外研版初中英语各册知识点(外研版).doc

初一上册各模块知识点及考试重点名词所所有格：表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 s, students rooms, fathers shoes。(2). 如复数结尾不是s的仍加 s，如：Childrens Day。(3). 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 s，例如：a twenty minutes walk，ten miles journey，a boats length，two pounds weight, ten dollars worth。(4). 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。特殊情况：the key to the door/ the answer to the question the ticket for the concert(5). 双重所有格，例如：a friend of my fathers。【注意】如果两个名词并列，并且分别有 s，则表示“分别有”，例如：Johns and Marys rooms（约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间）；Toms and Marys bikes（两人各自的自行车）。两个名词并列，只有一个s，则表示“共有”，例如：John and Marys room（约翰和玛丽共有一间）；Tom and Marys mother（即Tom与Mary是兄妹）。名词复数的不规则变化 单复数通同形：人们说汉语和日语，瑞士人喜欢绵羊、鹿和雨fish 、sheep、deer、people、Chinese、English 不规则变化：男女孩子的脚，踩住老鼠的牙 Women、 men 、feet、 mice、 teeth1、would的用法Would you like to do sth?你愿意干某事吗？提出建议邀请，如果同意，用YES，Id love to./all right /A good idea.如果拒绝，也要客气的回绝。would like sth想要某物 Would like sb to do sth想让某人做某事 Would like to do 想去做一件事情Would you please do sth?请求2、表示时间的介词 At 后接时间点，周末at the weekend In 用在年、月、季节或上午、下午、晚上等名词前 On 后一般跟具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上3、look、see、watch、read Look集中注意力看，强调看的动作，如跟宾语，要用at See 强调看的结果，看见，看到 Watch 强调专注地看，有欣赏的意味，常用语看电视，看球赛 Read 阅读，看书1、would的用法Would you like to do sth?你愿意干某事吗？提出建议邀请，如果同意，用YES，Id love to./all right /A good idea.如果拒绝，也要客气的回绝。would like sth想要某物 Would like sb to do sth想让某人做某事 Would like to do 想去做一件事情Would you please do sth?请求2、表示时间的介词 At 后接时间点，周末at the weekend In 用在年、月、季节或上午、下午、晚上等名词前 On 后一般跟具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上 初一下册重点知识2、形容词和副词形容词比较级用法：1最明显的提示词是than，其结构为“A+比较级+than+B”。2有表示程度的副词a little，a bit，a few，a lot，much，even，still，far，rather，any等修饰时，用形容词比较级。3表示两者之间进行选择“哪一个更”时，句型“Which/Who is+形容词比较级，A or B?” 4、表示“越来越”，即“比较级+and+比较级”，多音节词和部分双音节词时用“more and more+形容词原级”。5、表示“越就越”时，用“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构。形容词最高级用法：1表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时，用最高级形式。最高级前必须加定冠词the，句末常跟一个in/of短语来表示范围。2表示在三者或三者以上的人或物进行选择时，用“Which/Who is+the+最高级，A，B or C?”3、表示“最的之一”时，用“one of the+形容词最高级”结构，4、形容词最高级前面可以加序数词，表示“第几最一、 词汇1、enjoyenjoy sth/doing 喜欢某物/做某件事情enjoy oneself= have a good time玩的愉快派生词：enjoyable，令人愉快的 enjoyment, 乐趣2、dress,put on, wear,be in dress后常跟人作宾语，给穿衣服,get dressed或dress oneself put on意为穿上，强调穿的动作，宾语通常是衣服、鞋帽 wear穿着，戴着，强调穿的状态，宾语可以是衣帽也可以是饰品be in也表状态，后面要加颜色，表示穿着什么颜色的衣服3、 bring, take, carry 和get的用法。bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。Bring me the book, please.take意思是“拿走”，“带走” It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.carry 是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思， 不表明来去的方向。Do you always carry a handbag?Get 是去某处将某物拿回来。Please go to my office to get some chalk.4、strict adj. be strict with sb.对某人要求严格 be strict in sb 对某事要求严格5、spend 人+spend+时间/金钱+ on sth/ (in) doing sth6、get ready forget ready for sth 为做准备（强调动作）get ready to do sth 准备去做（强调动作）be ready for sth 准备好 （强调状态）be ready to do sth 准备好去做（强调状态）get sth ready 把sth 准备好7、look forward to doing 8、be good/bad at do well/badly in9、hope 与wish的区别：希望去做 hope to do sth/wish to do sth希望sb去做 wish sb to do hope与wish后都可以接that从句. 二、 金牌句型1、It is more difficult for old people to learn English.It is +adj.+(for sb)+to do sth.2、It is the best way to get to school.3、Whats the population of Shanghai? 在询问有多少人口用“Whats the population of”/ “How large is the population of” 表示“有多少人口”用“have/has a population of” 形容人口的多少用large和small,而不用many,much和few,little4、有关how的疑问句短语How long 多长时间或物体长度How soon 过多久，用于将来时间How often 频率How far 多远，指距离5、What be sb like? 询问某人什么样，可以是外貌或性格等；What do/does sb look like? 询问相貌。初二上册考试重点一、语法1、时态的考察，对于各种时态主要看时间标志词，尤其是：just now/just/now; ago/before; five years ago/since five years ago/for five years, 时态的考察以现在完成时为重点，注意非延续性动词在现在完成加时间的情况下需要变为延续性状态的词。have been to /have been in/ have gone to 2、反义疑问句祈使句 Let引导的祈使句有两种情况： 1) Lets go home, shall we/ shant we? 2)Let us/me.， will you或wont you。Let me have a try, will you/wont you? 3）动词原形开头的祈使句都用will you 或wont you当陈述部分含I think (believe, suppose.)that. 结构时，其反意疑问句须与从句的主、谓语保持一致，注意主句的主语必须是第一人称。例如： I dont think he will e, will he? 若是非第一人称，则与主句的主语相一致He thinks that she will e, doesnt he?当陈述部分为从句时，若主句主语为 I ，反意部分的主语为从句主语;若不为 I ，反义部分的主语为主句主语。I know your father is a worker, isnt he?she knows your father is a worker, doesnt she?当陈述部分含有以下这些含有否定意义的词时：few, little, seldom，hardly, never, not, no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, neither等，其反意疑问句需用肯定结构。例如： He is never late for school, is he? 陈述部分是there be句型时，其反意疑问句中要用there。There was a hospital here, wasnt there? 陈述部分的主语是everything, nothing, anything或something 时，反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。Something is wrong with my radio, isnt it? 我的收音机出毛病了，是吧？陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither 时, 其反意疑问句的主语需用复数代词they。例如： Everyone is here, arent they? 大家都到了，是吗？ 3、to do 不定式1. 不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将作主语的不定式放在句子后部。 It is exciting to surf the Internet. Its . of sb. to do sth.与Its. for sb. to do sth. 形容词形容人的时候用of,形容事情的时候用forIts very kind / nice of you to help me。 Its hard for the Chinese students to learn Russian. 中国学生学俄语是很难的。 2.动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，要先用it作形式宾语，而将该不定式后置。 注意：一些动词之后可以接to和doing作宾语时，如stop，forget，remember, try,need等I dont think it right to do it in that way.我觉得以那种方式去做是不恰当的。 I find it hard to get along with him. 我发现与他相处不是件容易的事。 4.作补语有些动词后跟不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语。 感官动词 使役动词 help sb. do或help sb. to do当此类句子改为被动语态时，要补上to.He is often heard to sing this song.The workers were made to work 12 hours a day.在 think, find, consider, discover等动词后常用to be +adj.结构作宾补，有时to be 可省略。We all think/ consider/ find/ discover him (to be) kind and honest. 动词不定式的省略1）不定式在使役动词 let, have, make和感官动词 see, watch, notice , observe, hear, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补时，省略to。help 可带to，也可不带to help sb (to) do sth。2) Why not 后面接不带to 的不定式。常用来表建议。Why not have a break?3）but和except：but/except前的部分出现实义动词do时，其后面出现的动词不定式可以不带to。比较：He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. Last night I did nothing but (to )watch TV. He does everything except (to) work. 4) 由and, or或than连接的两个不定式，第二个不定式的to 可以省去。例如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.5）通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：He is supposed (to be) an honest man. 4、情态动词must是重点1）表示义务。意为“必须”（主观意志）。否定形式是neednt,2）表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。否定形式是cant3）musnt本身表示“禁止”，“不允许”，“不能”二、重点词汇、句型1、What/how about doing ? Why not/why dont you do.? It is +adj.+for sb to do sth?此句型到第九模块会重点讲解2、other 系列词anotheradj./pron泛指多个中的另一个otheradj./pron,其他的，别的onethe other一个另一个（总共有两者）oneanother一个另一个（总数三者以上者）other+n.=others其余的一些The other+n.=the others其余的全部3、a little修饰动词、形容词和副词，有点修饰不可数名词，一点，一些 a bit 修饰动词、形容词和副词，有点,=a little加介词of后可修饰不可数名词a few修饰可数名词复数形式 4、 no one 和noneno one（=nobody）不加ofwho提问没有人单三动词none可加of how many提问没有人没有物单、复数动词5、bring, take, carry 和get的用法。bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。Bring me the book, please.take意思是“拿走”，“带走”，把某物或某人从这里“带来”或“拿到”某处之意。It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.carry 是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思，指随身携带，有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义，不表明来去的方向。Do you always carry a handbag?Get 是去某处将某物拿回来。Please go to my office to get some chalk.6、through/across/overthrough 穿越，指从空间内穿越 through the dooracross，横越穿过，从表面走过，或从一边到另一边,across the roadover翻越，跨越 7、provide /offer provide sth for sb / provide sb with sth offer sth to sb / offer sb sth（主动提供）8、happen / take place happen指事件偶然发生，还可以表示“碰巧”之意,不用于被动语态 sth happen to sb sb happen to do sth. It happens that+句子take place多指按计划或者安排而发生，不用于被动语态9、parewith比较pareto. 比喻10、depend on sb 依赖depend on sth 依而定初二下册重点知识一、重点词汇1、makemake +宾语+动词原形 He made us stay with him.make +宾语+ 形容词 He tried to make his mother happymake +宾语+名词- He made me his friend.make +宾语+介词短语 He asked us to make ourselves at home.make +宾语+过去分词 What made him so frightened?2、seem Seem+形容词 English seems a little difficult. Seem to do He doesnt seem to have any friends. =It seems that he doesnt have any friends. It seems as if they were in a dream.3、suggest suggest+名词、代词 suggest doing建议做某事 suggest sb do 建议某人做某事4、refuse to do sth拒绝做某事5、beat 打败，后接运动员、球队、对手 win 接比赛、战争，奖项6、avoid doing sth避免做某事7、depend depend on sb 依赖 depend on sth 依而定8、on ones own独自 of ones own 某人自己的9、have problem with 在哪一方面有麻烦 have problem/trouble/difficulty (in)doing，其中trouble/difficulty是不可数名词，前面用no/much/some/little any修饰10、e up出现，发生 1)发芽，In March, lots of plants begin to e up. 2)太阳升起 3）发生，出现Ill let him know if anything es up. 4）被提及A number of questions came up at the meeting.11、in order to、to+动词原形、so as to,sothat.so that，in order that in order to、to+动词原形、so as to引导目的状语从句，有时为了表示强调，也可把in order to，to do放在句首，否定形式是in order not to,so as not to12、as well as并且，还，可与not onlybut also互换，但是as well as强调前面的内容，not onlybut also强调后面的内容1）连接两个并列成分He as well as his friends likes going shopping.2）as well as还可以表示“和一样好”，well是副词，用于修饰实义动词。3）as well 可单独做副词，表示“也”，位于句末。 13、such adj. 如此，这样so +adj.+a/an+单数名词such+a/an+adj.+单数名词such +adj.+复数名词、不可数名词，当adj.是many/much/few/little时用so14、倒装句 So + be/助动词/情态动词+主语“某人或某物也一样” I will go there tomorrow. So will she.So +主语+be/助动词/情态动词 “的确如此”It was very cold yesterday.昨天很冷。 So it was.的确如此。 对于上述两种情况，当前一句是否定句时， so须改用neither或nor。15、besides，but，except和except for besides：除了.还包括He has another car besides this. but与except同义，但but多用在every，any，no等和由这些词构成的复合词except：除了；例句：Except you, there is no one can help me. 除了你没人能帮我except for：在一类中除去另一类，Smith is a good man， except for his bad temper二、语法知识1、宾语从句 宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如：I hear (that) physics isnt easy.I think (that) you will like this school soon.Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?Please tell me when well have the meeting.宾语从句的时态主句宾语从句一般现在时一切时态一般过去时过去范畴的某一时态（一般过去时；过去进行时；过去完成时；过去将来时）如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。I dont think (that) you are right.Please tell us where he is.Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时， 过去进行时， 过去将来时，过去完成时）。例如：He asked what time it was.He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.He asked if you had written to Peter.知识拓展：宾从的主语与主句的主语（或宾语）相同时，可把从句替换为“疑问词 + to do”.I havent decided where I will go =I havent decided where to go.He asked me what I bought = He asked me what to buy.2、状语从句 时间状语从句 1）由 when，as soon as ,before 等引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时表示将来时间。2）带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到才”, “在以前不”, 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：The young man read till the light went out. We wont start until Bob es. 条件状语从句1）条件状语从句遵循“主将从现”原则，一般现在时表示将来时间。2）“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。Hurry up, or youll be late. =If you dont hurry up, youll be late. 结果状语从句结果状语从句由sothat, suchthat, so that此知识点牵扯到重点词汇中的 so +adj.+a/an+单数名词such+a/an+adj.+单数名词such +adj.+复数名词、不可数名词，当adj.是many/much/few/little时用so3、to do 和doing做宾语常考的动词后加-ing.1.Enjoy doing sth喜欢做某事2.Like doing sth喜欢做某事3.Have fun doing sth玩得开心4.Practice doing sth练习做某事5.Spend doing sth花费时间做某事（主语是人）6.Keep doing sth 保持一直做某事7. How about doing sth做某事怎么样（表建议）8. What about doing sth 做某事怎么样（表建议）9.Have a difficulty doing sth 做某事有困难10.Have a good time doing sth 玩得开心11.Feel like doing sth 想要做某事12.Cant help doing sth禁不住做某事13.start doing sth 开始做某事14.go on doing sth继续做某事15.mind doing sth 介意做某事16.finish doing sth 完成做某事17.be busy doing sth忙于做某事18.see/hear sb doing 看到/听到某人正在做某事19. remember doing sth 记住曾做过某事20. forget doing sth 忘记曾做过某事21. try doing sth 做某事试试看有何效果22. mean doing sth 意味着做某事23. cant help doing sth 禁不住做某事24. stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事初三上册考试重点知识一、 语法知识1、时态名称时间状语用法一般现在时seldom,often,usuallyevery week,on Sundays,once a week经常性习惯性的动作、客观真理、条件或时间状语从句中表示将来一般过去时ago,last week,just nowIn+过去的时间，the day before过去某个事件发生的动作或存在的状态现在进行时now,at this time,these days,还有其他结构：look，listen现在或现阶段进行的动作或存在的状态，状态动词不用于进行时过去进行时at this time yesterday,at that time,When和while引导的状语从句过去某个时刻或某阶段正在发生的动作一般将来时tomorrow,next week,soon,in+一段时间，how soon,from now on将来某时要发生的动作打算要做某事Shall多于第一人称连用，一般疑问句中表示请求、建议现在完成时ever,just,recently,before,already,yet,since+时间点for+时间段，so far过去已经发生的动作对现在的影响；过去已经开始，持续到现在；终止性动词不能和表示一段时间的状语连用被动语态的特殊用法：1、不及物动词带介词和介词宾语,在变为被动语态时,仍然要带上介词,如The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.The new students are looked after in the school.The things are take good care of .2、当动词带有符合宾语时,并且宾补是省去 “to”的动词不定式时,在被动语态中应加上 “to”, 一感，二听，三让，四看They make us do all the work. We are made to do all the work.We often hear her sing English songs. She is often heard to sing English songs.I see him walk to school. He is seen to walk to school.3、当动词带双宾语时,将其中一个宾语提前作被动语态的主语,另一个不动; 如果是将指物或指事的宾语提前,则指人的宾语前应加上 to、for如:I am given some nice presents.They give me some presents Some nice presents are given to me. The children are often told some stories (by him) He often tells the children some stories. Some stories are often told to the children (by him).动词后加to：give,show,send,bring,lend,promise等。动词后加for: pay,buy,sing,make,get等3、定语从句修饰人只用who的情况：a. 先行词是one , ones , anyone , those 时。b. there be句型中修饰名词时。c. 先行词后有一个较长的定语。1)Anyone who hasnt handed in his home- work should stay after school. 2)There is a girl who wants to see you at the school gate. 3)Did you see the man in the park yesterday afternoon who wore a red shirt? 修饰人或物只用that的情况： (1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。 All that he said is true. (2) 先行词被only, no, any, all,等词修饰时。He is the only foreigner that has been to that place. (3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：He was the second (person) that told me the secret.(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。This is the best book (that) I have read this year.(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：修