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Direct MethodGroup members:秦丹凤 罗茜 尚宇 杨琨 蔡凤梅第1页1.BriefintroductionofDirectMethodo(1)Definition:TheDirectMethodisamethodofforeignorsecondlanguageteachingwhichinsiststhatonlythetargetlanguageshouldbeusedinclass,andmeaningsshouldbecommunicated“directly”byassociatingspeechformswithactions,objects,mime,gestures,and situations.第2页o(2)Emphasis:otheimportanceofspoken language,thereforeholdsthatreadingandwritingshouldbetaughtonlyafterspeaking.Anditalsobelievesinthenaturalprocessoflanguagelearningandintheinductiveteachingofgrammar.o(3)Riseanddecline:oThismethodcameaboutasamuchneededreplacementforthegrammar-translationmethod(classicmethod)in the late 1800s.Itfadedin the early 1900sasitwasnotpracticalinclassroomsettings,andthensawacomebackunderthenameoftheaudio-lingualmethodafterWorldWarII.第3页2.Historicalandsocialbackground第4页2.Historicalandsocialbackgroundo2.1Necessity:oInthelate19thcentury,withthedevelopment of capitalism,allEuropeancountriesincreased communicationwitheachother.Itgaverisetoasocialneedfororalproficiency.oHowever,Grammar-TranslationMethodcouldnotmeettheneed.Thus,languageteachinginnovationswereinevitable.oTheDirectMethod,asareactionagainsttheGrammar-TranslationMethod,emergesasaresultoftheinnovations.第5页2.2Possibility:oTherapiddevelopmentoflinguistics,psychologyandeducationprovidedthetheoreticalbasisfortheestablishmentoftheDirectMethod.第6页SomeimportantresearchersandtheirbasicideasW.M.Wundtlaidthepsychologicalfoundation.Heclaimedthatfeeling,notthought,playedthemainroleinlanguagepsychology,soconceptsandstimulusshouldtakefeelingintoaccount,whichhadgreatinfluenceontheDirectMethod.Hermann Paul formed the main linguistic base.He proposed the great importance of analogy”in language,which led to the principles of imitation and repetition of the Direct Method.第7页nJ.A.Comeniussidea educationshouldbeinlinewithnature,whichjustifiedtheviewsonlanguageteachingwiththeDirectMethod.His“direct”principle,theprinciplesof“fromconcretetoabstract,fromneartofar,fromknowntounknown,fromsimpletocomplex,fromfacttoconclusion”areputintopracticeintheDirectMethod.n F.GouinslinguisticandpsychologicaltheoriesbasedonhisobservationofchildrensuseoflanguageweredirectlyappliedtothepracticeoftheDirectMethod.第8页3.LinguisticandpsychologicaltheoriesbehindDirectMethod3.1Theoryoflanguage3.2Theoryoflearning第9页3.1Theoryoflanguage(1)Thereexistsnosimpleone-to-onerelationshipbetweenanytwolanguages.Thustranslationshouldnotbetakenasthemaintechniqueoflanguageteaching.Instead“direct”meansshouldbepromoted.(2)Meaningsaretobeconnectedwiththetargetlanguage,withoutgoingthroughtheprocessoftranslatingintothestudentsnativelanguage.Theyshouldbecommunicated“directly”byassociatingspeechformswithactions,objects,gestures,andsituations.(3)Languageisproficiency,skillsorhabits.Theformationofhabitsderivesfromcontinuousimitationandrepetition.(4)Languageisanart.,notscience.Learningalanguagelargelyliesinpractice,nottheknowledgeofalanguage.第10页(5)Sentenceistheminimumunitofspeechcommunication.AccordingtoGouin,verbalexpressioniscloselylinkedwiththoughtaboutrealevents.Thoughtandcorrespondingutterancesdonotoccurrandomlyorsingly;theycomeinsequencesandend-meansseries.Inaddition,concretemeaningandusageofwordscanonlybelearnedinsentences.(6)Historicallyspeaking,spokenlanguagecameintobeingbeforewrittenlanguage.Sospeechpatternsarefundamentalwhilewrittenlanguagederivational.ThisviewaccountsfortheemphasisonthepriorityforspokenlanguageteachingintheDirectMethod.(7)Spokenlanguageisalearnablesystemofsounds,andsoundsarebestdescribedbyphonetictranscription.Thereforeweshouldattachgreatimportancetophoneticteaching.第11页3.2Theoryoflearning(1)Itiseasiertomemorizethingswithrelationstoothers.Solearningthroughsentencesisbetterthanlearningisolatedwords.(2)Emphasisonthepriorityforspokenlanguagefitspsychologicaltheories.Itscatteredthedifficultiesandmakeslanguageeasytolearn.Whereasstudentsmaybefrustratedifspokenandwrittenlanguagecomesatthesametime.第12页(3)“Teachingaforeignlanguageinthatlanguage”haswidetheoreticalbaseofmemorialpsychology.nReviewisaneffectivemethodtopreventforgetting.“Teachingaforeignlanguageinthatlanguage”mustrelyonmaterialsstudentshavelearnedasmuchaspossible.Themorefrequentlytheyappear,thelongertheystayinthememory.nAssociationlaysthefoundationformemory.“Teachingaforeignlanguageinthatlanguage”tendstore-organizethosematerialsandmakestheoldandnewtracesinterrelatedinmanyways.Useofdirect”meanscanarousemoreassociations.Themoreassociationsare,themorefirmlymaterialswillberemembered.nThemoresensoryorgansareinvolved;thelongermaterialsstayinthememory.“Teachingaforeignlanguageinthatlanguage”,togetherwithuseof“directmeans,makesvisual,audio,andspeakingorgansoperatesimultaneously.Thisisbeneficialformemory.第13页4.Basic principles of the direct method第14页4.Basic principles of the direct methodl1.Classroominstructionwasconductedexclusivelyinthetargetlanguage.Nativelanguagewasthoughttobeanobstacleinthemasteryofthetargetlanguageanditshouldbeavoidedtoamaximum.Concretevocabularywastaughtthroughdemonstration,objects,pictures;Abstractvocabularywastaughtthroughassociationofideas.2.Onlyeverydayvocabularyandsentencesweretaught.Itsobviousthatchildrenlearnsociallanguagesthatarewidelyusedineverydaylife,especiallyintheformofvividlanguages,ingreatcontrasttothedecentwrittenlanguagesanddeadlanguages.Therefore,directmethodshouldalsobebasedonreallifesoastofacilitatecommunication.第15页l3.Oralcommunicationskillswerebuiltupinacarefullytradedprogressionorganizedaroundquestions-and-answerexchangesbetweenteachersandstudentsinsmallintensiveclasses.4.Grammarwastaughtinductively.Studentswillfirstofalllearnthelanguagematerialsandthensummarizethegrammaticalrulesbasedonthepreviousknowledgeoftheinputmaterialswhichwillinturnguidetheirfuturestudy.5.Newteachingpointsweretaughtthroughmodelingandpractice.Aschildrenlearnlanguagebyfirstlisteningtoothersandthenimitatingandpracticing,somuchattentionshouldbegiventoimitationandmuchoraldrill.Correctpronunciationandgrammarwereemphasized.Bothspeechandlisteningcomprehensionweretaught第16页5.Procedures usually adopted by the teachers第17页5.Procedures usually adopted by the teachersn1.Presentation by direct associationnNewlanguageitemsarepresentedbyassociatingmeaningwiththetargetlanguagedirectly.n2.Oral practice in the target language nInordertohavethenewly-introducedlanguageitemsfullyunderstoodbystudents,theteacheranswersstudentsquestionsandasksstudentstoanswerherquestionsinfullsentences.Studentsareencouragedtoaskeachotherquestionsusingthesamegrammaticalstructurestheyhavepracticed.Studentsarenotallowedtomakemistakes.Theirmistakesareimmediatelycorrectedbytheteacherorbystudentsthemselves.第18页n3.Consolidation with written worknDictationisanexercisefrequentlyusedinconsolidationwithwrittenworkintheDirectMethod.Dictationisusedasameanstoreinforceandtestwhatthestudentshavelearned.Writing canbeintroducedasameansofconsolidationandevaluationintheDirectMethod.Writtenworkshouldbegradedinthefollowingsequence:reproductionoffamiliarreadingtexts;reproductionofnarrativeorallypresentedbytheteacher;freecomposition.第19页6.Typicalclassroomactivities第20页6.Typical classroom activitiesn1.Question and answer exercises:inordertohavethenewly-introducedlanguageitemsfullyunderstoodbystudents,theteacheranswersstudentsquestionsandasksstudentstoanswerherquestionsinfullsentences.n2.Conversation practice:studentsareencouragedtoaskeachotherquestionsusingthesamegrammaticalstructurestheyhavepracticed.n3.Error correction:Studentsarenotallowedtomakemistakes.Theirmistakesareimmediatelycorrectedbytheteacherorbystudentsthemselves.n4.Dictation:DictationisanexercisefrequentlyusedinconsolidationwithwrittenworkintheDirectMethod.Dictationisusedasameanstoreinforceandtestwhatthestudentshavelearned.第21页n5.Inductive teaching of grammar.Grammarislearnedinductivelythroughlisteningandspeakingactivities.n6.Listening comprehension tasks:Designinglisteningcomprehensiontasksisone of the waystoestablishafavorableclassroomclimateintheDirectMethod.n7.Graded composition(分级作文):Writing canbeintroducedasameansofconsolidationandevaluationintheDirectMethod.Writtenworkshouldbegradedinthefollowingsequence:reproductionoffamiliarreadingtexts;reproductionofnarrativeorallypresentedbytheteacher;freecomposition.第22页7.Rolesofthelearner,oftheteacherandoftheinstructionalmaterials第23页nTheroleofthelearner:thelearnerisexpectedtolisten,toanswerquestions,toworkinpairsorgroupsonconversations,towritedowndictations,andtowriteshortpassages.Oneofthedrivingideasistoputthelearnerinsituationsinwhichsheisexpectedtoproducethelanguage.第24页The role of the teacher:ntheteachershouldpreferablybeanative-speakerofthelanguage.ntask:topresentthelanguage,andtodirectclassroomactivities.nThelanguageispresentedthroughtheteachersmonologue,andtheuseofrealia,orimagesorrepresentationsoftheobjectsandactions第25页The instructional materials:ntheDirectMethodbasedmaterialonordinarysituationsinwhichthelearnermightexpecttofindherselfongoing abroad,a lesson on the bank,the restaurant,or the hotel,noronsubjectsofordinaryconversationgeography,money,theweather.Some textbooks used by Direct Method:Method for Teaching Modern Language(M.Berlitz)Direct Method English Readers(J.G.Endicott)The New Method Readers(M.West)English through Pictures(I.A.Richards&C.Gibson)Essential English(C.E.Eckersley)第26页8.Comments on Direct Method第27页 Meritsn(1).Theuseofthetargetlanguageasameansofinstructionandcommunicationintheclassroomcontributesgreatlytoformingthehabitofthinkinginthetargetlanguage,whichisnecessaryinefficientrealcommunication.n(2).Theemphasisonpracticewithnewlanguageitemsandonlanguageskills,ratherthanonlanguageknowledge,isimportantinachievingautomaticityofusingthetargetlanguage.第28页n(3).Theemphasisonspokenlanguageconformstotheobjectivesofmodernlanguageteaching.Specialattentionpaidtopronunciationandintonationisdesirableinteachingspokenlanguage.n(4).Regardinglisteningandspeakingasthebasisofreadingandwritingisstrategicinfosteringthefourskills.n(5).Usingfullsentencesasteachingunitsmakesforeignlanguagelearningmorenaturalandefficientforstudentstounderstandanewtextandacquirealanguage.第29页 Defectsn(1)Itneglectsthepartplayedbythemothertongue.Initsearlyperiod,theDirectMethodcompletelyrejectedthemothertongue,andfailedtonoteorunderestimateditspositiveroleinFLT;n(2)Itignoresthecharacteristicsoftheforeignlanguagelearnerswhohavealreadymasteredtheirmothertongue;n(3)Itoverlookstheroleofgrammarandputsunduestressonmechanicalimitationandmemorization.Thisleadstothephenomenonofmechanicalmemorizingwithoutseekingthoroughunderstanding;n(4)Itlaysparticularstressuponpracticalmasteryofthelanguageattheexpenseofdevelopingintellectualfaculties.第30页Thanks for your attention!第31页
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