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超越外语高考复习语法知识汇总材料
第一章 名 词
l 名词的数
一、 可数名词和不可数名词的区别
1. 定义:
可数名词:普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,有单复数之分
不可数名词:没有单复数之分,物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词
2. 可数名词和不可数名词的主要区别:
1) 可数名词可以被a/an修饰,且有复数形式,而不可数名词不可以被a/an修饰,且没有复数形式
2) 有些限定词只能修饰可数名词,某些则只能修饰不可数名词,而某些则既能修饰可数名词又能修饰不可数名词
ü 只能修饰可数名词的有:few, many= a number of, a great/good many, a great many of等
ü 只能修饰不可数名词的有:much, little, a large amount of, a great deal of
ü 即可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有:some, any, plenty of, a lot of, a large quantity of
ü 只能修饰可数名词单数的有: many a, more than one
3) 有些不可数名词有相应的名词表其个体:
Bread— a loaf, work- a job, clothing- a garment, poetry— a poem, traffic— a vehicle, jewellery- a jewel
4) 有些不可数名词加s,含义发生变化。如:
Time时间- times时代;paper纸-papers文件,报纸,论文,卷纸;manner方式- manners礼貌, water水- waters水域
二、 可数名词复数的构成规则如下:
1. 大部分名词构成复数时,在词尾加s,如:
Cup –cups, truck-trucks
2. 以因素[s] [z][ tʃ][dʒ] [ʒ] ,结尾的名词构成复数时,在词尾加- es,如,
Bus- buses, box—boxes, bridge –bridges, watch— watches
3. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:
City— cities, party— parties, body— bodies
4. 以元音字母加y结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:
Boy— boys, play— plays, day- days, key— keys
5. 以辅音字母加o结尾的名词构成复数时,通常在词尾加es,也有特殊情况,如:
1) Hero- heroes, potato- potatoes, tomato- tomatoes, negro— negroes, mango— mangoes, buffalo— buffaloes, echo(回声)—echoes, tornado(龙卷风)- tornadoes, torpedo(鱼雷)— torpedoes, domino(多米诺骨牌)- dominoes, veto(否决,否决权)— vetoes, mosquito(蚊子)- mosquitoes
2) 一些外来词,特别是音乐方面的词,在词尾加s,如:
Piano— pianos, solo(独唱,独奏)- solos, concerto(协奏曲)- concertos, tobacco- tobaccos, motto(座右铭)—mottos, cello(大提琴)- cellos
3) 一些缩写词和专有名词,在词尾加s,如:
Kilo( kilogram)-kilos, photo( photograph)— photos, memo(memorandum)- memos
6. 以元音字母加o的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:
Video- videos, radio— radios, studio— studios, folio(对开纸)- folios, oratorio(清唱剧)- oratorios, embryo(胚胎)- embryos, zoo- zoos, bamboo(竹子)- bamboos, kangaroo- kangaroos, taboo(戒律)— taboos
注:有些以O结尾的单词,即可加s也可加es,如: volcano
7. 一些以f, fe结尾的名词构成复数时,把f, fe变成v, 再加es,如:
Half— halves, leaf- leaves, knife- knives, thief— thieves,self—selves, life- lives, wife- wives, shelf- shelves, loaf- loaves, wolf— wolves
口诀:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成了两半
8. 一些以f, fe结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:
Gulf(鸿沟)-gulfs, serf(农奴)—serfs, belief- beliefs, chief(酋长)— chiefs, cliff(悬崖)— cliffs, proof- proofs, roof— roofs
口诀:海湾农奴信酋长,悬崖证据上房顶
注:以上两种情况均可的
Wharf(码头), dwarf(侏儒), scarf(围巾), handkerchief(手绢),
9. 名词变复数不规则变化大体有以下变化
1) 单复数形不同,如
Man –men, woman- women, foot— feet, tooth— teeth, mouse- mice, child— children, emphasis( 强调)- emphases
注:以man构成的合成词,是man变成men如:
Englishman- Englishmen, Frenchman- Frenchmen, dustman- dustmen
但German— Gemans, human— humans因为他们不是合成词
2) 单复数词形相同,如
Deer, sheep, fish, works,(工厂) means( 方式、途径), Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, bellows( 风箱), series, crossroad, horsepower及由汉语拼音拼出的计量单位,如: yuan, li, jin,英语中原有的计量单位不在此列,如:dollar— dollars, pound— pounds, metre-metres
除上述情况外,关于名词数的问题还应注意以下几个方面
有些名词只有复数形式,一般不直接受数词或a(an)修饰,如果要表示数量用相应的起量词作用的名词。Clothes, glasses, trousers, compasses, scissors( 剪刀)等
A pair of glasses, two suits of clothes
注意:此时谓语动词和前面的量词保持一致。如
A pair of glasses is on the table
Two pairs of glasses are on the table
3) 有些名词只有复数,没有单数
Police, people, cattle
4) 有些集合名词即可做单数,指整体;又可作复数,指该集体的成员,指整体时,谓语用单数;指成员时,谓语用复数。常用的名词有:
Family, class, group, team, party, public等。
比较下列句子
The team is made up of 12 members
The team are having a bath now
My family is going to move to Paris
My family usually watch TV after supper
5) 合成名词的复数形式,通常将其中所包含的中心词变为复数,如
passer-by变成 passers-by, grown—up变成 growns—up, father –in –law 变成fathers —in –law, boy student- boy students
6) 以s 结尾的专用名词,如: the New York Times, the United Nations, the United States等,表示事物的整体,谓语用单数,但有些表示群岛,山脉的专有名词,谓语常用复数。如:
The United States is a highly developed country
The Alps are in Europe
7) 字母、数字、引语或缩略(词)语的复数形式是在其后加‘s或s, 如
There are two f‘s in the word "office”
Many VIPs are coming to our city
8) 名词作定语,通常用单数形式,即使在意义上是复数的(如shoes)或总用作复数的名词(如trousers)也是如此如:
There are twenty boy students in our class
They are his girl friends
Trouser pockets
注意:
a) 当sports, customs, arms, clothes, sales 和accounts做定语时,不能变成单数修饰名词,如
A sports car一辆赛车,a customs officer一个海关官员,arms production武器的生产,a clothes shop一家服装店,a salesgirl一个女售货员, an accounts department一个会计部门
b) 但当 man, woman作定语时,如果被修饰的名词是复数,man和woman也要变成复数。如:
A woman doctor, two women doctors; a man teacher, two men teachers
三、 不可数名词的数
不可数名词一般情况下没有复数变化。物质名词需要计数时,通常用起量词作用的名词词组来表示,如
A piece of advice/ work/ news/ meat/ coal/ music
A cup of tea/ coffee/ water/, two bottles of milk, a bag of rice
A set of furniture, two drops of water
注意:
1. 有些不可数名词是以s结尾,不要误以为是可数名词,如
News, maths, physics, politics等,它们如作主语,谓语用单数
2. 在有些情况下,名词作定语,和of作定语,含义不同,如
A cup of coffee一杯咖啡, a coffee cup 咖啡杯
l 名词的格
现代英语名词有两个格,通格和所有格。当名词在句中做主语,宾语或补语时,名词无词性变化,称之为通格,当一个名词去修饰句中另一个名词时,有时用通格,有时用‘s属格,或of 属格
1. 所有格的构成
在名词后加‘s,如 Mary’s books, the boy's girl friend
1) 如果名词以s结尾,变复数时再词尾的s右上方加'
The students’ desks, these girls’ mother
2) 如果名词复数是不规则名词,所有格的构成是加‘s, 如
The Children's Palace, women’s clothes
3) 当and连接两个或几个并列名词时,如果所有格后的名词为两人或几人共同所有,只将最后一个名词变成所有格,如:
Tom and Mary’s books; Jean and my sister’s books
4) 如果所有格后的名词为两个或几个分别所有,则在每个名词后都加‘s,如:
Tom's and Mary's mother;John's and Jean’s photos
5) 表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等所有格后的名词可省略,尤其当后面的名词是表示处所的名词 At the doctor’s, at the tailor’s, at the teacher’s, at the barber’s
2. ‘s属格与of属格的通用和区别
1) 一般来说,‘s属格多用于有生命的名词,而of属格则主要用于无生命的名词(但在现代英语中,这一界限已被打破,如:Newton’s laws, 也可以说成 the laws of Newton; the rules of the game, 也可以说成the game's rules)
注:a) 有生命的名词也可用of所有格形式,如:a photo of the baby
b) 但当’s属格表示“类别”属性,不可用Of属格,如:
A doctor's degree博士学位,a teacher’s book教师用书
2) 如果‘s属格表示的是具体名词“个别"的属性,可用of属格,如:
The doctor’s arrival= the arrival of the doctor
注:a doctor’s degree, a teacher’s book表示的是“泛指类别",没有具体指哪个人,而the doctor ‘s arrival表示的是“具体的特征",译成“那位医生的到来”,可以换成 the arrival of the doctor
3) 名词通格作定语和‘s属格作定语的差别。
名词通格作定语表示泛指的类别,‘s属格作定语表示具体的特指。如:
Car engines are made in this factory(轿车发动机,不是其他类别的发动机)
That car's engine needs repairing(那台轿车的发动机,具体特指)
They are having afternoon tea(他们在喝午茶)
Yesterday’s afternoon tea has gone bad(昨天的午茶坏了)
4) 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以在词尾加‘s或’构成所有格如:
用于时间 an hour's ride
用于度量 thirteen tons’ weight
用于价值 a hundred yuan’s order
用于天体 the earth’s satellite
用于国家 Belgium’s capital
用于城市 Changchun’s agriculture
注:当today, yesterday, tomorrow分别表示“现在,过去,将来”时,只能用of属格,如:
地点加‘s作定语,表示的关系是“所属”和范围,相应形容词作定语,说明的是属性和性质.如:
China's resources(资源世界各国都有,China’s resources指在中国范围内,属于中国的资源)
China's agriculture, China's industry, Beijing’s streets
Chinese history(世界各国都有本国的历史, China’s resources是阐述中国的历史,说明历史的属性)
China’s food, Chinese food
二、 双重所属格
1. 构成
A /two/this/that/these/those+名词+of+所有格/名词性物主代词。如:
That invention of his will greatly benefit the whole world
I don’t like that daughter of yours.
He is a friend of my father’s。
2. 双重所有格与所有格的区别
He is my father's friend。 他是我父亲的朋友(说明一件事实)
He is a friend of my father’s. 他是我父亲的一个朋友(强调数量,相当于He is one of my father’s friends)
His invention will greatly benefit the whole world(说明事实)
That invention of his will greatly benefit the whole world。(带有赞扬的感情色彩)
注:有些名词,在of后面有所属格和普通格,含义不同。常用的这类名词有opinion(意见)/portrait/ picture/ photo/ criticism(批评).比较:
An opinion of the teacher对教师的意见
An opinion of the teacher's教师的意见
A portrait of my father,我父亲的肖像
A portrait of my father's我父亲收藏的肖像
A photo of him一张他的照片
A photo of his 他所拥有的一张照片
A criticism of the headmaster对校长的批评
A criticism of the headmaster’s校长的批评
单项选择
3. It is known to all that an ant has _______. ( )
A。 a stomach B。 two stomach C。 two stomaches D two stomachs
4. _______ like eating________ . ( )
A. Heroes, potatos B. Negroes, potatoes C. Heros, potatos D。 Negros, potatoes
5. The housewives cooked two _______ and she asked us to help ourselves to some______。 ( )
A。 chicken, chickens B. chickens, chickens C. chickens, chicken D。 chicken, chicken
6. I saw ______ lying on the ground。 ( )
A。 a ten— pound note B。 a ten- pounds note C. ten—pound note D。 ten- pounds notes
7. These _____ are playing with these ______。 ( )
A。 babys, monkeys B。 babies, monkeis C. babies, monkeys D. babys, monkies
8. Long live the friendship between ______ of China and Japan! ( )
A。 two people B. the two people C. the two peoples D。 two peoples
9. We had many _______ taken on the Great Wall. ( )
A. photos B。 a photo C。 photo D。 pieces of photos
10. Some ______ lay eggs in the water, others produce living young。 ( )
A。 fish B。 fishes C. fishs D。 kind of fish
11. Mr。 Smith goes to church on _______。 ( )
A。 a Sunday B。 Sundays C. the Sunday D. the Sundays
12. I’ll give you ______ to finish the work. ( )
A。 two weeks time B. two week's time C. a two- week time D。 two weeks’ time
13. We must find ______ to reach him
A。 way B. a means C. a mean D。 meaning
14. Father bought ______ for us the other day
A. tooth – brush B. teeth- brushes C. tooth- brushes D。 teeth brush
15. Let’s change _____
A. seat B。 a seat C. seats D。 the seat
16. We can meet at____
A. Mr. Brown B。 Mr. Brown’s C. Mr. Browns’ D. Mr. Browns
17. Isn’t it getting dark early?
-- I think so. I see ____ are already on。
A. the lights of the street B。 the street lights
C。 the street’s lights D. the light street
18. There are ______ in this class
A. four Marys B。 the four Marys C。 four Marries D。 the four Marries
19. He shot two wild _____ and caught five _____
A. sheep, fishes B. sheeps, fish C. sheeps, fishes D. sheep, fish
20. ______will be sent to work in our hospital
A. A man doctor and two woman doctors
B。 A men doctor and two women doctors
C。 A man doctor and two women doctors
D, A man doctor and two woman doctors
21. The heavy flood caused ten ______
A. dead B. death C。 deaths D。 die
22. Yesterday afternoon, I and my mother went to several ____ shops
A。 flower B。 flowers C。 flower’s D。flowers’
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