英语四级写作教程.pptx

四级写作四级写作大学英语四级考试大纲大学英语四级考试大纲对写作的要求对写作的要求v教育部（2006修订版）明确规定写作部分要求考生达到大学英语课程教学要求中的一般要求，即“能完成一般性写作任务，能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等，能写常见的应用文，能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内写出至少120词的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连贯。能掌握基本的写作技巧。”评分标准评分标准v短文写作要求考生在30分钟内根据提纲写出一篇120词以上的短文，本部分的得分占总分的15%，采用总分评分法（Global Scoring），从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。满分为15分，共分五等：14分、11分、8分、5分及2分（注：四级作文在试卷总分中占15%，改卷时按照作文总分15分来评改，然后经过处理转化为710分中的作文分数）。各个分数档的标准如下：评分评分依据（依据（1.主题主题、2.表达表达、3.文字文字、4.语言语言）14分切题切题，表达表达思想清楚，文字文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无语言语言错误，仅有个别拼写错误。11分切题切题，表达表达思想清楚，文字文字通顺，但有少量语言语言错误。8分基本切题切题，有些地方表达表达思想不够清楚，文字文字勉强连贯；语言语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。5分基本切题切题，表达表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重错误。2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。0分白卷；文不对题，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想。v备注：备注：阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该档次，则可加分（即9分）或减1分（即7分），但不得加或减半分。v字数不足按下表所示酌情扣分：v 累计字数90-99 80-89 70-79 60-69 50-59 49扣分123579二、纵观历年大学英语四级考试作文题目，我们不难二、纵观历年大学英语四级考试作文题目，我们不难发现，近年来的四级作文凸显发现，近年来的四级作文凸显三大趋势三大趋势：序号序号内容内容1实用性实用性增强增强从体裁体裁上看，议论文、说明文、应用文写作占绝大多数，记叙文偶尔也会涉及。到目前为止，虽然议论文议论文占绝对优势，但近年来应用文应用文上升的势头很猛，书信、欢迎词、祝贺词、招聘书、解说词、见证书、竞选演说等频频出现，集中体现了大纲对实际运用语言能力的要求。2主要考核主要考核三大主题三大主题从内容内容上看，所考题型都与考生熟悉的生活事件与现象有关。就话题话题而言，四级作文主要有三类：社会热门话题、校园生活话题和日常生活话题，如教师节、英语口试、计算机的使用、求职面试、上大学的费用等等，因此，平时应尽量偏向这几方面的主题进行练习。3注重注重综合能力综合能力的考核的考核四级作文从倾向于单纯考查某一文体，逐渐过渡到几种文体的结合几种文体的结合。如：2004年6月的A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction是一篇解说词，属应用文，但同时要求说明和描写。这说明作文命题越来越灵活。四级写作基本模式四级写作基本模式三段式三段式文章引言段主题句(Topic Sentence)扩展句1(Developing Sentence 1)扩展句2(Developing Sentence 1)结尾句(Concluding Sentence)发展段主题句(TS)扩展句1(DS1)扩展句2(DS2)结尾句(CS)结尾段主题句(TS)扩展句1(DS1)扩展句2(DS2)结尾句(CS)三、为了便于考生尽快掌握四级作文的写作方三、为了便于考生尽快掌握四级作文的写作方法，在此综合历年四级考试作文真题，重点介法，在此综合历年四级考试作文真题，重点介绍绍七类七类常见的写作类型常见的写作类型。v.对比选择型对比选择型v.现象解释型现象解释型v.原因阐释型原因阐释型v.问题解决型问题解决型v.应用型应用型v.综合叙事型综合叙事型v.图表型图表型.对比选择型对比选择型特点及写作要求特点及写作要求v对比选择型议论文是大学英语四级考试写作最常见最常见的写作题型。一般来说，这类议论文的通常是对一个观点或事物的正反两方面正反两方面或者两种不同的观点或事物两种不同的观点或事物进行对比对比，从而引出主题，得出结论。在对两种不同的观点或事物进行对比时，主要运用比较和对比两种写作技巧。在四级考试中曾多次出现此类议论文。.对比选择型对比选择型写作流程写作流程v第一段：简介简介。(简单介绍某一现象或事物。)v第二段：主要对比观点或事物主要对比观点或事物。(分析某一观点或事物的正反两面，或比较两种不同的观点或事物。)v第三段：结论结论。(得出结论，或提出自己的看法。)v或者或者v第一段：主要观点或事物甲主要观点或事物甲。(简单提及某一现象或事物，并分析该现象或事物的好处。)v第二段：主要观点或事物乙主要观点或事物乙。(分析该现象或事物的利弊。)v第三段：结论结论。(得出结论，或提出自己的看法。).对比选择型对比选择型句子模板句子模板v1.对比不同观点/对比法：v When it comes to ,peoples ideas/views/notions/opinions vary from person to person/from one to another.v There is no consensus(共识)of opinions/there are some controversies/there is no agreement among people as to do /as to the view of .v Whenever people ,they will come across the problem of whether they should or ,and it is natural for different opinions to arise.v The general public has been debating whether or not .对比选择型对比选择型句子模板句子模板v1.对比不同观点/对比法：v Some people think we should .They say that .While others think otherwise .They argue that .v Some people advocate that .Others hold the opposite opinion/adopt a totally different view/take an opposite side.They believe .v Those in favor of believe/claim that .Those oppose to argue/hold/point out that .v Everything has two sides and is not an exception,it has both advantages and disadvantages.对比选择型对比选择型句子模板句子模板v2.在两种对立观点中选择一种观点/表明自己的观点：v Were it left to me to decide whether we should ,I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.v As far as I am concerned,the former/latter notion is preferable/holds more weight.v As for me,I agree to/prefer to the former/latter idea.There are a dozen of reasons behinds my belief.First of all,.v Weighing up the arguments on both sides,Im inclined to believe that .对比选择型对比选择型句子模板句子模板v2.在两种对立观点中选择一种观点/表明自己的观点：v In my opinion/mind,we should .v From my perspective/point of view,I think .v Personally speaking,I approve of .v From what I have discussed above,I can draw the conclusion that .v【模板一】v 1 Nowadays,wherever you go,you will hear people talk about .2 Whether you like it or not,it had become a part of our life.v 3 Some people who are in favor of maintain that .4 In their view,.5 While those who are against argue that .6 Besides,.v 7 As far as I am concerned,I stand on the side of .8 First of all,9 Furthermore,.10 Thirdly,.11 Therefore,.对比选择型对比选择型作文模板作文模板v【模板二】v 1 Views/Opinion on(Attitudes towards)vary from person to person.2 Some people think that .3 They hold this opinion because(they think).v 4 Others,however,take a negative/positive attitude to .(Others,nevertheless,are more pessimistic/optimistic about it).5 From their point of view,.6 Besides,.v 7 In my opinion/Personally/From my point view/If asked my attitude,I am more in favor of .8 I stand in/hold this attitude/opinion/view because .9 Its true that ,but it doesnt mean that .10 Therefore/In a word/In short,.11 Instead,we should .对比选择型对比选择型作文模板作文模板【模板三】v1)When it comes to sth.,peoples ideas are not cut from the same cloth.2)Some people hold/argue that(观点一)3)They base their argument on the ground that(理由)4)But others react to the problem the other way around and contend that the opposite is just reasonable or right.(观点二)5)From their angle of view,(理由)6)I am of the opinion that(我的看法)7)(理由)8)(结论句).Reference ModelViews on Generation Gap1)When it comes to the problem of generation gap,peoples ideas are not cut from the same cloth.2)Most of the old argue that young people should be responsible for the problem.3)They base their argument on the ground that young people either turn a deaf ear to the elders experience-based advice or set themselves against what the elders have been proud of.4)But the younger generation reacts to the problem the other way around and holds that vthe opposite is just reasonable.5)From their angle of view,the older generation is too conservative to accept anything new,as a result of which,their voices are not taken into account,and their efforts are far from the requirements set by the elders.6)I am of the opinion that both generations should take the responsibility for the problem.7)Much evidence proves that the generation gap.现象解释型现象解释型特点及写作要求特点及写作要求v 现象阐释型的作文通常先指明一种现象或提出一种观点，然后对这一现象或观点进行解释，最后得出结论或发表个人见解。.现象解释型现象解释型写作流程写作流程v第一段：概述概述。(简要描述某一现象或某一观点。)v第二段：具体阐述具体阐述。(具体阐释现象或观点的正确性正确性或危害性或危害性等。)v第三段：个人见解个人见解。(表明自己的态度或看法。)v或者或者v第一段：概述概述。(简单描述某一现象或观点。)v第二段：具体阐述具体阐述。(具体阐述引起这种现象的或持有这种观点考虑的主要因素考虑的主要因素。)v第三段：个人评价个人评价。(对现象或者观点进行评价。).现象解释型现象解释型句子模板句子模板v1.分析原因：v There are many/plenty of/a number of/numerous reasons explaining/for .v The reasons of lie in several aspects .v Many factors contribute to .v There are many reasons that many account for .v The reasons for/why are as follows:.v There are many reasons for it,but generally,they come down in three major ones.现象解释型现象解释型句子模板句子模板v1.分析原因：v is mainly caused by .v What caused these changes?.v There are many factors that have stimulated this huge change.v The reasons that caused changes are diverse.On the one hand,.On the other hand,.v The rapid growth of owes much to .现象解释型现象解释型句子模板句子模板v2.总结归纳/说明影响/表明作者态度/以作者个人为例：v Through the analysis,we can draw a conclusion that .v In short/In brief,.v To solve the problem of ,we .v From all the facts given above,we can see .v Considering all these/Taking all these into consideration/account,I believe .v As to/for me,I believe .v Take me as an example/In my own case,I .v【模板一】v 1 In recent years,(描写现状或趋势).2 This has caused a lot of problems.v 3 First,(结果1).4 For example,(细节，说明结果1).5 Second,(结果2).(细节，说明结果2).6 Finally,(结果3).(细节，说明结果3).v 7 Since is such a serious problem,we should take effective measures to .8 First,we should (措施1).9 Besides,(措施2).10 And finally,(措施3).现象解释型现象解释型作文模板作文模板v【模板二】v 1 At present/In recent years/Nowadays,(描写现状或趋势).2 It may someday become the main trend when (进一步描述这一现象或观点).v 3 Three major elements/factors would be taken into consideration when (doing sth).4 First of all,(主要因素1).5 Moreover,(主要因素2).6 Last,(主要因素3).7 From their perspective,.v 8 Everything has both positive and negative aspects,and (这种现象或观点)is of no exception.9 (这种现象或观点的正确性).10 However,(这种观点或现象的危害性).现象解释型现象解释型作文模板作文模板.原因阐释型原因阐释型特点及写作要求特点及写作要求v 原因解释型作文的重点在于探讨产生某一社会现象或问题的原因。近十年来，原因阐释型议论文在四级考试中出现的并不多。.原因阐释型原因阐释型写作流程写作流程v第一段：现象现象。(对某一社会现象进行描述。)v第二段：原因阐释原因阐释。(阐释产生这一社会现象的原因。)v第三段：评述评述或提出解决方法提出解决方法。(发表个人看法，或提出解决思路。).原因阐释型原因阐释型句子模板句子模板v1.一果多因：v Why?For one thing,.For another,.v The answer to this problem involves many factors.For one thing,.For another,.Still another,.v A number of factors,both physical and psychological affect/both individual and social contribute to .v Another important factor is .原因阐释型原因阐释型句子模板句子模板v1.一果多因：v is also responsible for the change/problem.v Certainly,the is not the sole reason for .v The factors that contribute to include .v You dont have to look very far to identify the reason that .v Thanks to/Owing to/Due to/Because of/As a result of .原因阐释型原因阐释型句子模板句子模板v2.一因多果v It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on.v It involves some serious consequence for.v There are a number of dreadful consequence of.Perhaps the most serious/disastrous consequence is.v It may cause/result in/lead to a host/number of problems.v It leaves/involves some serious consequence of v The immediate result it produce is.And perhaps the most obvious result of is.原因阐释型原因阐释型作文模板作文模板v 1 Nowadays,we often hear that (提出现象).2 This phenomenon is not accidental,and there is social and individual background.v 3 Why?4 For one thing,(原因1).5 For another,(原因2).6 For instance,(举例说明).7 From that,8 we .v 9 As far as I am concerned,I agree that .10 I think that (作者本人的观点).11 .v第三段或为：9 We should take measures to .10 First,(措施1).Second,(措施2).11 Finally,(措施3).问题解决型问题解决型特点及写作要求特点及写作要求v 问题解决型的作文通常先说明情况，提出问题，随后提出解决方法或处理方式，最后给予评价。.问题解决型问题解决型写作流程写作流程v第一段：引言引言。(描述现状、形势、提出问题。)v第二段：解决方案解决方案。(提出解决问题的方法。)v第三段：评价评价或个人选择个人选择。(简要评价提及的方法，或选择其中一、两种自己认为合适的方法并说明理由。).问题解决型问题解决型句子模板句子模板v1.提出问题：v Nowadays,with ,more and more ,which causes serious problem to .v Nowadays,.It has become such a serious problem which has aroused the concern from .v Recently,the problem of has become increasingly serious in .v Today,with ,a serious social problem has arisen .问题解决问题解决型型句子模板句子模板v1.提出问题：v Today,more and more people have realized that has become a very serious problem.v Nowadays,there is growing concern over .v Currently,is being considered a major problem in .问题解决型问题解决型句子模板句子模板v2.解决问题：v To solve this problem,.v As is known to all,there are many ways to .v To put an end to this serious problem,in my opinion,several measures should be taken/adopted by .v How can we solve this problem?I think there are three approaches.问题解决型问题解决型句子模板句子模板v2.解决问题：v If you want to solve this problem,the following advice may be helpful.v My suggestions to deal with/solve/relieve the problem are as follows.In the first place,.Secondly .Finally .v At first thought,the problem seems far too involved(复杂的),but it can certainly be solved when seriously dealt with.问题解决型问题解决型作文模板作文模板v 1 Nowadays,great importance has been attached to (目前的现象及存在的问题).2 Many ways can contribute to (要解决的问题),but the following ones may be effective.v 3 First of all,(方法1).4 Besides,(方法2).5 Finally,(方法3).v 6 In conclusion/To sum up,the ways I have mentioned above should never be separated from each other.7 (希望).应用型应用型特点及写作要求特点及写作要求v应用文，就是在现实生活中有实际应用功能的文体，比如信信函、通知、演讲稿、导游词、见证书函、通知、演讲稿、导游词、见证书等。应用文是大学英语四级考试中常见的考查内容，与议论文、记叙文和说明文相比，应用型作文与生活、社会的联系更加紧密，在格式、行文习惯等方面更讲究规矩。因此，无论写哪些应用型作文，都必须按其各自规范化的、约定俗成的格式来写，不能随意改变格式。v下面主要介绍英文信函、通知、演讲稿、导游词的写作模板。.应用型应用型(信函信函)句子模板句子模板v1.信函句子模板开头常用表达：v Excuse me for not writing to you for so long a time.v Your letter dated is at hand.v Words cannot express my joy of receiving your letter of May 8th.v I am writing to .v I am very much delighted to inform you that .v I have the pleasure to tell you that .应用型应用型信函信函v2.信函句子模板结尾常用套话：v I send you my best wishes.v Looking forward to hearing from you soon.v All the luck in the world to you.v Please give my best regards to your family/parents.应用型应用型(信函信函)作文模板作文模板v同学间的日常信件作文模板：v1 Dear ,v 2 I am glad to know that .3 As for _,I suppose that can be a good choice for you.(首先用一句话来回应收到的信，然后进入此次写信的主题。)4 .5 .6 Whats more,.7 To ,you are supposed to .8 are also of great importance,.(对来信的第二问题进行答复)v 9 Now lets talk about .10 First of all,you should .11 In addition,.(转至第三个问题)12 If any further questions come to you,do not hesitate to write to me.v 10 .vYours,.应用型应用型(通知通知)作文模板作文模板v活动通知作文模板：vVolunteer Neededv 1 With the approaching of (活动日),(组织者)is to organize and is now recruiting volunteers.v 2 This program is planned to .3 It aims to .4 By participating in the activity,volunteers can .5 Volunteers are expected to .6 The program will be carried out .v 7 are needed.8 Fellow students who meet the requirements and want to take part in the activity,please call us at or email us at .v 9 Come and join us!.应用型应用型(演讲稿演讲稿)作文模板作文模板v竞赛演讲稿作文模板：vA Campaign Speech v1 ,(选择一个合适的称呼。)v 2 Thank you for .3 ,4 I am delighted to announce that .(演讲词常用开场白套语。)v 5 ,I have always been considered as .6 Meanwhile,.7 .8 In addition,if I get elected.(层次清楚地陈述自己的优势，突出重点)v 9 .10 If elected,I am confident that .11 I will .(工作规划的简要陈述，点到为止)v 12 Thank you very much for your attention.(结束语套话).应用型应用型(导游词导游词)作文模板作文模板v导游解说词作文模板：v1 ,v 2 Welcome to .3 First of all,Id like to introduce myself:I am ,Its my honor to be here with all of you,and I wish you a wonderful trip today.(表示欢迎，自我介绍，开场白套话。)v 4 Here is the schedule of the day.5 is the first place we are going to visit this morning.6 Then will be our destination in the afternoon.(简要介绍行程安排，无需赘述。)7 Now we are on the way .(用三四句话介绍第一景点的概况，突出重点。)v 8 Thats the introduction to .9 If you have any questions,please dont hesitate to ask me.(结束语套话).综合叙事型综合叙事型特点及写作要求特点及写作要求v 综合叙事型文章是以记人叙事为主要内容、以叙述为主要表达方式的文章。写这类作文要综合记叙、描写和议论等写作方法，既要交代时间、地点、人物、事情的发生、发展和变化，也要分析事情发生的原因或写出个人感受。.综合叙事型综合叙事型写作流程写作流程v第一段：引出主题引出主题。(交待清楚事情发生的背景，如时间、地点及人物等。)v第二段：主体主体。(描述事情发生的起因、经过和结果。)v第三段：事件分析事件分析。(分析事件发生的原因或者写出个人的感受。).综合叙事型综合叙事型句子模板句子模板v1.表示时间顺序的连接词：v Early in the morning/In the early morningv In the middle of the day/At noonv Late in the afternoon/In the late afternoonv Far/Deep into the nightv In the past;At present,;In the futurev First;Second;Next;Then;Finallyv At first/In the beginning;At last/In the endv Shortly afterwards/At once/Immediately/All of a sudden/Suddenly/Soonv The moment/As soon as/The first time ;Not until,Next time,Before,After,etc.综合叙事型综合叙事型作文模板作文模板v 1 It is (时间和地点)when (事件)took place.2 (简单叙述一两句).v 3 I saw sight.4 (描写情景，注意描写的顺序).5 To begin with,.6 And then,.7 Eventually,.8 As a consequence,(结束语).v 9 In my opinion,three factors contribute to .10 First,(原因1).11 Second，(原因2).11 Last,(原因3).12 All these led to (结束语).v第三段或为以下模式：v 9 I do believe (个人感受).图表型图表型特点及写作要求特点及写作要求v图表型作文要求根据图表上的数据，找出所反映的某个趋势或某一个问题、现象某个趋势或某一个问题、现象，并对该问题、趋势所产生的原因进行分析分析。常见的图表型作文有表格（table）、曲线图（line chart）、条形图/柱状图（bar chart）、饼形图（pie chart）和图片（picture）。v图表型作文的写作误区误区：有些考生习惯在第一段罗列所有数据，形式单调，没有重点，篇幅又长，容易让人厌倦，而第二、三段受篇幅和时间限制，未能充分展开。.图表型图表型写作注意事项写作注意事项v写图表型作文的注意事项注意事项：v1.看懂并理解图表的含义，这是写好图表型作文的前提；v2.选择能充分说明图表主题的典型典型数据；v3.根据分析结果和文章的题目写出各段的主题句并展开论述。v合合理理的的结结构构安安排排是：第一段简明扼要，尽量少引数据，重在点明趋势；二、三段的分析是重点，应展开。.图表型图表型写作流程写作流程v第一段：描述图表反映的总情况描述图表反映的总情况。(总体说明图表所反映的趋势、问题、现象，并选用典型数据进行说明。)v第二段：分析原因分析原因。(分析该问题或该现象的原因或后果。)v第三段：结论结论。(提出解决问题的办法、建议或进行展望。).图表型图表型句子模板句子模板v1.图表内容总括性描述：v As can be seen from the table,great changes