简单句与并列句[原创][全套].doc

简单句与并列句
要点考点解析
简单句就是只包含一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语的句子。
一、简单句的基本句型
根据句子基本结构，英语简单句由三种主要动词（连系动词、不及物动词、及物动词）构成，有五种基本句型。
1、主语+不及物动词(主十谓)
Miss Jeana has gone abroad．冉娜小姐已经出国了。
Most students work hard．大部分学生努力学习。
Great Changes have taken place in our homevillage．我们家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。
2、主语+及物动词+宾语(主十谓+宾)
We like sports．我们喜爱运动。
He knows what to do next．他知道下一步做什么。
He began learning English ten years ago．十年前他开始学英语。
I have decided to play the flute well．我已经决定把长笛吹好。
3、主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
The old man gave the little boy some coins． 老人给了那个小男孩几个硬币。
Mr．Hardey teaches US European Literature． 哈代先生教我们欧洲文学。
His aunt bought him a book and several toys． 他婶婶给他买了一本书和几个玩具。
His praise gave US great encouragement． 他的表扬给了我们很大的鼓舞。
The programmer is showing us how to use the computer．程序员正在教我们如何使用电脑。
4、主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(主+谓+宾+宾补)
We think Creek too difficult．我们认为希腊语太难了。
We made him captain．我们选他作队长。
They don't want to let us go．他们不想让我们走。
When the policemen came in，they found the old man dead．警察进来时发现老人死了。
He 1ikes to watch the boys playing football. 他喜欢看那些男孩们踢足球。
5、主语+连系动词+表语(主十系+表)
He is an IT engineer．他是一位信息工程师。
The cloth feels smooth．这块布料手感细滑。
The river near my house looks more beautiful in the early morning. 我家附近的那条河在清晨看上去格外美丽。
6、there be句型
There is a girl and three boys in the room. 房间里有一个女孩和三个男孩。
There are a lot of doves flying in the sky．天空有许多和平鸽在飞翔。
7、特殊简单句结构
英语中有些简单结构比较特殊，只包含一个词或一个成分。
Thanks! 谢谢!(感谢语)
Happy New Year! 新年快乐！

二、简单句的分类
根据英语句式功能，简单句可分为四种：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
（一）陈述句：用来叙述事实
1、基本结构：主语十谓语
She often speaks English．她经常说英语。
The earth moves around the sun。地球绕着太阳转。
2、否定结构：主语+谓语(助动词／情态动词／be动词+not)
I have not finished my dinner．我还没有吃完饭。
She will not attend the conference because of her illness．因为她病了，所以她将不参加大会。
Afghanistan is not a developed country． 阿富汗不是一个发达国家。
（二）疑问句：用来提出疑问，按结构可分为四种
1、一般疑问句
一般疑问句通常用yes或no回答．句末通常读升调。
（1）谓语是be或have则将be或have放在主语前。
Have you any films? 你有胶卷吗?
Is she a nurse? 她是一个护士吗？
注：由have直接构成一般现在时的一般疑问句时，此时have意为“有”。
（2）若谓语动词是行为动词，则将助动词do或情态动词置于主语前面。
Must he leave now？ 他必须现在离开吗?
Did he do his homework yesterday? 他昨天做了家庭作业吗?
（3）一般疑问句的否定式通常把be，have或情态动词和not的简略式n't一起放在句首构成反问句。
Isn't she a taxi diver? 难道她不是一位出租车司机吗?
若是肯定回答则用Yes，she is．“不，她是出租车司机。”
否定回答则用No，she isn't．“是，她不是出租车司机。”
（4）在一般疑问句中，若提问人的答案没有肯定或否定意向，那么答案可以是yes，也可以是no时，这时句中常用非常肯定的词。
Is there anything wrong with your computer?
（5）若提问人预计回答者会有肯定的回答时，疑问句中则在用非肯定词的地方用肯定词。
Is there something wrong with your pen?
Did someone phone last night?
注：招待客人或表示乐意向某人提供帮助时，通常在一般疑问句中用肯定词。(参见“不定代词”some与any的用法。)
2、特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句就是用疑问代词或疑问副词进行提问的句子，这种疑问句不用Yes或No回答，须作详细回答。
（1）若疑问词做主语或主语的定语时，疑问句语序与陈述句语序相同。
Who is in the car? 谁在车里?
Whose father works in Madrid? 谁的父亲在马德里工作?
（2）若疑问词作句子的宾语、状语、表语或修饰时，则用“疑问词+一般疑问句”。
Where do you come from? 你从什么地方来?
When will you go? 你什么时候走?
注：who是主格，whom是宾格，一般可用who代替whom，若前面有介词，只能用whom。
Who（Whom）are you waiting for here? 你在此等谁呀?
With whom did you do shopping yesterday? 昨天你和谁一块去买东西的?
（3）“why十一般疑问句否定式”表示劝告、建议、责备等。
Why don't you come earlier? 你干嘛不早一点来?
此句可改为Why not come earlier?
注：Why（not）+动词原形，表示劝告、责备，但why not+动词原形，表示“为什么不……”（实际上希望别人做）；why+动词原形，表示“为什么要……”(实际上不希望别人做)。
Why not help him just now? 刚才为什么不帮他呢?
Why stand outside the house? 为什么站在房子外面呢
此句也可改为why do you stand outside the house?
3、选择疑问句
选择疑问句就是提出两个(或多个)选项看哪一个正确的疑问句，两个选项(或多个选项)部分由连词or连接。选项部分读升调，or后的选项部分读降调；or可连两个表语、宾语、状语、谓语动词或分句，选择疑问句不能用yes或no来回答；语序同一般疑问句语序。
Are you a teacher or a student? 你是老师还是学生？
Shall l come to get you or shall we meet at station? 我来接你还是咱们在车站碰头?
Do you work in New York or Yorkshare? 你是在纽约还是在约克夏工作?
4、反意疑问句
反意疑问句句式是：提问者先提出情况和看法，然后问对方是否同意。
（1）第一类：前部分陈述用肯定，后部分则用否定。
①若前部分的陈述句谓语是be，have或情态动词，则反意疑问句的句式为：
主语十be／have／'隋态动词+……，be／have／情态动词的否定缩写+主语?
——Miss Diana can play the piano，can't she？
戴安娜小姐会弹钢琴，是吗?
——Yes，she can．是的，她会弹钢琴。
——No，she can't．不，她不会弹钢琴。
②若前半句的谓语是行为动词，语序则为：主语十行为动词+…，don't／doesn't／didn't十主语?
注：①若陈述部分含有seldom，hardly，scarcely、rarely，never，little，few，nobody，nowhere等否定意义的词时，反意疑问部分则用肯定式（但不包括含否定意）构成的词。如dislike，unfair等)。
She can hardly speak English，can she? 她几乎不会说英语，是吗?
He dislikes maths，doesn't he? 他不喜欢数学，对吧?
②若陈述句的主语为名词或代词，反意疑问部分的主语为相应的人称代词。若陈述句的主语为nothing，this，that，不定式，动名词或从句时，反意疑问部分的主语应为it；若陈述句主语为these，those或nobody，everybody，somebody等时，反意疑问部分的主语用they；若陈述部分为there be句型，反意疑问句部分仍用there。
To master a foreign 1anguage is easy，isn't it？ 掌握一门外语很容易，是吗?
What he said at the meeting very important，isn’t it？ 他在会上所说的很重要，是吗?
There will be a meeting tomorrow，won't there? 明天要开会，是吗?
——He likes sports，doesn't he? 他喜欢运动，不是吗?
——Yes，he does． 是的，他喜欢。
——No，he doesn't． 不，他不喜欢。
（2）第二类：前部分用否定，后部分则用肯定。注意翻译时双语的差别。
——He can't swim，can he? 他不会游泳，是吗?
——Yes，he can． 不，他会游泳。
——No，he can't． 是的，他不会游泳。
（3）第三类：反意疑问句的特殊类型。
①若前半句的谓语动词为have to／had to时，其反意疑问句通常用助动词do的适当形式。
We have to get up at four tomorrow，don't we? 明天我们得四点钟起床，是吗?
They had to leave early，didn't they? 他们不得不早一点离开，是吗?
②若前半句的谓语动词为used to时，则其反意疑问部分的谓语动词可采取两种形式。
He used to1ive in London，usedn’t he? 或didn't he? 他以前住在伦敦，是吗?
There used to be a cinema here before the war，usedn’t there／didn't there?
战争之前这儿是一家电影院，是不是?
③若前半句的谓语动词是aught to，则反意疑问部分的谓语动词通常用ought／oughtn't。
Such things ought not to be allowed，ought they? 这类事情是不应该被允许的，是吗?
He ought to be punished，oughtn’t he? 他应该受到惩罚，是吗?
注：在正式文体中，应用ought we not的形式。
We ought to go，ought we not或shou1d we not? 我们必须走，是吗?
④若陈述部分有dare或need时，应视具体情况对待：
A、dare和need为实义动词，反意疑问部分的谓语用do的适当形式；
We need to do it，don't we? 我们有必要去做这件事，是吗?
B．dare和need为情态动词，反意疑问部分用dare或need加not的否定缩写构成。
You daren't go there，dare you? 你不敢去那儿，是吗，
⑤若前半句含有情态动词must应视具体情况对待。
A. 若陈述部分的must表示“有必要”，则反意疑问句部分用needn't。
You must go home just now，needn't you? 你有必要立刻回家，是吗?
B、当mustn't表示禁止时，反意疑问部分一般用must。
You mustn't walk on grass，must you? 你不能从草地上走，听见没有?
C、若前半句强调对现在情况的推测，则反意疑问部分要aren't(isn't)+主语。
You must be tired，aren't you? 你一定累了，是吗?
D、前句谓语动词是must have+过去分词，若强调对过去情况的推测时，反意疑问部分的谓语动词用didn't+主语；若强调动作的完成，反意疑问部分的谓语用haven't(hasn't)十主语。
He must have met her yesterday，didn't he? 昨天他一定是见到了她，是不是?
You must have seen the film，haven't you? 你一定看过这部电影了，是吗?
⑥祈使句的反意疑问句。
A. 若祈使句为肯定句，反意疑问句可用will you或won't you。用will you表示请求，用won't you表示劝慰。
Have a cup of tea，will you? 喝杯茶，好吗?
Be careful next time，won't you? 下次仔细点，知道吗?
B. 若祈使句为否定句，反意疑问句只能用will you。
Don't open the door，will you? 不要开门，好吗?
C、表示不耐烦时，用can't you。
Be quiet，can't you? 安静?
D、Let's，Let us的反意疑问句。
Let's go to school，shall me? 我们一起上学，好吗?
Let us go to school，will you?
⑦表示讥讽、感叹等用反意疑问句的肯定结构。
So that's your little trick，is it? 那么这就是你的雕虫小技，是吗?
⑧表示怀疑，请对方加以证实用反意疑问句的肯定结构。
Your Benz is outside the garage，is it？ 你的奔驰放在车库外面，是吗?
⑨若前半句陈述部分用“I don't think(believe，suppose，expect……)+宾语从句”这一结构时，反意疑问部分谓语动词和主语应和宾语从句中谓语动词和主语保持一致，且要用肯定式。
I don't think he can finish the work，can he? 我看他没法完成那份工作，是吗?
I don't believe she knows it，does she? 我认为她不知道那事，对吗?
注：若这一结构主语为第二或第三人称时，反意疑问部分与主句的主语和谓语保持一致。
He thought they got on well with each other，didn't he? 他认为他们相处得很好，不是吗?
You thought he had come back，didn't you? 你认为他已经回来了，不是吗?
(三)祈使句
(1)用来表示请求、命令、号召等的句子称为祈使句。祈使句语调为降调。祈使句的谓语动词用原形，否定形式是在动词前加don't(=do not)或never(语气较强)，主语you常省略，故常被称为无主句。
Be careful！ 小心！
Don't be careless! 别粗心大意!
Keep off the grass! 勿踏草地!
注：①若let的宾语是第一人称，否定式只须在宾语后加not即可；若let的宾语是第三人称，否定式应在let前加don't。
Let's not waste time． 咱们别浪费时间。
Don't let him say that! 不要让他那样说!
②一般而言，祈使句的主语通常不出现，若要特别强调提醒对方或表达某种不满情绪时需加主语或呼语。
You be quiet! 你给我安静点!
Don't you be late again! 你不要再迟到了。
Don't you call me John next time! 下次别再叫我约翰了!
(2)下面用以表示祝愿、建议的句子也是祈使句。
May you succeed! 祝你成功!
Long live the People’s Republic of China! 中华人民共和国万岁!
(3)表示强烈的感情或请求时，可用“Do+祈使句”的结构。
Do come on time! (务必)准时来
Do sit down! 快请坐下!
(四)感叹句
用以表示快乐、痛苦等强烈感情的特殊句式结构我们称之为感叹句。感叹句有两种形式：一是以how开头，一是以what开头。
1、以how开头的感叹句
(1)How+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语
How beautiful the flowers! 这花多漂亮啊!
How fluently he speaks English! 他的英语讲得多流利啊!
(2)How修饰动词，句型是“How+主语+谓语”
How the wind blows! 风刮得好大呀!
(3)How+形容词(副词)(省略主语和谓语)
How interesting (it is)! 多有趣呀1
2、以what开头的感叹句
(1)What(a／an)+名词
What fun! 多有趣啊!
What a good girl! 多好的一个女孩呀!
(2)What(a)十形容词+名词+主语+谓语
What a beautiful picture it is! 这是一幅多美的画呀!
What good friends he has!他有多么好的朋友啊!
注：若感叹的名词为单数可数名词，则what和how都可用。
What a wonderful picture it is! 或How wonderful a picture it is! 多么美妙的一幅画啊!

并列句
如果句子包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构，就是并列句。并列句中的分句通常用并列连词来连接，其中的各分句意义同等重要，联系密切，无从属关系。使用时要特别注意其连词特性。
1、由and，not only…but also……，neither，nor，neither…nor…等连接的并列句
(1)and连接的并列句表示意义的增补、动作的先后、条件和结果等。
One day John was late，and his teacher was angry. 一天，约翰迟到了，他的老师很生气。
The car broke half-way，and the they had to stay in a small inn for the night.
车子半路抛锚了，他们不得在一个小旅社度过—晚上。
Think it over，and you'11 find a way out． 好好想一想，你就会找到出路的。
(2)not only…but also…表示“不但…而且”，重点强调but also的成分。当not only位于句首时
其后的句子主谓倒装。
Not only is he himself interested in the subject, but also his students begin to show interest in it．
不但他自己对这门课感兴趣，他的学生也开始对这门课感兴趣。
Not only is your answer right，but also mine is. 不但你的答案是正确的，我的答案也是正确的。
(3)neither．．．nor．．，nor，neither“既不……也不……”，放在句首要倒装。
Neither does he work hard，nor does his brother． 他们俩兄弟工作都不努力。
Mr Wang doesn't smoke，neither／nor does Li Ping． 王先生和李平都不抽烟。
2、or，either…or…连接并列句表示选择
(1)or常表示选择、换个说法、否定条件等。
The children can go with us，or they can stay in．(选择)
孩子们可以和我们一起去，也可以呆在家里。
The workers were cheerful，Or at least they appeared to be cheerful．(换个说法)
工人们很兴奋，至少说他们表现得很兴奋。
Be careful，or you will break your neck．(否定条件)
小心点，否则你会把脖子弄伤的。
注：or用于表示否定条件时，可以和else连用，或换成otherwise。
Hurry up, or else /otherwise /or you will be late. 快点!否则你就要迟到了。
(2)either．．．or．．．连接句子时，选择意义比or强。
Either you are mad，or l am． 不是你疯了，就是我疯了。
You either behave yourself，Or you will never go out with me．
你要乖乖的，不然就不要和我一起出去。
3、but，yet，still，however，while(而，然而)，when（那时）等连接并列句，常表示意义的转折及对比
(1)but表示转折、对比或对照(常与否定词连用)。
Mary was a nice girl，but she had one shortcoming. 玛丽是一个好女孩，但是她有一个缺点。
He scarcely knows a word of German，but he speaks French perfectly．
他不懂德语，但他法语讲得很好。
(2)yet，still，On the contrary，On the other hand连接并列句，其连接程度不及but强，一般yet前可加and，其余的前面可加but。
She got up early，(and)yet she failed to be there on time.
她很早就起来了，但还是没有准时赶到那儿。
She tried again，(but)still she didn't succeed． 她再试了一次，还是没有成功。
I have nearly done it，but on the contrary，they have begun．
我几乎已经做完了，相反地，他们才刚刚开始。
(3)however表示“然而”、“不可”、“可是”，和yet意思相可放在句首、句中、句尾。
However you look at it，it's going to cost a lot． 不管你怎么看，它都要花很多钱。
(4)while表示对比。
The strength of the collective is boundless，while that he individual is very limited．
集体的力量是无限的，个人的力量是有限的。
He asked his father why he couldn't hatch chickens while hens could．
他问他的父亲为什么母鸡能孵出小鸡而他却不能。
(5)when相当于and then，just then，at the time，一般放在第二个分句的句首。
We played outside till sunset when it began to rain．
我们在外面一直玩到日落，正在那时下起雨来了。
She had not been married many weeks when that man’s younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. 就在她结婚没几个月时，那个人的弟弟看到她，被她的美貌所倾倒。
4、for，so，thus，therefore连接并列句表示因果关系
(1)for引导的分句表示附加或推断的理由、原因，常放在句中，用逗号隔开。
Someone is coming，for the dog is barking． 狗在叫，有人来了。
Get down on your knees，for I'm going to kill you． 跪下，因为我将要杀了你。
(2)so，therefore，thus均表示“因此”
The Frenchman coughed day an night，so he decided to get some medicine hr his cough．
这个法国人整夜咳嗽，所以他决定去买一些药。
My brother studied hard，thus he succeeded in passing the exam．
我的弟弟学习很努力，因此他通过了考试。
Mary didn’t review her lessons，therefore she couldn't answer the teacher’s questions．
玛丽没有复习功课，所以她不能回答老师的问题。

综合能力训练
1. Don't smoke in the meeting-room，_________?
A. do you B. will you C. can you D．could you
2.Canned food do not go ______ easily．
A. sourly B. sour C. souring D. soured
3. I shall make your dream _______.
A. coming true B. come true C．to come true D．comes true
4. Even in bed his uneasiness about his riches kept him________.
A．wake B．awake C．waken D．to awaken
5. I think _______ a good habit to get up early.
A．this B．it C．that D．its
6. ——Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
——I don’t know，________.
A．nor don’t I care B．nor do I care C．I don’t care neither D．I don’t care also
7. The television set will keep us _______of the news of the day．
A．informed B．entertained C．educated D．inform
8. The speaker found himself _______ all alone.
A. leave B. to leave C．1eaving D．1eft
9. The day we were longing for _______ at last．
A. coming B．came C．to come D．come
10. He did all he could ________the poor people in the mountain area．
A．help B．to help C．helping D．helped
11. Every minute must be made full use of ________our lessons．
A．do B．doing C．done D．to do
12. The life he has been used to _________disturbed now
A．being B．be C．to be D．is being
13. ——Would you like to come to dinner tonight.
——I'd like to,__ I'm too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
14. Mrs. Black doesn't believe her son is able to design a digital camera,________?
A. is he B. isn't he C. doesn't she D. does she
15. Brian told you that there wasn't anyone in the room at that time, _______?
A. was there B. wasn’t there C. didn't he D. did he
16. ——How about John?
——My aunt ______ a good student.
A. believes John B. suggests John C. considers John D. knows John
17. I like singing __ she likes dancing.
A. as B. while C. which D. when
18. Yesterday was my birthday. My mother ________.
A. made for me a cake B. made a cake to me C. made me a cake D. made a cake me
19. ——I hear you got lost yesterday.
——Yes, I went to the zoo and couldn't find ______ the hotel.
A. my way back to B. how I should go for C. how to return D. the way back for
20. One more week ,____ we will accomplish the task
A. or B. so that C. and D. if
21. ——I had thought I would miss the bus.
——_________you wouldn't have arrived on time.
A. Otherwise B. So C. But D. That
22. ——Why didn't you buy it?
——_______, nor did the color agree with me.
A. Because the price was high B. Not only did it fit me
C. For I disliked its material D. Neither was the quality satisfactory
23. ——Why didn't you go to the airport to see her off?
——Oh,__
A. no, I did. But I was late
B. yes, I didn't, I'm sorry for it.
C. yes, I did. But I couldn't get there on time
D. no, I'm too busy to spare my time, you know
24. ——The place isn't too bad, is it?
——No,__ it's a bit too crowded.
A. but B. for C. and D. as

高考试题精选
25. Excuse me for breaking in,_____ I have some for you.
A. so B. and C. but D. yet
26. The