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英语句英语句 子子 成成 分分Members of a Sentence第1页英英语语句句子子基基本本结结构构能能够够归归纳纳成成五五种种基基本本句句型型及及其其扩扩大大、组组合合、省省略略或或倒倒装装。掌掌握握这这五五种种基基本本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构基础。句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构基础。一：一：（主（主谓谓）二：二：（主系表）（主系表）三：三：（主（主谓谓宾宾）四：四：（主（主谓谓间宾间宾直直宾宾）五：五：（主（主谓谓宾宾宾补宾补）第2页组组成句子各个部分叫做句子成份，成句子各个部分叫做句子成份，英英语语基基本本成成份份有有七七种种：_和和_主主语语（subjectsubject）、）、谓语谓语（predicatepredicate）、）、表表语语（predicativepredicative）、）、宾语宾语（objectobject）、）、定定语语（attributeattribute）、）、状状语语(adverbial)(adverbial)补语补语（complementcomplement）。）。第3页基本句型基本句型 一：一：（主谓）（主谓）主主语语：主主语语是是一一个个句句子子叙叙述述主主体体，说说明明句句子子讲讲是是“什什么么人人”“什什么么事事物物”。能能够够作作主主语语成成份份有有名名词词，主主格格代代词词，动动词词不不定定式式，动动名名词词，从从句句等等等等。主主语语普通在句首。普通在句首。谓谓语语：谓谓语语用用来来描描述述主主语语行行为为动动作作或或所所处处状状态态。谓谓语语由由动动词词组组成成，是是英英语语时时态态、语语态态改改变变主主角角，普普通通在在主主语语之之后后。不不及及物物动动词词（vi.）没没有有宾宾语语，形成主谓结构，形成主谓结构，如：如：We study.He often comes late.第4页 （不及物动词）（不及物动词）1.The sunrose.2.Itdoes not work.3.I live in Kaifeng.4.They talked for half an hour.5.You can come whenever you like.此句型句子有一个此句型句子有一个共同特点共同特点，即句子谓语，即句子谓语动词动词都能表示完都能表示完整意思，后不能直接加宾语，若要加上宾语，整意思，后不能直接加宾语，若要加上宾语，必须先在其后添加某个介词如：必须先在其后添加某个介词如：to,of,at,in,from,with，on 等后方可加上宾语，这类动词叫做不及物动词，后等后方可加上宾语，这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面能够跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。惯用不及物动词面能够跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。惯用不及物动词有有live,stay,work,come,go,sit,rise等。等。第5页基本句型基本句型 二：二：（主系表）（主系表）此此句句型型句句子子有有一一个个共共同同特特点点：句句子子谓谓语语动动词词都都不不能能表表示示一一个个完完整整意意思思，必必须须加加上上一一个个表表明明主主语语身身份份,状状态态或或特特征征表表语语,才才能能表表示示完完整整意意思思。这这类类动动词词叫叫做做连连系系动词动词。第6页系系动词动词分两分两类类：表状：表状态态或表改或表改变变表状表状态连续词态连续词有：有：1.be（am,is,are,was,were）be本本身身没没有有什什么么意意义义,只只起起连连系系主主语语和和表表语语作作用用，其其它它系系动动词词仍仍保保持其部分持其部分词义词义。2.感官感官动词动词：look cool,sound great,feel soft,smell bad，taste terrible3.keep,stay,remain,seem,appear,look等等:keep quiet,stay calm表情况改表情况改变词变词：get,grow,become,turn,go,fall等等:get paid,grow old,become a lawyer,turn green,go bad.第7页请观察以下句子：请观察以下句子：1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.2.The dinner smells good.3.Everything looks different.4.He is growing tall and strong.5.His face turned red.6.Everyone keeps silent.第8页基本句型基本句型 三：三：（主谓宾）（主谓宾）此此句句型型句句子子共共同同特特特特点点点点是是：谓谓语语动动词词都都都都含含含含有有有有实实实实义义义义，都都都都是是是是主主主主语语语语产产产产生生生生动动动动作作作作，但但不不能能表表示示完完整整意意思思，必必必必须须须须跟跟跟跟有有有有一一一一个个个个宾宾语语，即即动动作作承承受受者者，才才能能使使意意思思完完整整。这类动词这类动词叫做及物叫做及物动词动词。第9页请观察以下句子：请观察以下句子：1.Who knows the answer?2.He has refused to help them.3.He enjoys reading.4.He said，Good morning.5.He admits that he was mistaken.第10页请观察以下句子：请观察以下句子：1.She ordered herself a new dress.2.He brought you a dictionary.3.I showed him my pictures.4.I told him that the bus was late.5.He showed me how to run the machine.基本句型基本句型 四：四：（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）有些及物有些及物动词动词能能够够有两个有两个宾语宾语，eg：give/pass/bring/show。这这两两个个宾宾语语通通常常一一个个指人指人 (间间接接宾语宾语)；一个指物；一个指物(直接直接宾语宾语)。第11页 尤其提醒尤其提醒:在此句型中，通常是间接宾语（人）在前，直接宾语（物）在后，有时直接宾语和间接宾语能够对调，这时间接宾语前应加上适当介词。直接宾语与间接宾语对调时，间接宾语前加介词to动词有：give(给),tell(告诉),lend(借给),sell(卖),teach(教),send(寄给),write(写给),show(出示),return(还给),bring(带给),pass(递给),leave(留给),offer(提供),hand(交给)间接宾语前加介词for动词有：buy(买),choose(选择),get(弄到),make(做),order(订购),sing(唱歌),do(做),play(演奏)第12页基本句型基本句型 五：五：（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）此此句句型型句句子子共共共共同同同同特特特特点点点点是是：动动词词即即使使是是及及物物动动词词，不不过过只只跟跟一一个个宾宾语语还还不不能能表表示示完完整整意意思思，必必须须加加上上一一个个补补充成份充成份来来补补足足宾语宾语，才能使意思完整。，才能使意思完整。宾宾语语补补足足语语：位位于于宾宾语语之之后后对对宾宾语语作作出出补补充充说说明明成成份份。能能够够用用作作宾宾语语补补足足语语有有名名词词，形形容容词词，不不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。第13页请观请观察以下句子：察以下句子：1.They painted the door green.2.The war made him a soldier.3.I often find him at work.4.He asked me to come back soon.5.I saw them getting on the bus.6.I found my wallet stolen.第14页 感官动词跟do/doing/done做宾补:feel,hear,listen to,see,look at,watch,notice,find(1感2听4看1发觉)I often heard her speak to herself.I saw the thief run away.第15页形容词做宾补动词 find发觉,认为,think,believe认为,color染色,paint涂色,漆,make/leave使,让,keep保持,使,让,wish祝福,希望,consider考虑,认为 We found this question easy in fact.Color the picture green.He made his meaning clearDont leave the door open when you arent at home.You must keep your room clean.第16页a，b，c，d，e，1.Please tell us a story._2.She smiled._3.His job is to train swimmers._ 4.I have a lot work to do._5.He noticed a man enter the room._6.I finished my homework._daebec第17页1.They work hard.主主 +谓谓2.The flower is dead.主主+系系+表表3.Plants need water.主主+谓谓+宾宾4.He gives me some seeds.主主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾直宾5.We should keep the plants in the shade.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补6.Many animals live in the forest.主主 +谓谓第18页7.The cake tastes delicious.主主+系系+表表8.Classes begin at eight every day.主主 +谓谓9.They havent decided where to go next.主主+谓谓+宾宾10.Jim cannot dress himself.主主+谓谓+宾宾11.Mr.Johnson taught us German last year.主主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾直宾12.Shall I call you a taxi?主主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾直宾第19页13.The sun keeps us warm.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补14.The potatoes went bad.主主+系系+表表15.You must get your hair cut.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补16.She sat there alone,reading a novel.主主 +谓谓17.They made Tom monitor.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补18.I heard him singing.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补第20页但但惯惯用用英英语语句句子子并并不不都都象象基基本本句句型型这这么么简简短短，除除了了基基本本句句型型成成份份不不变变外外，通通常常是是在在这这些些成成份份前前面面或或后后面面增增加加一一些些修修修修饰饰饰饰语语语语而而加加以以扩扩大大。这这些些修修饰饰语语能能够够是是单单单单词词词词（adj./adv./num.数数词词）短短短短语语语语（主主要要是是介介词词短短语语、不不定定式式短短语语和和分分词词短短语语）或或从从从从句句句句。我我们们称之称之为为：定定定定语语语语、状、状、状、状语语语语第21页一、一、一、一、定定定定语语语语：定语是对名词或代词起定语是对名词或代词起修饰修饰修饰修饰、限定限定限定限定作用作用词、短语或句子，译为词、短语或句子，译为 观察以下句子中定语使用方法观察以下句子中定语使用方法：Two boys need two pens.His name is Tom.The boy in blue is Tom.The boy there needs a pen.The boy needs a ball pen.There is nothing to do today.The pen bought by her is made in China.The boy who you will know is Tom.定语通常位于被修饰定语通常位于被修饰成份前成份前成份前成份前。复合不定代词复合不定代词（something/nothingsomething/nothing）之）之后后；不定式不定式/分词短语分词短语/从句作定语从句作定语时要放在时要放在被修饰成份被修饰成份后后；副词副词用作定语时须放在名词用作定语时须放在名词之后之后之后之后。第22页二、状二、状语语：状状语语是修是修饰饰动词动词、形容形容词词、副副词词或或全句全句句句子成份，子成份，说说明明方式方式、因果因果、条件条件、时间时间、地点地点、让让步步、方向方向、程度程度、目目标标等。等。可用可用作状语有副词作状语有副词,不定式，分词，介词短语，不定式，分词，介词短语，从句等从句等。1.The boy needs a pen very much.2.On Sundays,there is no student in school.3.The boy needs a pen to do his homework.4.He sits there,asking for a pen.5.Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.6.Even if she laughs at him,he adores her.第23页 此此句句型型是是由由“there+be+主主语语”组组成成，用用以以表表示示存存在在关关系系能能够够称称“有有”。它它其其实实是是倒倒装装一一个个情情况况，主主语语位位于于谓谓语语动动词词 be 之之后后，there 仅仅为为引引导导词，并无实际语意。词，并无实际语意。此此句句型型有有时时不不用用be动动词词，而而用用 live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等。如：等。如：There stands a hill in the middle of the park.Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.英语基本句型英语基本句型6 There be 句型句型 第24页 Be 与其后主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情与其后主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态改变。如：态改变。如：现在有 there is/are 过去有 there was/were 未来有 there will be；there is/are going to be.现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有 there might be.必定有 there must be/there must have been.过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 恰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be 第25页巩固巩固练习练习（一）（一）挑出以下句中挑出以下句中宾语宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.第26页(二二)挑出以下句中表挑出以下句中表语语-The old man was feeling very tired.-The leaves have turned yellow.-Soon They all became interested in the subject.第27页(三三)挑出以下句中定挑出以下句中定语语1.What is your given name?2.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4.I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!第28页(四四)挑出以下句中挑出以下句中宾语补宾语补足足语语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.第29页(五五)挑出以下句中状挑出以下句中状语语 There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.第30页 With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.She loves the library because she loves books.I am afraid that if youve lost it,you must pay for it.The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.第31页划分句子成份划分句子成份1.You will tell your friend that youve got to school.2.But as the moon gave far too much light,I didnt dare open a window.3.Another time five months ago,I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.4.The dark,rainy evening,the wind,the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.第32页1.You will tell（your）friend that youve got to school.2.But as the moon gave far too much light,I didntdare open a window.3.Another time five months ago,I happened to beupstairs at dusk when the window was open.4.The(dark,rainy)evening,the wind and the thunderingclouds held me entirely in their power.主语谓语谓语间宾间宾定语直接宾语原因状语原因状语主语 谓语谓语宾语宾语第33页
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