山西省不同生态区玉米品种数量性状多样性分析_王怡.pdf

收稿日期：2022-11-04基金项目：山西省农业科学院作物科学研究所青年基金项目（ZQ2004）作者简介：王怡（1994），女，硕士，研究实习员，研究方向为玉米育种，E-mail：通信作者：段运平（1961），男，博士，研究员，研究方向为玉米遗传育种，E-mail：广东农业科学 2023，50（5）：11-20Guangdong Agricultural Sciences DOI:10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2023.05.002王怡，刘守渠，郭峰，任小燕，段运平.山西省不同生态区玉米品种数量性状多样性分析 J.广东农业科学，2023，50（5）：11-20.山西省不同生态区玉米品种数量性状多样性分析王 怡，刘守渠，郭 峰，任小燕，段运平（山西农业大学农学院，山西 晋中 030801）摘 要：【目的】充分挖掘并利用山西省不同生态区优质玉米品种。【方法】对山西省 4 个生态区的 75 个玉米品种的 13 个数量性状进行相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。【结果】13 个数量性状中出籽率和粗淀粉含量变异系数较小，分别为 1.78%、1.92%，说明玉米品种的这两个性状能够稳定遗传；穗位和粗脂肪的变异系数较大，分别为 15.06%、13.78%，说明玉米品种的穗位和粗脂肪具有较大的选择潜力。产量与生育期、总叶片数、株高、穗位、行粒数、百粒质量以及出籽率间均呈现极显著正相关，相关系数分别为 0.591、0.520、0.630、0.57、0.315、0.461、0.380；与粗脂肪间呈现极显著负相关，相关系数为-0.438。主成分分析发现，前 4 个主成分累计贡献率为 71.35%，其中第 1 主成分主要反映产量、粗脂肪、穗位、总叶片数；第 2 主成分主要反映生育期、行粒数、粗淀粉；第 3 主成分主要反映粗蛋白、粗淀粉、穗长以及行粒数；第 4 主成分主要反映容重。聚类分析显示，75 个玉米品种的 13 个数量性状最终划分为 3 个类群，初步明确了各个类群特征，其中第类群适合筛选容重、粗蛋白以及粗脂肪含量较高的玉米品种，第类群适合筛选产量高及粗淀粉含量高的玉米品种，第类群适合筛选株高、穗位以及穗长数值较大的玉米品种。【结论】75个玉米材料有着比较丰富的遗传多样性，且数量性状之间均存在不同程度的相关性。主成分分析一共提取出 4 个主成分，累计贡献率为 71.36%，分别是产量因子、行粒数因子、粗蛋白因子、容重因子。聚类分析将 75 个玉米品种划分为了 3 个类群，这 3 个类群差异表现在容重、产量、株高等特征上。本研究为山西省玉米亲本的选配和性状改良奠定了研究基础。关键词：玉米品种；数量性状；主成分分析；相关性分析；聚类分析中图分类号：S5-33 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1004-874X（2023）05-0011-10Diversity Analysis of Quantitative Traits of Maize Varieties in Different Ecological Regions of Shanxi ProvinceWANG Yi,LIU Shouqu,GUO Feng,REN Xiaoyan,DUAN Yunping（College of Agriculture,Shanxi Agricultural University,Jinzhong 030801,China）Abstract:【Objective】To fully explore and utilize high quality maize varieties in different ecological regions of Shanxi Province.【Method】Correlation analysis,principal component analysis and cluster analysis were performed on 13 quantitative traits of 75 maize varieties from 4 ecological regions in Shanxi Province.【Result】Among the 13 quantitative characters,the variation coefficients of seed yield and crude starch content were small,which were 1.78%and 1.92%,respectively,indicating that these two characters could be inherited stably.The coefficient of variation of ear position and ether extract was 15.06%and 13.78%,respectively,indicating that ear position and ether extract of maize varieties had greater potential for selection.Yield was significantly positively correlated with growth period,total leaf number,plant height,ear position,row number,100-grain weight and seed production rate,and the correlation coefficients were 0.591,0.520,0.630,0.57,0.315,0.461 and 0.380,respectively.The yield was significantly negatively correlated with crude fat,12【研究意义】玉米是山西省第一大粮食作物，其单产和总产量均呈逐年增长的趋势，然而山西省气候多变且地形结构复杂，为推动该省玉米产业的发展，育种专家就需要对山西省不同生态区玉米长势情况进行调研与分析，并选育出高产、优质的玉米品种1-6。【前人研究进展】玉米的产量性状和品质性状均属于数量性状，这些性状除了会随着环境的变化而变化，更是受到多个基因的控制。郭欢乐等7对 139 个湖南省玉米地方品种进行表型性状鉴定，通过聚类分析和主成分分析对其进行类群划分和表型综合评价，最终将所有品种划分为 3 个类群，并筛选出 22 个表现优异的地方品种，为湖南玉米种质的创新利用提供重要资源。韩学琴等8为了研究金沙江干热河谷区不同青贮玉米品种生物产量变化与相关农艺性状的关系，以国内收集的 25 个青贮玉米品种为试验材料，采用相关性分析、主成分分析及灰色关联度的方法评价了这些品种在金沙江干热河谷区的生产潜力，最终发现株高、茎粗、叶长、青叶数等主要农艺性状与生物产量的相关性达到显著或极显著水平，且选出 3 个农艺性状优良、抗倒伏倒折、空秆率低的优良青贮玉米品种。周长军9采用主成分分析法和 AMMI 模型对 15 个玉米品种的 14 个性状进行综合分析，最终筛选出 2个适合在黑龙江省种植的高产稳产型品种。当前多数采用相关性分析、主成分分析以及聚类分析等方式来进行数量性状的遗传多样性研究，上述方法除用在玉米品种上，还被用在油菜10、番茄11、绿豆12、苎麻13、大豆14、谷子15、小麦16、粟米17等植物。【本研究切入点】近年来，虽然我国很多学者对玉米数量性状进行了详尽的研究，但由于采用了不同的种植环境以及不同的玉米品种，导致最终得出的结论也不尽相同。此外，不同区域的生态条件存在着显著差异，专家学者需要选育出适合不同区域生长的玉米品种。本文主要对山西省不同生态区玉米种质资源进行评价与筛选，积极推动山西省玉米育种工作的开展。【拟解决的关键问题】对收集到的 75 个山西省不同生态区玉米品种的 13 个数量性状（产量性状以及品质性状）进行调查，利用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析方法来对山西省不同生态区玉米品种的多样性进行研究，了解这些玉米品种的变异丰富程度，为后续山西省玉米育种研究提供参考。1 材料与方法1.1 试验材料选用山西省农业农村厅农作物审定公告的 75个玉米品种，具体信息如表1所示，参试品种包含：特早熟区玉米 19 个，早熟区 15 个，中晚熟区21 个，复播区 20 个。其中，山西南部复播玉米区包括临汾盆地和运城地区，常年活动积温大于3 700d，对照品种为郑单 958；山西春播特早熟玉米区是全省玉米分布最少、单产最低的地区，常年活动积温 2 0952 397 d，对照品种为德美亚 1 号；山西春播早熟玉米区主要分布于大同and the correlation coefficient was-0.438.The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first four principal components was 71.35%.The first principal component mainly reflected the yield,crude fat,ear position and total leaf number.The second principal component mainly reflected growth period,row number and crude starch.The third principal component mainly reflected the crude protein,crude starch,ear length and row number.The fourth principal component mainly reflects the bulk density.Cluster analysis showed that 13 quantitative characters of 75 maize varieties were divided into 3 groups,and the characteristics of each group were preliminarily defined.Group was suitable for screening maize varieties with higher bulk density,crude protein and crude fat content,group was suitable for screening maize varieties with high yield and high crude starch content.Group was suitable for screening maize varieties with higher plant height,ear position and ear length.【Conclusion】The 75 maize materials had rich genetic diversity,and the quantitative characters were correlated with each other to different degrees.A total of 4 principal components were extracted by principal component analysis,with a cumulative contribution rate of 71.36%,which were yield factor,row number factor,crude protein factor and bulk density factor.The 75 maize varieties were divided into three groups by cluster analysis.The differences of these three groups were shown in the characteristics of bulk density,yield and plant height.This study laid a foundation for the selection and character improvement of maize parents in Shanxi Province.Key words:maize varieties;quantitative character;principal component analysis;correlation analysis;cluster analysis13盆地、桑干河流域等地区，常年活动积温 2 6002 867 d，对照品种为大丰 30；山西春播中晚熟玉米区是山西省玉米主要产区之一，常年活动积温 2 6003 700 d，对照品种为先玉 335。1.2 试验设计试验于 2021 年 510 月在山西省的 4 个生态区试验点进行，其中特早熟区试验地位于岢岚县三井镇三井村，早熟区试验地位于五台县阳白乡智家庄村，复播区试验地为侯马高村乡西台神村，中晚熟区试验地位于定襄县智村。试验采用随机区组设计，3 次重复，每小区 5 行，行长6.67 m，行距 0.6 m，小区面积 20 m2，种植密度67 500 株/hm2。1.3 测定指标及方法10 月 4 日玉米乳熟期采收后每个品种取 6 株测量生育期X1（d）、总叶片数X2（片）、株高X3（cm）、穗位 X4（cm）。连续取 6 株室内考种，测量玉米穗长X5（cm）、行粒数X6（粒）、百粒质量X7（g）、出籽率X8（%），运用容重器测定玉米容重X9（g/L），凯氏定氮仪测定粗蛋白 X10（%），近红外法测定粗脂肪 X11（%），旋光仪测定粗淀粉 X12（%），最终称重计算产量 X13（kg/hm2）。试验数据使用SPSS 软件进行统计分析18。2 结果与分析2.1 山西省不同生态区玉米品种的数量性状从表 2、表 3 可以发现，75 个不同生态区玉米品种的变异幅度较大，介于1.78%15.06%之间，平均变异系数为 7.77%，其中变异幅度最大的是穗位，表明 4 个生态区中玉米穗位的遗传多样性较丰富，变异幅度最小的是粗淀粉。在产量性状中，生育期、总叶片数、株高、穗位、穗长、行粒数、百粒质量、出籽率、产量的平均值分别为119.77、19.92、276.72、100.91、19.41、37.69、表 1 山西省 4 个生态区的 75 个玉米品种Table 1 75 maize varieties from 4 ecological regions in Shanxi Province编号 No.生态区Ecotope品种 Variety 编号 No.生态区 Ecotope品种 Variety 编号 No.生态区 Ecotope品种 Variety 1特早熟区冠诚 59826早熟区赛博 17151中晚熟区谷瑞 6692特早熟区赛德 1327早熟区熙玉 30352中晚熟区易安 9183特早熟区玮玉 3 号28早熟区JKY30553中晚熟区先玉 17194特早熟区赛德 6 号29早熟区鑫丰盛 990354中晚熟区先玉 17135特早熟区赛德 7 号30早熟区辉玉 773355中晚熟区邦农 1516特早熟区DF79931早熟区力源 3 号56复播区HN5187特早熟区并单 6132早熟区强盛 25557复播区华玉 5188特早熟区天育 10133早熟区诚信 70758复播区德力 9099特早熟区利合 32834早熟区太育 18959复播区美硕 81610特早熟区先赢 1 号35中晚熟区杰尼 58860复播区先玉 175611特早熟区强盛 17836中晚熟区日茂 5 号61复播区德育丰 56812特早熟区尧玉 1637中晚熟区熙玉 50562复播区科丰 2613特早熟区赛德 1638中晚熟区德育丰 66863复播区龙生 30714特早熟区太玉 21939中晚熟区誉盛兴 80564复播区福盛园 19215特早熟区益田 16 号40中晚熟区益田 2065复播区辉玉 739116特早熟区双惠 20741中晚熟区鑫丰盛 990166复播区邦农 22017特早熟区日茂 1 号42中晚熟区晋育 36567复播区强盛 28818特早熟区梅亚 806643中晚熟区辉玉 70768复播区福盛园 9819特早熟区众德丰 1 号44中晚熟区鸿谷 170169复播区SZ1820早熟区青卓 68845中晚熟区中科瑞 36970复播区双惠 8821早熟区梅亚 160446中晚熟区HN55971复播区登海 S16622早熟区青卓 1 号47中晚熟区DK20572复播区恒玉 11823早熟区丰硕 59948中晚熟区A2073复播区晋生 68624早熟区益田 80949中晚熟区同丰 16174复播区沃育 66925早熟区日茂 7 号50中晚熟区先登 30275复播区K3314表 2 75 个玉米品种 13 个数量性状的测定结果Table 2 Results of 13 quantitative traits in 75 maize varieties品种编号No.of varietyX1(d)X2(leaf)X3(cm)X4(cm)X5(cm)X6X7(g)X8(%)X9(g/L)X10(%)X11(%)X12(%)X13(kg/hm2)1128.0021.00264.0098.0022.5042.0037.9087.90774.009.063.3075.51658.002119.0019.00259.0090.0018.0041.0033.0085.80754.0010.923.4274.84741.803128.0022.00305.00119.0019.0038.0034.4087.20756.0011.363.0873.40767.404105.0020.00278.00113.0020.1036.0031.0085.00762.009.093.8976.78608.805127.0020.00294.00120.0018.0034.0033.0086.00778.0010.444.2574.84801.606128.0021.00282.00103.0019.6041.0037.3087.70769.009.754.5073.26907.007105.0020.00274.00106.0020.1038.0036.1086.90753.008.493.7573.40662.108104.0020.00255.00101.0018.8036.0031.8085.90733.008.644.4075.48694.309128.0021.00272.00117.0019.7038.0034.3088.30774.0011.144.0074.68823.4010127.0020.00292.00105.0020.1038.0039.3085.50782.008.393.0877.74845.3011122.0018.00250.0085.0017.3036.0035.0083.40756.0010.694.1973.80670.8012127.0020.00282.00103.0018.5038.0033.9087.70791.0010.083.7173.28762.7013127.0020.00298.00104.0018.9036.0035.0087.10792.0010.793.6673.37752.8014101.0020.00295.00107.0018.7037.0032.5087.80780.008.523.7674.29644.8015126.0021.00291.00106.0019.5039.0038.5087.50749.0011.903.1374.56763.8016120.0017.00222.0073.5019.4039.0029.1080.90740.008.834.5475.72615.4017115.0018.00241.0076.0018.4041.0037.0085.70781.0010.164.1074.02584.8018120.0018.00238.0072.0020.1039.0032.4084.10754.0010.714.8472.18620.5019126.0020.00282.00121.0021.5038.0038.7087.40790.0010.003.5174.32914.2020105.0021.00265.0087.0019.0038.0036.9087.60760.0010.463.7676.16677.6021104.0021.00287.00106.0017.9035.0033.9085.00731.0010.413.0775.07660.1022123.0017.00265.0091.0020.0041.0030.4084.50775.009.724.3073.44725.3023127.0021.00274.0093.0019.7038.0035.9087.10806.009.483.2175.54779.7024118.0019.00215.5064.5019.2036.4030.2584.20769.009.324.9173.25589.4025131.0019.00289.0099.0018.1037.0033.6085.50766.009.194.6575.98760.9026128.0021.00318.00126.0020.4039.0037.9085.00734.0011.204.1772.76861.2027131.0019.00280.0097.0019.0038.0034.9085.30752.009.944.2374.88761.0028117.0016.00213.0064.0019.0039.0029.8083.20750.008.244.0875.72585.6029126.0021.00300.00115.0019.4040.0035.0085.70798.009.783.6676.22935.1030103.0020.00279.00109.0018.1033.0032.6086.30764.0010.584.2373.15700.6031131.0019.00278.5086.0018.6038.0034.8085.10776.009.574.4974.08764.8032104.0020.00268.00105.0017.8033.0034.2085.40778.0011.254.3672.30726.9033103.0020.00277.00102.0018.3034.0031.6085.70797.0010.154.7375.55676.5034127.0021.00336.00133.0020.4034.0040.5085.80757.0011.063.5673.53750.0035105.0021.00278.00102.0019.0037.0036.3086.40769.009.543.5174.59748.0036127.0021.00276.00109.0019.6038.0036.3088.10754.0010.593.6474.76773.1037127.0021.00288.00108.0020.1039.0038.4086.80800.008.623.6576.23899.1038127.0019.00276.0096.0018.6038.0037.4085.10756.0012.944.3170.19759.5039127.0020.00280.00105.0020.5037.0035.4086.40789.009.993.4075.09826.1040104.0020.00293.0096.0017.0033.0035.2085.00778.0010.253.4275.46718.6041127.0021.00292.00105.0019.8039.0036.2087.10763.009.613.2176.67790.6042128.0022.00321.00117.0020.1038.0033.5087.40754.009.204.1675.47757.7043128.0022.00310.0095.0021.7045.0040.0086.00776.0010.093.1574.76880.4044127.0018.00294.00105.0019.1037.7037.2086.00747.009.454.0674.40807.3045105.0019.00260.00105.0018.4031.0034.6082.10800.009.353.2177.19723.8046126.0021.00281.00110.0019.0040.0038.7087.60792.008.703.6775.11890.9047127.0021.00287.00107.0020.1041.0036.0086.60765.0010.523.7976.06774.8048115.0017.00230.0069.0019.9038.0036.6087.50786.0011.254.7372.95579.5049104.0019.00275.0094.0019.5037.0033.0083.10772.008.493.8676.62717.201535.26、86.00、750.88，其中变异系数最大的是穗位、为 15.06%，变异系数最小的是出籽率、为 1.78%。穗位最高的玉米品种为早熟区的辉玉 7733，最短为早熟区的并单 61。在品质性状中，容重、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗淀粉的平均值分别为769.61、9.99、3.85、74.83，其中变异系数最大的是粗脂肪、为13.78%，粗蛋白、容重和粗淀粉的变异系数分别为 10.22%、2.63%和 1.92%。粗脂肪含量最高的玉品种编号No.of varietyX1(d)X2(leaf)X3(cm)X4(cm)X5(cm)X6X7(g)X8(%)X9(g/L)X10(%)X11(%)X12(%)X13(kg/hm2)50128.0021.00287.00101.0021.5037.0035.8085.40760.0010.783.2575.93762.9051127.0021.00289.0090.0019.5038.0037.0087.20776.0010.333.2075.96905.7052129.0020.00270.00116.0021.8042.0036.9088.50757.009.633.8874.62765.0053105.0021.00286.00118.0021.5038.0033.3082.00778.007.573.7377.95681.1054104.0021.00287.0097.0018.6035.0031.7083.70770.009.884.1972.37691.3055104.0020.00277.00100.0019.8038.0035.5086.80761.009.203.5276.67731.3056104.0021.00259.00115.0017.5034.0034.3087.00756.0010.793.7675.23701.3057127.0021.00298.00114.0019.2037.0036.6086.70731.0010.723.2474.71771.7058127.0021.00272.00111.0019.1040.0034.3085.20730.0010.443.6974.12865.1059127.0019.00312.00114.0021.1037.0032.6085.80768.008.773.3975.41739.5060127.0021.00292.00111.0020.0041.0037.5088.30774.0010.283.4875.91906.8061115.0017.00223.0069.0019.3036.0034.0085.70774.0010.695.1473.73553.3062115.0017.00226.0073.0019.9039.0037.8085.70817.0012.135.3072.48576.8063119.0019.00249.0084.0017.2036.0033.3085.60731.0012.104.0174.22778.3064129.0019.00269.0090.0018.3039.0032.9084.80764.009.544.4776.23763.8065129.0021.00300.00114.0019.2039.0034.8087.50796.0010.634.1373.57795.0066105.0021.00286.00109.0019.2036.0038.1085.40776.0010.343.5775.42662.3067127.0020.00300.00133.0020.0038.0035.2086.30753.009.344.1674.36911.8068127.0019.00291.00103.0018.5037.0036.4087.00806.0011.213.5775.37840.0069104.0020.00254.0096.0017.7031.0036.4086.00764.0011.023.7273.05664.0070127.0020.00278.0093.0021.7037.0035.8085.60792.0010.173.3075.75767.5071127.0020.00260.0073.0021.7039.0039.7086.50818.009.974.3274.30767.5072127.0020.00305.00110.0020.0041.0040.7085.40788.008.033.2876.62848.9073126.0020.00284.00118.0018.4039.0035.3086.10791.009.513.4377.26848.9074128.0020.00270.0096.0019.9038.0035.6088.60752.009.533.0176.28838.4075104.0021.00270.00100.0020.0038.0035.5086.90756.009.083.5875.97736.70（续表 2）表 3 75 个玉米品种数量性状的多样性分析Table 3 Diversity analysis of quantitative traits in 75 maize varieties 性状 Trait变异范围 Range of variation 平均值 Average value标准差 Standard deviation 变异系数 Coefficient of variation生育期 Breed period(d)101.00131.00119.7710.128.45总叶片数 Total number of leaves16.0022.0019.921.306.55株高 Plant height(cm)213.00336.00276.7223.908.64穗位 Spike(cm)64.00133.00100.9115.1915.06穗长 spike length(cm)17.0022.5019.411.176.01行粒数 The number of grain31.0045.0037.692.476.55百粒质量 One hundred grain weight(g)29.1040.7035.262.527.15出籽率 Seed rate(%)80.9088.6086.001.531.78容重 Unit weight(g/L)730.00818.00769.6120.282.63粗蛋白 Crude protein(%)7.5712.949.991.0210.22粗脂肪 Crude fat(%)3.015.303.850.5313.78粗淀粉 Thick starch(%)70.1977.9574.831.441.92产量 Yield(kg/hm2)553.30935.10750.8892.1912.2816米品种为特早熟区的赛德 6 号，粗脂肪含量最低的玉米品种为中晚熟区的鸿谷 1701。2.2 不同生态区玉米品种数量性状的相关性分析对 75 个山西省不同生态区玉米资源的 13 个数量性状进行相关性分析，结果如表 4 所示，呈极显著相关的性状有 29 对，其中正相关 22 对、负相关 7 对；呈显著相关的性状有 7 对，其中正相关 5 对、负相关 2 对。产量与生育期、总叶片数、株高、穗位、行粒数、百粒质量以及出籽率间均呈极显著正相关。粗脂肪与总叶片数、株高、穗位以及百粒质量间呈极显著负相关，与出籽率间呈显著负相关。2.3 不同生态区玉米品种数量性状的主成分分析对 75 个山西省不同生态区玉米资源的 13 个数量性状进行主成分分析，结果（表5表6）发现，以特征值大于 1 为标准提取主成分，前 4 个主成分累计贡献率为 71.35%。其中，第 1 主成分（产量因子）的特征值为 4.33、贡献率为 33.33%，主表 4 不同生态区玉米品种数量性状的相关性分析Table 4 Correlation analysis of quantitative traits in maize varieties in different ecological zones数量性状Quantitative traitX1X2X3X4X5X6X7X8X9X10X11X12X13X11X20.0721X30.301*0.684*1X40.1420.667*0.808*1X50.347*0.2040.1820.1271X60.535*0.0470.037-0.090.525*1X70.335*0.379*0.383*0.249*0.360*0.291*1X80.285*0.463*0.306*0.314*0.1810.249*0.459*1X90.069-0.0390.014-0.0950.1600.0200.257*0.1241X100.130-0.003-0.051-0.065-0.278*-0.1710.1830.204-0.0861X11-0.108-0.573*-0.514*-0.453*-0.201-0.076-0.387*-0.274*0.0290.1381X12-0.0250.2070.1680.1820.1830.0920.004-0.0770.105-0.606*-0.481*1X130.591*0.520*0.630*0.570*0.1830.315*0.461*0.380*0.116-0.022-0.438*0.2101 注：*、*分别表示显著、极显著相关。Note:*and*indicate significant and exrtemely significant correlation,respectively.表 5 玉米品种数量性状中主成分方差因子的贡献率Table 5 Contribution rate of prin