1、一、逻辑关系连接词1。转折however意为“然而”,在句中与句子其他部分既可用逗号也可用分号隔开nevertheless意为“然而,不过,有时与but连用,表示“可是却”whereas 意为然而,但是”,用于比较或对比两个事实instead意为“而,却,表示对比关系instead of意为“而不是”,否定其后的内容rather than意为“而不是,与其毋宁”while意为“当时,而”,表示转折、并列或对比关系than在有比较级的句子中可以做关系代词,引导比较成分2。递进、顺接besides意为“除此之外还有,再说”moreover意为“而且,此外”in addition意为“此外,另外fu
2、rthermore意为“而且,此外”also意为“而且,还”indeed意为“确实,表示进一步确认in effect意为“实际上,表示递进或转折also意为“也”,表示递进和并列still意为“仍然,还有,尽管如此,然而”,表示递进或转折then意为“后来,那时”,表示顺接better still意为“更好的是”,表达递进3条件、让步unless意为“除非”,引导条件状语从句only if意为“只有”,引导条件状语从句if only意为“只要,要是就好,但愿”,表条件,一般与虚拟语气连用even if意为“即使”,表让步despite意为“尽管”although意为“虽然,尽管,即使表示转折,
3、假设和让步after all意为“毕竟”provided意为“倘若,表条件or else意为“否则,要不然lest意为“惟恐,以免”引导条件状语从句supposing意为“万一,假使”,表条件和假设now that意为“既然”,表条件so long as意为“只有”4。原因、 结果so that意为“因此,以便”,表因果和目的because意为“因为,由于”,强调原因状语从句,引导词只能用becausesince意为“自从,由于,既然”,表时间、因果和让步as意为“像一样,当时,由于,表比较,时间和因果for意为“对来说,因为”,表示原因due to意为“由于,因为”,后面跟一般原因accor
4、ding to意为“根据, 按照”,表示依据,常跟表示理论、思想之类的词as a result意为“结果”,表因果关系therefore意为“因此,所以”thus意为“因此,从而”,表示因果和递进hence意为“因此,从此”,表示因果关系5。比较、对比at first意为“起初,起先”,用来表示前后比较产生变化likewise意为“同理,同样”,用于同比in contrast意为“相反,表示对比unlike意为“与不同”on the contrary意为“相反”5。列举、举例above all意为“首先,用来列举条目at length意为“最后,终于”except for表示“除了”,它引出一
5、个与前面的词相反的原因或者事例as for意为“至于,就方面说”,用以转换话题和表现态度for instance意为“例如,放在句中多为插入语,后面不可直接加宾语for example意为“举例,例如”,表例证关系6能表示多种关系的常考:although意为“虽然,尽管,引导让步状语从句和两句子或分句的转折关系since意为“自从以后,以前,既然,引导时间、原因和让步状语从句while意为“当时,而,表示并列或对比关系in effect意为“实际上”,表示递进或转折as意为“像一样,当时,由于表比较,时间和因果thus意为“因此,从而”,表示因果和递进still意为“仍然,还有,尽管如此,然而
6、,表示递进或转折actually意为“真实地,真正地”,表示比较和转折二、副词1时间副词before意为“在之前”,用于表示位置和时间later意为“后来,稍后,随后”,表示时间between意为“在当中”,表示在空间、位置或时间的中间precedes意为“先于,表示在之前发生(或出现)”,表示时间after意为“在以后,由于”,用来指在时间和事物以后,或表示因果关系until意为“直到为止”,表时间,往往跟not连用previously意为“以前,表时间meanwhile意为“在此期间,与此同时,然而,用于表示递进或对比subsequently意为“后来”,用于表示承接和递进2。强调副词in
7、deed意为“实际上,确实”,表强调obviously意为“显然的”particularly意为“特别地,异常地,显著地”definitely意为“肯定无疑地,明确地presumably意为“大概的”generally意为“普遍的3.副词表示否定rarely意为“很少地,难得”,频率副词barely 意为“仅仅,几乎不,勉强”,表示否定概念,含义与hardly和scarcely相近hardly意为“几乎不”,表示否定3.逻辑副词accordingly意为“因此,于是表因果consequently意为“所以,因此,表因果contrarily意为“相反地”,表对比similarly意为“同样地,
8、类似于”,表比较simultaneously意为“同时地”,表比较4.其他incidentally意为“偶然地”by accident意为“偶然”by chance意为“偶然三、形容词1。assessable意为“可估价的,容易接近、得到和使用的”如“A telephone is put where it will be accessible。(把电话放到谁都能拿到的地方)available意为“可获得的”如:TV isnt yet available here.(这里还没有电视)2。be subject(to)易受影响的如:subject to colds (容易感冒的)be sensiti
9、ve(to)敏感的如:sensitive to criticism(对批评敏感)4.normal意为“正常的,平常的”如:Traffic was normal for a weekend.(就一个周末而言,交通情况是正常的)common意为“普通的,通常的”如:Lucy is a common name.(Lucy是个常见的名字)mean做形容词和名词可作为“平均之意,也有“优秀的之意如:What you do first is to calculate the mean。(你首先要做的是计算平均值)universal意为“全体的,普通的,大众化的”,有“全然没有例外”的意思如:Poverty
10、 is a universal problem all over the world。(贫困是世界各地普遍存在的问题)5.unique意为“唯一的,独特的”如:It was a unique and exquisite performance。(这是一次难得的精湛演出)particular意为“特定的,某一个”如:She was not attached to any particular city。(她并不眷恋与某个特定的城市)special意为“特别的, 特殊的”如:Would she be prepared to undertake a special job for the organ
11、ization?(她准备为组织承担一项特殊任务吗?)rare意为“稀罕的,珍贵的”如:Dianes hobby is collecting rare books。(戴安娜的业余爱好是收藏珍本书籍)typical意为“有代表性的,特有的,糟糕的”如:It was typical tropical weather。(这是典型的热带天气)6.identifiable意为“可以确认的”如:The police found an unidentifiable woman buried in the back yard。(警察发现后院埋了一具不明身份的女尸)determined意为“下定决心的,果敢的”如
12、:He is determined to win the end。(他下定决心要争取最后的胜利)indefinite意为“不确定的如:The union gave notice of indefinite strike. (工会发出无限期罢工的通知)tentative意为“实验性的,不确定的”如:A few tentative conclusions may be drawn.(也许可以得出几个暂时性的结论)negligible意为“可以忽略的,不予重视的”如:In buying a suit, a difference of ten cents in prices is negligible
13、。(买一套衣服价钱只差一角钱是无所谓的)7.improbable意为“不大可能发生的”,指可能性很小如:It is improbable that she will go.(她不大可能会走)improper意为“不适当的,不正确的,不得体的”如:an act improper to the occasion(不合时宜的行为).8。be immune to意为“免疫的,不受影响的”如:immune to persuasion(不能被说服的)be resistant to意为“有抵抗力的如:resistant to corrosion(抗腐蚀的)durable原义是“能够抵抗磨损,撕扯或腐蚀的”,
14、引伸义是“耐用的,持久的”如:a durable friendship(持久的友谊)9. incredible意为“难以置信的,惊人的”如:He was dressed with incredible speed. (他以惊人的速度穿好了衣服)。distrusted意为“不被信任的,受怀疑的”如:He keeps his savings under his mattress,because he distrusts the banks.(他把自己的积蓄藏在床垫下面,因为他不信任银行)have no faith in意为“不信任”如:They have no faith in the gover
15、nment。 (他们不信任政府)10。illegal意为“非法的,强调不符合法律规定如:It is illegal in many countries for women to work on night shifts。(在许多国家妇女上夜班是非法的)illogical意为“不符合逻辑的”,强调不合逻辑如:Sometimes illogical behaviors may result in a great invention。(有时不合逻辑的做法可能会导致伟大的发明)irrational意为“无理性的,不合理的”,强调感情和行为的无理性如:His anxiety was irrational
16、.(他的忧虑是毫无依据的)11.multiple意为“复合的,众多的,多样的”如:a man of multiple interests (兴趣广泛的人)variety意为“多样,多样性,与multiple常可换用如:A variety of activities should be organized。(组织各种各样的活动)12.excessive指“过多的,过量的,额外的”,多为贬义如:excessive drinking(酗酒)surplus意为“多余的,过剩的”,指比需要的或必需的更多如:surplus population(过剩人口)petitive意为“竞争的”如:Until re
17、cently schools tended to be so competitive.(直到最近学校内的竞争都很激烈)controversial意为“有争议的,强调有很多不同意见如:There has been controversial view。 (看法有争议)compatible意为“协调的,(性格)合得来的”如:We werent really compatible.(我们并不是真正意气相投)comprehensive意为“全面的,广泛的,综合的”如:Here is a comprehensive list of the items in stock.(这儿有一份所有存货的完整清单)1
18、5.pessimistic意为“(意见和态度)悲观的如:Success now seems very remote and he felt pessimistic. (成功看似非常遥远,他感到很悲观)paradoxical表示“似是而非的”,强调自相矛盾如:The need to conquer was only one part of Napoleons paradoxical character。(征服的需要只是拿破仑充满矛盾的性格中的一部分)perspective意为“正确、如实地(观察事物)”,也用作名词,常做“in perspective如:We ought to get it in
19、 some kind of perspective。(我们应该对这个问题作出某种恰当的估计)也常做“in ones right perspective”,也表示“正确、如实地(观察事物),如:see problems in their right perspective(如实地看待问题)16。be hostile to意为“与敌对如:a new government that is hostile to us.(一个对我们不友善的新政府)be contrary to表示“与相反”如:Be contrary to popular belief, the desert can produce cr
20、ops.(与一般人的看法相反,沙漠是能产庄稼的)as against意为“与对照,对比”如:This is the distinguishing quality of the human as against the animal creature.(这是表明人类有别于动物的特殊品质)常用weigh sth. against sth.或sth. is weighed against sth.是固定搭配,意为“权衡,斟酌如:weigh one plan against another(比较一计划与另一计划的优劣)17。fundamental意为“基本的,根本的,必要的”如:the fundame
21、ntal principles on which society is based(社会基于若干基本原则)essential意为“主要的,核心的,本质的,必不可少的如:The essential point is we must do what the contract says.(核心的一点是我们必须按照合同的规定去做)inevitable意为“不可避免的,必然发生的”如:If this policy continues, then violence is inevitable.(这种政策持续下去的话,暴力将不可避免)18.incredible意为“难以置信的,了不起的如:They were
22、 wearing incredible uniforms.(他们穿着不可思议的制服)instrumental意为“起作用的,有助于”,一般做表语如:Technical innovation is instrumental in improving the qualities of products.(技术革新有助于提高产品的质量)by means of意为“用,依靠,通过手段强调手段或工具Thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech(一个人的思想能够借助于语言传递给另一个人)四、动词
23、1.put意为“表达,陈述,翻译”,常考熟词僻意如:They cannot put their feelings into words.(他们无法用言语来表达他们的感情)interpret意为“解释,口译”,相当于explain如:How can I interpret his behavior? (我怎么解释他的行为)conclude意为“推论出,结束”如:Darwin concluded that men were descended from apes。(达尔文断定人类是猿的后裔)indicate意为“表示,暗示,陈述”如:Evidence indicates that the expe
24、riments were unsuccessful。(证据表明这些实验没成功)account for意为“解释(不良行为)如:I was called to account for my conduct by the headmaster.(我被校长要求解释我的不良行为)assume意为“假定,设想,认为”,是主观推断或看法如:I assume that the misunderstanding will be cleared up。(我想这误会将会澄清)2。indicate意为“显示,暗示”The symptoms indicate immediate surgery.(症状表明需要立即做外
25、科手术)。Manifest意为“表明,证明He doesnt manifest much interest in his studies。(他对学业没多大兴趣)3.concern名词或动词,意为“忧虑,关注”如:He insists there is no cause for concern.(他坚持认为不必担忧)center on意为“以 为中心,集中于”如:Her novels centered on the problems of adolescence。(她的小说以青少年问题为中心)focus on意为“把注意力等集中在如:You must try to focus your mind
26、 on work and study。(你应该努力把思想集中在工作和学习上)consider意为“考虑到,鉴于”,名词的用法常做take sth。 into consideration意为“考虑如:I had already begun to consider the possibility of joining a new company。(我当时已开始考虑加入一家新公司的可能性)protest意为“主张,断言”,做名词意为“声明,抗议如:a storm of protest(一阵/片猛烈的抗议)。4.ignore意为“(主观上)忽视”如:I went on taking and ignor
27、ed his tears. (我无视他的眼泪继续讲下去)disregard意为“不顾,不理会,与ignore常换用,也用作名词如:We are not honest men of science if we disregard the facts.(我们若无视这些事实就不是城市的科学工作者)notice意为“觉察,注意到”,常用做名词,take no notice of sth.意为“不理会”如:No one took any notice of it after that.(自那以后就没人理会了)object意为“反对”5.present意为“呈献”,一般指正式的呈递如:The commit
28、tee is presenting its investigation report next week.(委员会将于下星期提出调查报告)manifest意为“表明,证明如:He doesnt manifest much interest in his studies。(他对学业没多大兴趣)indicate意为“显示,暗示”The symptoms indicate immediate surgery。(症状表明需要立即做外科手术)6。survive意为“经历(.。.后依然活着),幸免于”如:Only two people survived the fire。(这场火灾只有两个人幸免于难)co
29、mmit意为“承担(责任和义务),承诺,做(不好的事)如:They want to experiment with computers without committing themselves to any capital expenditure。(他们想要在不承担任何指出的情况下试验计算机)undertake意为“承担,许诺,做(工作)”如:He undertook the mission reluctantly.(他勉强承担了这个任务)7。当change作名词“变化含义时,常搭配的动词有:make, have, take, bring about, experience, accommo
30、date (to), adapted to, adjust to等experience change表达“经历着变化”8.常与control构成的搭配动词有:gain, take, lose, seize control of, have/hold control over,set up controltighten legal control表示“加强法律控制”offer control意为“提供监控”五、名词1.explanation意为“解释,说明”如:Even though it is a plausible explanation, I am not completely convi
31、nced。(虽然这个解释合理,但仍不可能使我完全相信)interpretation意为“解释,阐明”,一般与explanation可互换如:This passage is open to a variety of interpretations。 (这段文字可以有不同的解释)inference名词,意为“推断,结论”,一般指有依据的推断如:The inference drawn from data have led to some major changes in our policy.(从资料得出的推论是我们的政策有了一些大的改变)2.consent意为“同意,赞成,允诺如:It is a
32、splendid idea, I give my consent.(这是个极好的主意,我同意)admission意为“允许进入,承认,坦白”,表示获得加入某个团体或机构的权利,必须与to或into搭配如:Chinas admission to the United Nations(允许中国加入联合国)3。insurance意为“保险security意为“安全”4。ability指“去做某件事情的能力(精神的或生理的)”如:childrens ability to learn(孩子们的学习能力)capability意为“才能,强调生长、发展或成功的一种潜能如:The little girl ha
33、s great capability as a singer and should be trained.(这个小女孩很有当歌手的才能,应该加以训练)faculty指“内在的、天生的力量或能力”,常与capability换用如:the faculty to learn languages(学语言的能力)。availability 可获得性,有效性,实用性如:It is a widespread reduction in the world availability of oil. (全球获得石油的可能性普遍下降)5。exhibition意为“展览(会),显示”如:The film was re
34、fused a licence for public exhibition.(那部影片未得到公开放映的许可)demonstration意为“示范,证明,示威”如:The woman giving the demonstration spoke in a loud voice.(那位做示范的女士说话声音很大)6.individual名词或形容词,意为“个人(的),个体”如:He seems to be a somewhat eccentric individual。(他似乎是个有些古怪的人)personnel意为“人员,全体员工,人事部门”如:Weve advertised for extra
35、security personnel。(我们已经登出广告招聘额外的保安人员)native意为“本地人”如:He is a native of Northern Ireland。(他是北爱尔兰人)inhabitant意为“居民”如:inhabitant of this town(本镇居民)peoples意为“民族如:the beliefs of various peoples across the world(全世界各民族的不同信仰)7。proficiency意为“熟练,精通如:You need some proficiency in book keeping for this job。(你需要
36、相当精通簿记才能承担这项工作)efficiency意为“效率,功效”如:an increase in business efficiency(经营效率的提高)awareness of意为“意识,知道”如:the present public awareness of the need for conservation(目前公众对需要保护自然资源的觉悟)8。补充:ency/ence和ility/ity是常见的形容词变为名词的后缀,都表示“性质、状态、情况”,如:proficiency=proficient精通+cy,efficiency=efficient有效率的+cy,innocence=in
37、nocent天真的+ce,urgency=urgent紧急的+cy,emergency=emergent紧急的+cy;capability=capable能干的+ility,responsibility=responsible有责任的+ility,juvenility=juvenile青少年的+ity,servility=servile奴性的+ity,fragility=fragile易碎的+ity五、词组1. 短语动词短语动词指的是由动词加介词、副词或其他词构成的固定词组.最常见的几类短语动词包括:动+介,动+副,动+名+介,动+副+介。1) 动词+介词/动词+副词a) up用于短语动词一般
38、表示位置或动态,常见搭配的动词有:gather up意为“收集,蜷缩,概括如:The child gathered up his toys and put them away。(孩子把他的玩具收拾起来放好)work up意为“逐步建立,逐步发展,逐步引起,整理”如:I worked up this business from nothing。(我在一无所有的情况下把这个事业逐步发展起来的,或,我白手起家)pick up意为“拾起,染上,学到,整理,收听到,好转如:Trade has been slack for the past six months, but it is now pickin
39、g up。(过去六个月里商业一直很萧条,但现在情况正在好转)另有:sum up意为“总结”; speed up意为“加速”;beat up意为“毒打”;choke up意为“说不出话”;dress up意为“盛装”;end up意为“结束”;hold up意为“阻止,妨碍;mix up意为“混淆”;play up意为“强调”;sign up意为“签约”;take up意为“从事”;wash up意为“洗餐具;give up to意思是“让给”b) on用于短语动词一般表示在某方面和关于某事,常见搭配的动词有:rely on意为“依赖,依靠如:She relies on her parents
40、for tuition.(她的学费依赖于父母)act on意为“对起作用”如:Alcohol acts on the brain。(酒精对大脑起作用)comment on意为“对做出评论如:He commented on the bad weather here.(他对这里糟糕的天气发表评论)。carry on意为“继续开展,坚持”;insist on意为“坚持”,强调“一定要”;lead on意为“引导,率领继续前进”;center on意为“以 为中心,围绕;集中于;agree with/to/on意为“同意”;cast light on = explain 意为“解释”c) for用于短
41、语动词一般表示目的和原因和代表,常见搭配的动词有:account for意为“解释(不良行为)”如:I was called to account for my conduct by the headmaster。(我被校长要求解释我的不良行为)plan for意为“计划,打算,策划”如:They can help students acquire a sense of commitment by planning for roles.(他们能够帮助学生获得一种责任感,通过为他们策划一些角色)thirst for意为“渴望如:It is the thirst for the absolute
42、which is inherent in human nature。 (这是人性中固有的对绝对的渴望)make for意为“走向,有利于,倾向于,导致”;stand for意为“代表,代替,象征,支持”;take for意为“当作,误认为”;allow for意为“考虑到”;answer for意为“对负责”;apply for意为“申请”;arrange for意为“安排”;ask for意为“问候”;crave for意为“渴望”;fall for意为“深信,倾心于”;go in for意为“爱好”;hope for意为“希望”;hanker for意为“渴望”;hunt for意为“寻找
43、”;have a taste for意为“喜好”;speak for意为“为辩护”;search for意为“要求,寻找”2) 有部分动词形成的短语动词特别丰富,这些动词包括:bring,call,cast,catch,come,cut,get,give,go,keep,leave,let,look,make,put,set,take,turn,throw,以下为常考的:a) lead out意为“开始,领舞伴起舞”lead off意为“开始”,同beginb) turn around表示“转过身turn up表示“出现”turn over表示“翻转”turns out证明是c) let do
44、wn意为“使失望let out意为“放掉,泄露,放大,出租”let alone意为“不管, 不打扰”let off意为“放出,饶恕,准许暂停工作d) put forward意为“提出”put down意为“放下e) get over意为“克服”get down to的意思是“归因于”get over to的意思是“让某人明白某事”3) 动词+名词+介词a) give advice on sth.表达“提出方面的建议”give thought to意为“想过,思考”give sb. an/some idea of意为“使了解的情况give advice to意为“提建议give up to的意思
45、是“让给”b) have/make a great impact on sth.意为“对影响很大”如:This book had a great impact on its readers.(这本书对读者有很大的影响)have a good/bad opinion of意为“对印象很好/不好如:After their bad results, they are not likely to have a very good opinion of themselves.(由于考试成绩差,他们不太可能自视过高)4) 其他be confident about意为“对有信心be rooted in表示“
46、来源于六、介词短语1) in general意为“通常, 一般说来”如:Children in general are fond of candy.(孩子一般都喜欢糖果)in terms of意为“按照,在方面,从角度”如:It has been a terrible year in terms of business.(就做生意而言,这是很糟糕的一年)in the light of意为“按照,根据”如:This development is significant in the light of what happened later.(从后来发生的情况来看,这一发展意义重大)according to意为“根据,以为准,表示依据,常与表示理论、依据的词连用如:According to Dr。Santos, the cause of death was drowning.(据Santos医生判断,死亡原因是溺亡)in/with regard to意为“关于,在某一点来说如:My upbring was fairly strict in regard to obedience and truthfulness.(就要求顺从和诚实而言,我幼时所受的教育是相当严格的)in the form of意为“以的形式”;in the process (of)意为“在