生物化学常用专业术语中英文对照汇编手册.doc

绪论（prelude)生物化学biochemistry无机离子inorganic生物分子biomolecular糖carbohydrate脂lipid核酸nucleic acid蛋白质protein维生素vitamin酶enzyme辅酶coenzyme激素hormone核苷酸nucleotide氨基酸amino acid葡萄糖glucose单糖monosaccharide双糖disaccharide脂肪酸fatty acid克隆技术cloning克隆clone糖 类（carbohydrate)糖carbohydrate/saccharide糖生物学glycobiology醛糖aldose酮糖ketose单糖monosaccharide寡/低聚糖oligosaccharide二糖disaccharide三糖trisaccharide多糖polysaccharide复合糖compoud/complex saccharide链状结构chain structure构型configuration构象conformation异构isomerism对映体enanthiomer果糖fructose半乳糖galactose甘露糖mannose环状结构ring structure异头物anomer不对称碳原子asymmetric carbon atom投影式Fischer式透视式Haworth式椅式构象chain form船式构象boat form旋光性optical activity比旋光度specific rotation变旋性mutarotation甜度sweetness 半缩醛hemiacetal醛糖酸aldonic acid还原糖reducing sugar醛糖二酸aldaric acid糖醛酸uronic acid糖苷glycoside糖脎osazone/phenylosazone糠醛furfural蒽酮anthroneN乙酰葡糖胺 NAG N乙酰-胞壁酸 NAM蔗糖sucrose麦芽糖maltose乳糖lactose淀粉starch糖原glycogen纤维素cellulose壳多糖(几丁质）chitin琼脂agar支链淀粉amylopectin直链淀粉amylose肽聚糖peptidoglycan粘肽mucopeptide氨基糖肽glycoaminopeptide磷壁酸teichoic acid软骨素4或6-硫chondroitin 4or 6sulfate，CS脂多糖lipopolysaccharide糖蛋白glycoprotein透明质酸hyaluronic acid，HA肝素heparin,HP蛋白聚糖proteoglycan硫酸皮肤素dermatan sulfate,DS硫酸角质素keratan suIfate,KS核心蛋白core protein连接蛋白link protein糖胺聚糖/粘多糖glycosaminoglycan/mucopolysaccharide胞壁酸muramic acid神经氨酸neuraminic acid淀粉酶amylase糊精odextrin磷酸化酶phosphrylase糖肽键glycopeptide linkag脂 质（lipid）单脂simple lipid复脂compound lipid衍生脂质derived lipid脂肪酸fatty acid,FA饱和脂肪酸saturated FA不饱和脂肪unsaturated FA单不饱和脂肪酸monounsaturated FA多不饱和脂肪酸polyunsaturated FA乳化emulsification微团micelle离子型去污剂(乳化剂）ionic detergent三脂triester甘油glycerol Sn命名法Stereospecific Numbering酰基甘油acylglycerol三酰甘油triacylglycerol,TG甘油三脂triglyceride命名法nomenclature乙酰（化）值/价acetylation value酸值/酸价acid value加成反应addition reaction碘值/碘价iodine number or value皂化值saponification value磷脂phospholipid甘油磷酯glycerophospholipid微囊vesicle磷脂酶phospholipase磷酸甘油脂phosphoglyceride鞘氨醇sphingosine鞘(氨醇）磷脂sphingomyelin神经酰胺ceramide鞘磷脂sphingomyelin糖脂glucolipid/glycolipin鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid蜡wax过氧化作用peroxidation磷脂酰胆碱/卵磷脂lecithin磷脂酰乙醇胺/脑磷脂cephalin双磷脂酰甘油/心磷脂cardiolipin萜terpene类固醇/甾醇steroid胆固醇cholesterol蛋白质（protein）化学蛋白质protein，pr蛋白水解酶proteolytic enzyme蛋白酶proteinase胰蛋白酶trypsin糜蛋白酶chymotrypsin胃蛋白酶pepsin嗜热菌蛋白酶themolysin氨基酸amino acid，AA等电点isoelectric point,pI标准氨基酸standard amino acid甘氨酸glycine,Gly,G丙氨酸alanine,Ala，A缬氨酸 valine,Val，V亮氨酸lucine,Leu，L异亮氨酸 isoleucine，Ile,I丝氨酸serine，Ser，S苏氨酸threonine，Thr，T半胱氨酸cysteine,Cys，C甲硫/蛋氨酸methionine，Met,M谷氨酸glutamic acid，Glu，E谷氨酰胺glutamine,Gln，Q天冬氨酸aspartic acid,Asp，D天冬酰胺asparagine，Asn，N赖氨酸lysine,Lys，K精氨酸arginine，Arg，R组氨酸histidine，His,H脯氨酸proline，Pro，P苯丙氨酸phenylalanine,Phe,F色氨酸tryptophan，Trp,W酪氨酸tyrosine,Tyr,Y2，4一二硝基氟苯DNFB苯异硫氰酸酯PITC苯硫乙内酰脲AA PTH-AA苯氨基硫甲酰AA PTCAA坂口反应Sakaguchi反应乙醛酸反应Hopking-Cole反应肽键peptide bond二硫硝基苯甲酸DTNB (Ellman试剂） 谷胱甘肽（GSH ，GluCys-Gly)肽(链)peptide chain酚试剂反应Folin-Cioculteu反应氨肽酶amino peptidase羧肽酶carboxypeptidase真正单键pure single bond二面角dihedral angle帽化capping部分双键的性质partial double-bond character一级结构 primary structure二级结构 secondary structure三级结构tertiary structure四级结构quaternary structure二级结构元件 secondary structrue element螺旋helix螺旋Helix氢键hydrogen bond疏水作用hydrophobic interaction范德华力van der Waals force折叠-pleated sheet亚基/亚单位subunit自由回转/无规卷曲random coil结构域structural domain次级键(非共价键）noncovalent bond肌红蛋白myoglobin，Mb对称性symmetry超二级结构(花式）Super-secondary structure 肽链peptide chain多肽polypeptide活性肽active peptide-角蛋白keratin丝心蛋白fibroin胶原蛋白collagen血红蛋白hemoglobin,Hb别构作用allosteric interaction别构效应allosteric effect别构蛋白allosteric protein协同效应cooperative effect二磷酸甘油酸BPG核糖核酸酶ribonuclease, RNase转角turn(弯曲bend,-回折或发夹结构hairpin structure)纸层析filter-paper chromatography离子交换层析ion-exchange column chromatography简单/纯蛋白质simple protein缀合蛋白质conjugated protein纤维状蛋白质fibrous protein球状蛋白质globular protein二硫键disulfide bond对角线电泳diagonal electrophoresis氨基酸残基amino acid residues同源蛋白质homology protein二面角dihedral angle螺旋帽化helix capping肌球蛋白myosin膜周边蛋白peripheral protein膜内在蛋白antegral protein脂锚定蛋白Lipid-anchored protein变性denaturation变性剂denaturation agent十二烷基硫酸钠SDS复性renaturation珠蛋白globin血红素heme紧张态tense state弛态relaxed state镰刀状细胞贫血病sickle-cell anemia免疫球蛋白IgG渗透压osmotic pressure沉降系数sedimentation coefficient沉降系数单位Svedberg unit,S凝胶过滤gel filtration聚丙烯酰胺凝胶ployacrylamide gel水化层hydration mantle亲水胶体hydrophilic colloid双电层electric double layer纯化purification分离isolation透析dialysis密度梯度density gradient盐溶salting in盐析salting out电泳electrophoresis聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳ployacrylamide gel electrophoresis毛细管电泳capillary electrophoresis等电聚焦isoelectric focusing亲和层析affinity chromatography酶(enzyme）化学生物催化剂biocatalyst底物substrate单纯酶simple enzyme结合酶conjugated enzyme全酶holienzyme辅因子cofactor辅酶coenzyme辅基prosthetic group金属离子metal ion多酶复合体multienzyme system寡聚酶oligomeric enzyme单体酶monomeric enzyme习惯命名法recommended name国际系统命名法systematic name酶的专一性/特异性enzyme specificity诱导契合学说induced-fit hypothesis氧化还原酶oxidoreductases转移酶transferases水解酶hydrolases裂合酶lyase异构酶isomerases合成/连接酶ligases酶促反应enzymatic reaction酶活力enzyme activity比活力specific activity核酶ribozyme抗体酶abzyme酶工程enzyme engineering固体化酶immobilized enzyme酶促反应动力学kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions双倒数作图法Lineweaver-Burk作图法最适温度optimum temperature,Tm最适pHoptimum pH活性部位active site必需基团essential group抑制剂inhibitor激活剂activator效应物effector别构酶allosteric enzyme别构调节allosteric regulation同促效应homotropic effect异促效应heterotropic effect天冬氨酸转氨甲酰酶ATCase酶原zymogen酶单位enzyme unit同工酶isoenzyme共价调节(修饰）酶covalent regulatory enzyme乳酸脱氢酶LDH可逆的共价修饰reversible covalent modification维生素（vitamin)与辅酶（coenzyme）视紫红质visual purple视黄醇retinol-胡萝卜素carotine夜盲症nyctalopia视黄醛retinene胆钙化醇(Vitamin D3)cholecalciferolVE(生育酚/抗不育维生素)tocopherol麦角钙化醇(Vitamin D2）ergotcalciferol凝血维生素Vitamin K抗神经炎/脚气病维生素，硫胺（素)Vitamin B1抗癞皮病维生素Vitamin PP硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate，TPP尼克酸(烟酸）nicotinic acid尼克酰胺（烟酰胺) nicotinamide转钙化蛋白DBP维生素B2( VB2)/核黄素riboflavin黄素单核苷酸FMN ,flavin mononucleotide黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸FAD,flavin adenine dinucleotid泛酸,VB3（遍多酸）pantothenic acid辅酶A CoA-SH，coenzyme A酰基载体蛋白ACP， acyl carrier protein维生素B6 (吡哆素）Vitamin B6吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛pyridoxal吡哆胺pyridoxamine磷酸吡哆醛PLP, pyridoxal-5phosphate醛亚胺 Schiff碱维生素B12 （钴胺素） cobalamine维生素B7/H（生物素）biotin叶酸folic acid四氢叶酸（辅酶F)FH4/CoF/THF, tetrahydrofolate硫辛酸lipoic acid维生素C (抗坏血酸) ascorbic acid尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（辅酶）nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide，NAD+ 尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸 （辅酶）nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide phosphate,NADP+核酸(nucleic acid)化学DNA序列分析 DNA Sequencing脱氧核糖核酸Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA核糖核酸Ribonucleic acid， RNA信使RNA （mRNA） messenger RNA转运RNA（ tRNA） transfer RNA核糖体RNA （rRNA） ribosome RNA小RNA sRNA反义RNA asRNA胞质小RNA sc RNA核不均一RNA hnRNA核内小RNA snRNA原核生物prokaryote真核生物eukaryote人类基因组计划 Human Gene Project质粒plasmid染色体chromosome染色质chromatin一磷酸腺苷(腺一磷）AMP，adenosine monophosphate二磷酸腺苷（腺二磷)ADP， adenosine diphosphate三磷酸腺苷(腺三磷)ATP，adenosine triphosphate复制replication转录transcription翻译translation逆转录reserve transcription核苷酸nucleotide核苷nucleoside磷酸phosphate碱基base嘌呤碱purine base嘧啶碱pyrimidine base戊糖amyl sugar核糖ribose脱氧核糖deoxyribose腺嘌呤adenine，A鸟嘌呤guanine，G胞嘧cytosine,C胸腺嘧啶thymine，T尿嘧啶uracil,U二氢尿嘧啶DHU 3，5环化鸟苷酸 cGMP3,5环化腺苷酸cAMP 顺反子cistron假尿嘧啶核苷pseudouridineDNA双螺旋结构 DNA doublehelical structure碱基对base pair， bp氢键hydrogen bond碱基堆积base stacking组蛋白histone核小体nucleosome纤维fiber突环loop玫瑰花结rosette染色单体chromatid螺管/螺线圈coil氨基酸臂amino acid armD环（二氢尿嘧啶环) diphydrouracil loop反密码子环anticodon loop可变环(额外环) extra loop核糖核酸酶ribonuclease， RNase牛胰核糖核酸酶RNaseI脱氧核糖核酸酶deoxyribonuclease， DNase牛胰脱氧核糖核酸酶DNaseI牛脾脱氧核糖核酸酶DNase熔解温度melting temperature， Tm变性denaturation复性reassociation杂交hybridization原位杂交hybridization in situ激 素(hormone）激素hormone 生长激素growth hormone促甲状腺激素thyrotropic hormone催乳激素luteotropic促黄体生长激素luteinizing hormone促卵泡激素follicle stimulating bormone脂肪酸释放激素lipotropin催产素oxytocin加压素vasopressin促黑素细胞激素malanophorestimulating hormone胸腺素thymosin甲状腺激素thyroxine三碘甲状腺原氨酸triiodothyronine 降钙素calcitonin甲状旁腺激素parathormone肾上腺素adrenaline去甲肾上腺素noradrenaline胰高血糖素glucagon胰岛素insulin促肠液激素enterocrinin肠促胰液素secretin 肠抑胃素enterogastrone促肾上腺皮质激素adrenocorticotropic hormone促甲酸激素gastrin绒毛膜粗性腺激素chorionic gonadoreopin耻骨松弛激素relaxin瘦素leptin皮质酮corticosterone肾上腺雄酮androstenedione孕酮progesterone原激素prohormone甲状腺过氧化物酶thyroid peroxidase抗利尿激素antidiuretic hormone睾酮testosterone雄酮androsterone钙调蛋白calmodulin钙传感器calcium sensors磷脂酰肌醇phophatidyl inositol靶蛋白质target protein癌基因oncogenes植物生长素auxin赤霉素gibberellin细胞分裂素cytokinin保幼激素juvenile hormone激动素kinetin脱落酸abscisic acid性外激素sexpheromone蜕皮激素molting hormone生物膜(biomembrane）的组成与结构间体mesosome区域化compartmentation鞘氨醇sphingosine鞘磷脂sphingomyelin神经酰胺ceramide磷脂酸phosphatidic acid， PA多态性polymorphism双层bilayer溶血磷脂lysophospholipid两亲性分子amphipathic molecule核磁共振 NMR脂质体liposome半乳糖脑苷脂 galactocerebroside去垢剂detergent微团micelle非双层脂non-bilayer lipid非双层脂结构nonbilayer lipid structure磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine， PE磷脂酰胆碱phosphatidylcholine， PC磷脂酰甘油phosphatidylglycerol， PG磷脂酰丝氨酸phosphatidylserine, PS 膜骨架membrane skeleton血影蛋白spectrin糖蛋白glycoprotein豆蔻酸myristic acid乙酰胆碱酯酶acetylcholinesterase蛋白质复合物glycocalyx细胞外壳cell coat单葡萄糖甘油二脂monoglucsyldiglyceride，MGDG运动性mobility胞吞/内吞endocytosis胞吐exocytosis偏转gauche全反式all trans分相phase separation荧光素fluorescein肌动蛋白actin单位膜unit membrance微区domain糖基磷脂酰肌醇glycosylphosphatidylinositol,GPI心磷脂(双磷脂酰甘油) cardiolipin（diphosphatidylglycerol)光致漂白荧光恢复法 Fluorescence Photobleaching Recovery , FPR生物氧化(Biological Oxidation)肌酸激酶Creatine kinase磷酸肌酸Creatine phosphofate 生物氧化Biological Oxidation氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation 呼吸链respiratory chainNADHQ还原酶 NADHQ reductase 琥珀酸-Q还原酶succinateQ reductase细胞还原酶 cytochrome reductase细胞色素氧化酶 cytochrome oxidase鱼藤酮rotenoneATP合酶ATPsynthase电动势electromotive force安密妥amytal解偶联剂uncouplers超氧化物歧化酶superoxide dismutase过氧化氢酶catalase过氧化物酶peroxidase高能键highenergy bond乙酰磷酸acetyl phosphate1，32磷酸甘油1,3-bisphosphoglycerate氨甲酰磷酸 carbamyl phosphate 酰基腺苷酸acyl adenylate氨酰腺苷酸 aminoacyl adenylate焦磷酸Pyrophosphate二磷酸腺苷adenosine diphosphate磷酸烯醇式丙酮phosphoenolpyruvate酰基辅酶A acyl coenzyme A果糖-6-磷酸fructose 6-phosphate辅酶QcoenzymeQ腺苷三磷酸 adenosine triphosphate磷酸精氨酸 phosphoarginine甘油-3磷酸glycerol 3Phosphate腺苷酸激酶adenylate kinase糖代谢（glycometabolism）糖酵解glycolysis/Embden Meyerhof Parnas葡糖-6-磷酸glucosamine6phosphate葡糖-6-磷酸内酯6-phosphogluconolactone内酯酶lactonase核酮糖-5-磷酸ribulose-5-diphophate葡糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase葡糖酸-6-磷酸6phosphogluconate脱支酶debranching enzyme糖原合酶glycogen synthase糖原引物primer发酵fermentation己糖激酶hexokinase醛缩酶aldolase尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖 （ uridine diphosphate glucose ， UDPG ）磷酸葡萄糖异构酶glucosephosphate isomerase磷酸果糖激酶phosphofructokinase磷酸丙糖异构酶triosephosphofructokinase磷酸甘油酸激酶phosphoglycerate kinase磷酸甘油酸变位酶phosphoglyceromutase烯醇化酶enolase丙酮酸激酶pyruvate kinase乳酸脱氢酶lactate dehydrogenase丙酮酸脱羧酶pyruvate decaboxylase乙醇脱氢酶alcohol dehydrogenase二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate甘油醛3磷酸glyceraldehyde3-phosphate3磷酸甘油酸3phosphoglycerate丙酮酸pyruvate 果糖-2，6二磷酸fructose2，6bisphosphate五碳糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway果糖激酶fructokinase果糖1磷酸醛缩酶fructose1-phosphate aldolase甘油醛激酶glyceraldehyde kinase甘油激酶glycerol kinase半乳糖galactose半乳糖激酶galactolinase半乳糖出醇galactitol丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体pyruvatedehydrogenase complex磷酸甘露糖异构酶phosphomannose isomerase硫胺素焦磷酸thiamine pyrophosphate硫辛酰胺lipoamide黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸flavin adenine dinucleotide二氢硫辛酰转乙酰基酶dihydrolipoyl transacetylase二氢硫辛酸脱氢酶dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase 柠檬酸合酶citrate synthase乌头酸酶aconitase异柠檬酸脱氢酶isocitrate dehydrogenase琥珀酰-CoA合成酶succinylCoA synthetase琥珀酸脱氢酶succinate dehydrogenase延胡索酸酶fumarase苹果酸脱氢酶malate dehydrogenase草酰乙酸oxaloacetate异柠檬酸裂解酶isocitate lyase丙酮酸羧化酶pyruvate carboxylase戊糖磷酸途径pentose phosphate pathway己糖单磷酸途径hexose monophosphate pathway戊糖磷酸循环pentose phosphate cycle磷酸戊糖酸phosphopentonic acid磷酸己糖酸phosphohexonic acid景天庚酮糖sedoheptulose核糖ribose脱氧核糖deoxyribose核酮糖ribulose磷酸葡糖酸氧化途径phosphogluconate oxidative pathway核酮糖5-磷酸ribulose5phosphate核糖5-磷酸ribose5-phosphate木酮糖5-磷酸xylulose-5phosphate转醛酶transaldolase葡糖异生gluconeogenesisUDP葡糖焦磷酸化酶UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase乙醛酸途径glyoxylate pathway异柠檬酸裂合酶isocitrate lyase苹果酸合酶malate synthase糖原的降解glycogen breakdown糖原磷酸化酶glycogen phosphorylase糖原脱支酶glycogen debranching enzyme磷酸葡萄糖变位酶phosphoglucomutase糖原合酶glycogen synthase糖原分支酶glycogen branching enzyme丙酮酸脱氢酶组分pyruvate dehydrogenase component磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex脂代谢(lipometabolism)硫酯键thioester link脂酰辅酶A合酶acylCoA脂肪酸硫激酶1 fatty acid thiokinase脂酰腺苷酸混合酸酐acyladenylate mixed andydride无机焦磷酸酶inorganic pyrophosphatase肉碱carnitine肉碱脂酰转移酶caunitine acyltransferase肉碱移位酶carnitine translocaseN苯乙酰甘氨酸phenylaceturic acidN-苯甲酰甘氨酸hippuric acid羟酰ACP脱水酶hydrdoxyacyl-ACP dehydrase-氧化oxidation活化activation氧化oxidation水合hydration断裂cleavage硫激酶thiokinase脂酰CoA合酶acyl CoA synthase烯酰-CoA水合酶enoyl CoA hydratase酮硫解酶keto-thiolase电子传递黄素蛋白electron-transfer flavoprotein泛醌氧化还原酶ubiquinone oxidoreductase烯酰-CoA异构酶isomerase甲基丙二酰CoA消旋酶methylmalonyl-CoA racemase甲基丙二酰CoA变位酶methylmalonyl-CoA mutase单加氧酶monooxygenase酮体ketone body乙酰乙酸acetoacetateHMGCoA裂解酶HMGCoA lyase丙二酰CoA malonylCoA生物素羧化酶biotin carboxylase转羧酶trans carboxylase生物胞素biocytin酰基载体蛋白acyl carrier protein磷酸泛醌巯基乙胺phosphopantetheine硫辛酰赖氨酸臂lipoyl lysine arm软脂酰-ACP硫脂酶palmitoy-ACP thioesterase-酮酰ACP合酶 -ACP-ketoacylACP synthase缩合condensation还原reduction-酮酰ACP还原酶-toacylACP reductase脱水dehydration烯酰-ACP还原酶enyl-ACP reductase软脂酰ACP硫酯酶palmitoyl thioesterase脂肪酰CoA去饱和酶fatty acyl-CoA desaturase亚油酸linoleic acid亚麻酸linoleuic acid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid混合功能氧化酶mixed-function oxidase脂酰甘油acyl glycerols甘油-3磷酸glucerol 3-phosphate磷脂酸phosphatidic甘油磷脂glycerophospholipids磷脂酰乙醇胺phosphatidylethanolamine磷脂酰甘油phosphatidyl glycerol二磷脂酰甘油diphosphatidyl glycerolCDP-二脂酰甘油CDPdiacylglycerol5胞苷二磷酸cytidine diphosphate尿苷二磷酸uridine diphosphate共底物cosubstrate二羟丙酮磷酸dihydroxyacetone phosphate鞘磷脂sphingolipids鞘糖脂glycosphingolipid缩醛磷脂plasmalogen胆固醇cholesterol类固醇steroids类固醇激素steroid