生态学概念研究范畴及研究方法.pptx

Ecological spectrumBiosphere,Landscape,Ecosystem,Community,Population,Organism,Organ system,Organ,Tissue,Cell,Subcellular organelles,MoleculesBranches of EcologyChemical,Molecular,Physiological,Behavioral,Population,Community,Ecosystem,Landscape,Evolutionary,Theoretical,Conservation and management,BiodiversityJournals:Behavioral Ecology,Biological Conservation,Chemical Ecology,Conservation Biology,Conservation Ecology,Ecological Application,Ecological Modeling,Ecological Monograph,Ecologist,Ecology,Environmental Management,Evolutionary Ecology,Functional Ecology,Journal of Animal Ecology,Journal of Applied Ecology,Journal of Wildlife Management,Landscape Ecology,Molecular Ecology,Oecologia,Oikos,Trends in Evolution and Ecology,etc.Methods of studying ecologynTo understand,describe,explain,predict and controlnScalenLab experiment,field experiment,natural trajectory experiment,natural snapshot experiment,mathematical model Ecology of forest birdsn5 warbler sp.of similar ecological requirementnFeeding zonesnIn the presence or absence of other speciesnCompetition and partitioningEnergy budget of bumblebeenHow to keep warm in cold environment?nEnergy gain for feeding energy loss from flying,feeding and keeping warmnLab and field studies nNumber and kinds of flower visited,sugar content of flowernEnergy loss at different temperatureBrown trout v.s.Native GalaxiasnFish Mayfly nymph algaenActivity pattern(lab and field exp.)nHabitat preference(natural exp.)nCommunity effect(field exp.)nTrophic cascade effects flowing down from one trophic level to the next and the next nEnergy flownPrimary production:trout GalaxnSecondary production:trout GalaxSuccession of old fields nNatural trajectory vs.natural snapshotnCorrelation vs.mechanismnwithin field comparison indicated introduced sp.and prairie sp.as NnField position and N supplyNutrients in the rain forest canopynEpiphytes mats to 4x of the nutrient content of the foliage of the canopy treesnPhotosynthesis,migratory birds,batsFox-rabies(math model)nAssumptions:no recovery or immune,no migration,random contactnBiology:life span 2 yrs.,1 cub/yr,latent phase 28 days,die 5 days after becoming infectious N=S+L+I dS/dt=(b-d)S-SIdL/dt=SI-dL-LdI/dt=L-dI-I-contact rate-reaction rate-rabies-induced mortalityMerits of modelnSummarizing current knowledgenApproximation and simplification nHypotheses testingnExploring scenarios and situationsnCaution in evaluation and predictionFactors affecting the abundance and distribution of speciesnHistorical factorsnevolution and speciationncontinental driftngeological and climatic changesnAbiotic factorsn chemical and physical environmentnBiotic factorsncompetition,predation,mutualism,etc.nDispersalnBehavioral factorsnHuman factorsDarwinian evolution by natural selectionnindividual variationnvariation is heritablendifferential reproductive ratenthe interaction between the characteristics of individual and the environmentFitness na measure of biological successn#of gene or genome put into the next generation nthe proportionate contribution that an individual makes to future generationThe fittest individualnthose that leave the greatest#of descendantsnthose that transport more gene to the next generationExamplenModel:an annual,only one gene,asexual reproduction,reproduce only once in life time.n5 genotypes:A,B,C,D,and EnG,S,F=proportion of energy devoted to growth,survival(against predator),and fecundity#of seed Genotypes Spring/Summer Fall Survival10A 2 large2 seeds 410 B 9 small1 seeds 910C 2 small4 seeds 810D 4 medium5 seeds 2010E 5 med-small 4 seeds 20 Total 61 G:F:S in A=6:1:1,B=1:1:6,C=1:6:1,D=1:1:1,E=1:1:2Genotypefrequency before after one generationA 10/50=0.24/61=0.06B0.29/61=0.15C0.2 8/61=0.13D0.220/61=0.33E0.220/61=0.33Fitness=#of gene/genome put into the next generation Fitness of D&E=20/10=2Fitness of C =8/10 =0.8Fitness of B =9/10 =0.9Fitness of A =4/10 =0.4QuestionsnIs the population biologically successful?nAre those genotypes equally successful?nWhat if increase herbivory?Within species variationnPerennial Achillea lanulosa,transplant and reciprocal transplantnNatural selection by pollutionnIndustrial melanismnNatural selection by predation