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1Iliad&Odyssey第1页2OutlineHomer in Ancient GreeceThemes and PersonsIlliadOdysseyClosing Thoughts第2页3Homer in Ancient GreeceEarliest Greek LiteratureWritten c.750 BCE from oral trad.(c.1200 BCE)Recited by RhapsodesEpic=dactylic hexameter or long poem on war/mythCultural Importance for GreeksTaken as HistoryHellenic UnityEducational Texts第3页4Some ThemesGlories of War/AdventureReasons for WarRealistic DescriptionsIdeals of HeroismAret,tim,and kleosFate&Courage“shame culture”OthersGods&HumansIndividual vs.SocietyWord vs.Deed第4页5Greece and Trojan War第5页6AretExcellence,virtue,or what makes and individual the best or among the best;usually some combination of physical prowess&persuasive speech or command.TimHonor,material symbol of status among others,usually capable of being taken away(prize,booty,trophies).KleosGlory or Fame,understood as public opinion,or what others say or remember.第6页7Persons in the IliadAcheansAchilles&PatroclesAgamemnon&MenalaosOdysseus,Ajax,PhoenixTrojansHector&AlexandrosPriam,Helen,AndromacheGodsZeus,Apollo,AphroditeAthena,Hera,Thetis第7页8Iliad(Book I)Wrath of Achilles,Part IIn medias res:Trojan War&Plague of ApolloMenis:Quarrel with AgamemnonConsequencesThetis Supplication of ZeusGlimpse of OlympusIs Achilles anger his own fault?第8页9Thetis supplicant to Zeus第9页10Iliad(Book VI)Behind the Walls of TroyHector as Tragic HeroWomen and Family LifeFateTroy&HectorTrojan WomenIs Hector a sympathetic hero?Why or why not?第10页11Iliad(Book IX)Embassy to AchillesDiscourse among equals?Odysseus pleaPhoenixs pleaAjaxs parting wordsIs Achilles being unreasonable?Why or why not?第11页12Death and HeroismThe prospect of death drives the heroes to pursue tim(honor).The hero is defined by his(her)action in the face of mortality,especially in combat or contests.And resulting kleos(glory)is the heros only immortality.第12页13Sarpedon declares to Glaukos(Book XII.322-28)“Man,supposing you and I,escaping this battle,would be able to live on forever,ageless,immortal,so neither would I myself go on fighting in the foremost nor would I urge you into the fighting where men win glory.But now,seeing that the spirits of death stand close about us in their thousands,no man can turn aside nor escape them,let us go on and win glory for ourselves,or yield it to others.”第13页14Iliad(Book XXI)Wrath of Achilles,Part IIDeath of Patrocles and Achilles ArmorDeath of Lycaon:a ruthless deathDeath of Hector:revengeIs Achilles anger inhuman?第14页15Hector at the Gates of TroyAchilles was coming closer,like Enyalius,the warrior god of battle with the shining helmet.On his right shoulder he waved his dreadful spearmade of Pelian ash.The bronze around him glitteredlike a blazing fire or rising sun.At that moment,as he watched,Hector began to shake in fear.His courage gone,he could no longer stand there.Terrified,he started running,leaving the gate.Peleus son went after him,sure of his speed on foot.Just as a mountain falcon,the fastest creatureof all the ones which fly,swoops down easilyon a trembling pigeon as it darts off in fear,the hawk speeding after it with piercing cries,heart driving it to seize the prey in just that wayAchilles in his fury raced ahead第15页16Hector faces AchillesWhen theyd approached each other,at close quarters,great Hector of the shining helmet spoke out first:Ill no longer try to run away from you,son of Peleus,as I did before,goingthree times in flight around Priams great city.I lacked the courage then to fight with you,as you attacked.But my heart prompts me nowto stand against you face to face once more,whether I kill you,or you kill me.So come here.Lets call on gods to witness,for theyre the best ones to observe our pact,to supervise what we two agree on.If Zeus grants me the strength to take your life,Ill not abuse your corpse in any way.Ill strip your celebrated armour off,Achilles,then give the body back againto the Achaeans.And youll do the same.Swift-footed Achilles,with a scowl,replied:Hector,dont talk to me of our agreements.Thats idiotic,like a faithful promisebetween men and lions.Wolves and lambsdont share a common heart they always sensea mutual hatred for each other.In just that way,its not possible for us,for you and me,to be friends,or,indeed,for there to be sworn oaths between us,till one or other of us falls,glutting Ares,warrior with the bulls hide shield,on blood.Youd best remember all your fighting skills.Now you must declare yourself a spearman,a fearless warrior.Youve got no escape.Soon Pallas Athena will destroy youon my spear.Right now youll pay me back,the full price of those sorrows I went through when you slaughtered my companions.”With these words,he hefted his long-shadowed spear,then hurled it.第16页17Achilles abuses Hectors bodyThen on noble Hectors corpsehe carried out a monstrous act.He cut throughthe tendons behind both feet,from heel to ankle,threaded them with ox-hide thongs,and then tied theseonto his chariot,leaving the head to drag behind.He climbed up in his chariot,brought on the splendid armour,then lashed his horses.They sped off eagerly,dragging Hector.A dust cloud rose above him,his dark hair spread out round him,and Hectors head,once so handsome,was covered by the dust,for Zeushad given him to his enemies to dishonourin his own native land.So all his head grew dirty.From Book XXII,translated by Ian Johnston:http:/www.mala.bc.ca/johnstoi/homer/iliad_title.htm第17页18Abuse of Hectors Body第18页19Iliad(Book XXIV)Priams PleaAchilles griefWhat moved Achilles to release Hectors body?Has Achilles finally come to his senses?第19页20Questions about the IliadWhat are the chief motivations for war or conflict in the Iliad?Compare/Contrast Achilles and Hector as representing heroic ideals.Does the character of Achilles develop over the course of the Iliad?If the Iliad is about the wrath of Achilles,what is the lesson to be learned,if any?What relevance,if any,does the Iliad have for us now?第20页21第21页22The OdysseyJourneysDisguise,Deception&CraftinessFantastic VoyagesWomen in the OdysseyHomecoming:Loyalty&OrderConcluding Remarks第22页23Two Journeys in One StoryOdysseus and TelemachusFantastic and WorldlyNarrative Thread:Time and MemoryTheme:Heroic StrugglesGods/immortality(Bk.V)MonstersFinding homeTheme:Xeniagenerosity and courtesy towards strangers第23页241.Mt.Olympus2.Troy3.Cicones4.Lotus Eaters5.Cyclops6.Aeolias Island7.Laestrygonians8.Circes Kingdom9.Land of the Dead10.Sirens11.Scylla&Charybdis12.Calypso13.Ithaca第24页25Disguise,Deception and CraftinessOdysseus is polutropan=of many twists(Bk.I,Proem)Odysseus areteCf.Achilles&HectorExamples:Nausicaa(Bk.VI)Polyphemus(Bk.IX)Circe(Bk.X)Homecoming(Bk.XXIII)第25页26Fantastic VoyagesHorrible and SeductiveCyclops(Bk.IX)Circes Island(Bk.X)Land of the Dead(Bk.XI)Sirens,Scylla and Charybdis(Bk.XII)第26页27Women in the OdysseySeduction and SymbolCf.Women in the IliadThe WomenCalypsoNausicaa(&mother)CircePenelope第27页28Land of the Dead(Bk.XI)Rites of the DeadVision of the UnderworldThe Message第28页29Homecoming(Bk.XXIII)Disguises at IthakaNow AthenaKilling the SuitorsXenia?Penelope&Telemachus:Loyalty and Order第29页30Concluding Remarks:Iliad&OdysseyHeroic Ideals:arete,time,kleosGods and Humans:mortality or fateMoral and Social Order:xenia,arete,womenPlace of Homer in Greece第30页
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