专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例 The money set aside in negotiated tradeoffs and the institutions that control it will shape the West far beyond the immediate footprint of power plants and transmission lines.So lets remember the effects of the railroads and the highways as we construct these new power plants in the West.【解解析析】这这是是一一篇篇科科普普类类的的说说明明文文。对对比比高高速速公公路路，铁铁路路建建设设对对美美国国西西部部的的影影响响，作作者者探探讨讨了了可可替替代代能能源源建建设设在在开开展展时对该地区的影响，建议在建设中要采取审慎的态度。时对该地区的影响，建议在建设中要采取审慎的态度。专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例 ()1.What was the problem caused by the construction of the railways?ASmall towns along the railways became abandoned.BSome railroad stops remained underused.CLand in the West was hard to manage.DLand grants went into private hands.【解解析析】C细细节节理理解解题题。由由第第二二段段的的and in both cases the landownership has presented unique challenges to land management可可以以看看出出，铁铁路路修修建建的的问问题题造造成成了了西西部部土土地的管理难度加大。地的管理难度加大。专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例 ()2.What is the major concern in the development of alternative energy according to the last two paragraphs?AThe transmission of power.BThe use of money and power.CThe conservation of solar energy.DThe selection of an ideal place.【解解析析】B细细节节理理解解题题。由由倒倒数数第第二二段段的的as an ideal place for alternative energy is going to throw off a lot of power and money以以及及最最后后一一段段第第一一句句的的叙叙述述，可可以以看看出出，在在可可替替代能源的开发中最大的问题就是代能源的开发中最大的问题就是“money and power”。专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例()3.What is the authors attitude towards building solar plants?ACautious.BApproving.CDoubtful.DDisapproving.【解解析析】A观观点点推推测测题题。由由文文章章结结构构来来看看，作作者者首首先先分分析析了了发发展展可可替替代代能能源源太太阳阳能能的的重重大大意意义义，并并提提出出了了：a new electrical generating(发发电电)and transmission(输输送送)system for the 21st century will leave a lasting mark on the West,for better or worse.然然后后分分析析了了该该项项目目的的问问题题：money and power，由此可以推出作者的态度是谨慎的。，由此可以推出作者的态度是谨慎的。专题八专题八 真题典例真题典例 ()4.Which is the best title for the passage?AHow the Railways Have Affected the West BHow Solar Energy Could Reshape the West CHow the Effects of Power Plants Can Be Reduced DHow the Problems of the Highways Have Been Settled 【解解析析】B主主旨旨大大意意题题。文文章章的的主主题题出出现现在在第第一一段段：a new electrical generating(发发电电)and transmission(输输送送)system for the 21st century will leave a lasting mark on the West,for better or worse，最最后后一一段段又又进进行行了了升升华华概概括括：will shape the West far beyond，由此可知答案。，由此可知答案。专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测 (一一)Scientists at Harvard University and Bates College find female chimpanzees(黑黑猩猩猩猩)appear to treat sticks as dolls,carrying them around until they have children of their own.Young males engage in such behavior much less frequently.The new work by Sonya MKahlenberg and Richard WWrangham,described this week in the journal Current Biology,provides the first evidence of a wild nonhuman species playing with dolls,as well as the first known sex difference in a wild animals choice of playthings.新题预测新题预测专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测 The two researchers say their work adds to a growing body of evidence that human children are probably born with their own ideas of how they want to behave,rather than simply mirroring other girls who play with dolls and boys who play with trucks.Doll play among humans could have its origins in object carrying by earlier apes(猿猿类类),they say,suggesting that toy selection is probably not due entirely to socialization.“In humans,there are obvious sex differences in childrens toy play,and these are remarkably similar across cultures，”says Kahlenberg.“While socialization by elders and peers has 专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测been the primary explanation,our work suggests that biology may also have an important role to play in activity preferences.”In 14 years of data on chimpanzee behavior at the Kibale National Park in Uganda,Kahlenberg and Wrangham counted more than 100 examples of stick carrying.Some young chimpanzees carried sticks into the nest to sleep with them and on one occasion built a separate nest for the stick.“We have seen juveniles occasionally carrying sticks for many years,and because they sometimes treated them rather like dolls,we wanted to know if in general this behavior tended to represent 专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测something like playing with dolls，”says Wrangham,a Professor at Harvard.“If the doll hypothesis(假假设设)was right,we thought that females should carry sticks more than males do,and that the chimpanzees should stop carrying sticks when they had their first child.We have now watched enough young chimpanzees to prove both points.”【解解析析】本本文文是是科科普普阅阅读读。研研究究发发现现，雌雌性性黑黑猩猩猩猩喜喜欢欢把把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测()1.What does a female chimpanzee do with sticks?AShe gives them to her child to play with.BShe treats them as dolls.CShe makes useful tools from them.DShe treats them as weapons.【解解析析】B细细节节理理解解题题。从从文文章章第第一一段段可可知知，雌雌性性黑黑猩猩猩把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。猩把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃。专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测 ()2.What causes the different toy selection of chimpanzees,according to the passage?ASex difference.BSocialization.CEnvironment.DCultural difference.【解解析析】A细细节节理理解解题题。综综合合分分析析文文章章可可知知，性性别别差差异异是导致黑猩猩玩具选择差异的主要原因。是导致黑猩猩玩具选择差异的主要原因。专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测 ()3.We can infer from the fourth paragraph that _.Asocialization has nothing to do with humans choice of playthings Bsex difference is the only factor in humans choice of playthings Cthe biology factor may also influence toy choice Dpeople choose different toys in different cultures 【解解析析】C推推理理判判断断题题。从从第第四四段段可可知知，这这两两位位科科学学家的研究表明生物学因素也可能影响对玩具的偏好。家的研究表明生物学因素也可能影响对玩具的偏好。专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测()4.Wrangham probably believes that _.Aobserving so many chimpanzees has been enough for them to make a conclusionBthe study proves human beings have evolved(进进化化)from chimpanzeesCall chimpanzees treat the sticks as dollsDchildren playing with sticks are abnormal【解析解析】A推理判断题。从第五段最后一句可知答案。推理判断题。从第五段最后一句可知答案。专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测()5.It can be concluded from the passage that _.Aboth humans and chimpanzees choose their playthings due to sex differenceBdifferent factors cause humans and chimpanzees to choose different playthingsConly female chimpanzees have playthingsD chimpanzees usually choose playthings for their children 【解解析析】A推推理理判判断断题题。综综合合文文章章信信息息可可知知，无无论论是是人类还是黑猩猩，性别是导致玩具选择差异的重要原因。人类还是黑猩猩，性别是导致玩具选择差异的重要原因。专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测 (二二)For all the dinner table,a glass of milk seems to be a constant,at least it was when I was growing up.It was widely believed that milk was integral in building strong bones and teeth.Theres no doubt that dairy products(乳乳制制品品),and milk in particular,are high in protein and calcium,and most milk products are supplemented with Vitamin D and A.While its well known that our bones need calcium,some studies suggest that high calcium intake doesnt necessarily专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测lower a persons risk for fractures(骨骨折折).A Harvard study found that people who drank two or more glasses of milk had no greater protection from breaking a bone than those who drank a glass or less a week.Theres no doubt that we need calcium.Some anti dairy supporters claim that dairy can lead to heart disease.Much of this claim is based on high fat and high dairy products,like cheeses and creams,which may indeed contribute to cardiovascular problems.Some studies have linked high milk 专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测intakes with a risk of prostate cancer;this seems to be caused by high fat dairy products,not dairy in general.Although milk was always regarded as one of the most important thing we need for our bones,yet least promoted,factors involved in strengthening bones.Perhaps we should think of dairy as less like a nutrient and more like a food.If you like it,eat it.If not,find some_ others.Because some claims may not be completely true,when I eat a cream,Im not thinking about calcium,protein,or any such thing.Im thinking delicious.专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测()1.Which of the following is TRUE on the milk?AThe more milk you drink,the more risk for fractures you might be.BThe more milk you drink,the less risk for fractures you might be.CThe less milk you drink,the less risk for fractures you might be.DThere is no link between them.专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测 【解解析析】D细细节节理理解解题题。根根据据第第二二段段的的A Harvard study found that people who drank two or more glasses of milk had no greater protection from breaking a bone than those who drank a glass or less a week.可可以以推推断断出出牛牛奶奶的的饮饮用用量量和和骨骨折折之间没有必要的联系。之间没有必要的联系。专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测 ()2.Some anti dairy supporters claim that dairy can lead to diseases EXCEPT_.Acardiovascular problems Bheart disease Cprostate cancer Dstomach cancer 【解解析析】D细细节节理理解解题题。根根据据第第三三段段的的有有关关信信息息可可以以得得知文中没有涉及胃癌的问题。知文中没有涉及胃癌的问题。专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测 ()3.The underlined words“some others”in the last paragraph refer to_.Adairy products Bmilk Cfood Dcream 【解解析析】C词词义义猜猜测测题题。根根据据最最后后一一段段Perhaps we should think of dairy as less like a nutrient and more like a food.If you like it,eat it.可可知知作作者者的的观观点点是是如如果果喜喜欢欢就就吃吃，不不喜欢就换其他的食品喜欢就换其他的食品(物物)。专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测()4.Whats the authors attitude towards milk?AHe doesnt like milk any more.BHe used to drink milk as a child.CHe regards milk as a nutrient.DHe always cares about calcium,protein when he eats something.【解解析析】B推推理理判判断断题题。根根据据第第一一段段的的at least it was when I was growing up 可可以以推推断断出出作作者者在在小小时时候候是是常常喝喝牛牛奶奶的。的。专题八专题八 新题预测新题预测()5.We can learn from the text that_.Aall the claims are not completely trueBhigh milk intakes can lead to cancerCits necessary for you to reduce milk intakesDgive up milk for your health 【解解析析】A推推理理判判断断题题。由由最最后后一一段段Because some claims may not be completely true可可以以得得知知并并不不是是所所有有的的声声明明都都是是完完全全正正确确的的。其其中中all not not all表表示示部部分分否否定定，意意为为“并非所有的并非所有的”。