常用100词根说课讲解.doc

常用100词根

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常用100词根
1. ag, act [L]=to do, to drive做，驱使
词根ag来自拉丁动词agere的词干部分，意思相当于英语的to do（做）或to drive（驱使）。act是个英语核心单词，其实它的前身act是ag的同源异形词根，来自agere的动名词形式 actum的词干部分，基本含义也是to do或to drive。下面先分析几个由ag构成的常见派生词。

agent [ag=to do做；-ent n.=person人→“person who does 办事者”→] n. person who works for another person or organization 代理人：a sales agent 代售商
▽ agential [agent;-ial a.] a.代理人的；起媒介作用的

agency [ag=to do做；-ency n.=the quality or state of 表性质或状态→“the abiliy or place of doing business 办事的能力或场所”→] n.①power or force which causes a result 力量；作用：human agency 人力② the office of an agent;service organization 代理处；机构：travel agency 旅行社

agenda [ag=to do做；-enda（-a表复数）n.=things事情→“things to be done要办的事项”→] n. list of things to be discussed or decided upon议事日程：the most important item on the agenda议事日程的首项

agile [ag=to do做；-ile a.=able能……的→“able to do能干的”→] a. able to do or move quickly or easily 敏捷的；灵活的：as agile as a monkey像猴子般灵活
▽ agility [agil(e);-ity] n.敏捷；灵活

agitate [ag=to drive or keep moving 驱使，使运动；-itate（-ate）v.=make or cause使……→“cause to keep moving steadily引起不断的动荡”→] v. disturb鼓动：The audience were agitated by his speech听众被他的演说所鼓动。
▽agitation [agitat(e);-ion n.] n.鼓动；激动不安
agitator [agitat(e);-or n.] n.鼓动者

以下介绍的是几个常用act的同根词。
act [act=to do 做→“to do what is required 做要求的事”→] v. ① do something行动：to act at once立刻行动 ② function起作用：The brakes wouldn't act.刹车失灵。③ take part in a play or film扮演：Who is acting Hamlet? 谁演哈姆雷特？
▽ actor [act;-or n.] n.男演员；行动者
actress [act (o)r;-ess n.] n.女演员
re-act [re-;act v.] v.重做，再做；重演，再演
overact [over-;act v.] v.演得过于夸张

action [act=to do做；-ion n.=the process or result表过程或结果→] n.① process of doing, or deed 行动，活动：Actions speak louder than words.行动比语言更有说服力。② result of doing, or effect 作用：the action of an acid on metal 酸对金属的作用 ③ charge 诉讼：to bring an action against someone 起诉某人
▽ actionable [action;-able a.] a.可控诉的

active [act=to do做；-ive a.=able会……的→] a. able to do活跃的，积极的：Although he is over 70, he is still active.他虽然年过70，但依然很活跃。
▽ activate [activ(e);-ate v.] v.使活动
activism [activ(e);-ism n.] n. [哲] 能动主义；积极，活跃
activist [activ(e);-ist n.] n.活动分子，积极分子
activity [activ(e);-ity n.] n.能动性；活跃；[复] 活动

actual [act=to do做；-u-;-al a.=the act or fact 表行为或事实→] a. existing in fact;real实际的；现实的：the actual amount of money实际金额
▽ actualist [actual;-ist n.] n.现实主义者
actuality [actual;-ity n.] n.事实，现存情况；现实性
actualize [actual;-ize v.] v.实行，使现实化

actuate [act=to do做；-u-;-ate v.=to make or cause使……→] v. cause to do 驱动，激励：What motives actuated her? 什么动机驱使她这样做的？
▽ actuation [actuat(e);-ion n.] n.驱动，激励；开动

exact [ex-=out出；act=to drive驱使→“to drive out;driven out逼出来（的）”→] I v. demand or obtain by force 强求，索取：He exacted obedience from his students.他强要学生服从他。→Ⅱ a. correct and without mistake 准确的，精确的：to be exact in conduct行为一丝不苟
▽ exacting [exact v.;-ing a.] a.苛求的，严厉的；强索的
exaction [exact v.;-ion n. ] a.强索；勒索；榨取
exactitude [exact a.;-itude n.] n.精确（性）；严格，严谨

react [re-=back回返；act=to do做→] v.① do or act in reply反应：She was slow to react.她反应迟钝。② do against反动，反作用：to react against oppression 反抗压迫
▽ reaction [react;-ion n.] n.反应；反作用；反动
reactor [react;-or n.] n.引起反应的人或物；[原] 反应堆
reactive [react;-ive a.] a.反应的；反动的

interact [inter-=between在……之间；act=to do做→“to do between two things在两者之间互动”→] v. have an effect on each other互相作用，互相影响：All things are inter-related and interacted on each other.一切事物都是互相联系又互相影响的。
▽ interaction [interact;-ion n.] n.相互作用；相互
interactant [interact;-ant n.] n. [化] 反应物
interactive [interact;-ive a.] a.互相作用的；[计] 交互的

transact [trans-=across or through穿过；act=to drive驱使→“to drive through使通过”→] v. carry on;manage执行，办理：He transacted some businesss at bank.他在银行处理了一些事务。
▽ transaction [transact;-ion n.] n.办理，处理；交易，业务
transactor [transact;-or n.] n.办事人，处理者

练习1：
1. [词根辩识]
A.判断下列单词中，哪些含有词根ag，act：
① age　　 ② aggression③ agitational④ agaze
⑤ tractor　⑥ factory　 ⑦ actuary　 ⑧ coaction
B.判断下列派生词中act是词根还是单词：
① react　　② re-act　　③ ex-actor　 ④ exactor
⑤ underact　⑥ overact　 ⑦ coact　 ⑧ enact
2. [举一反三]根据例子写出后面单词的中文意思。
A.例：agitate v.鼓动→agitator n.鼓动者
① act v.行动，行为→actor n.
② exact v.强索，强征（捐税等）→exactor n.
③ activate v. [化]使活化→activator n.
B. active a.积极的→actively ad.积极地
① interactive a.相互作用的→interactively ad.
② reactive a.反动的→reactively ad.
③ counteractive a.抵制的→counteractively ad.
3. [望文生义]根据已知单词的含义求出其同根词的含义。
① 已知：coact v.共同行动，合力工作（提示：co-=together）
求：coaction n.
coactive a.
② 已知：counteract v.抵抗，抵制；抵消（提示：counter-=against）
求：counteraction n.
counteractive a.
③ 已知：retroact v.倒行；追溯既往（提示：retro-=backward）
求：retroactive a.
retroaction n.
4. [同义相连]请将左栏的单词和右栏中相对应的词义连接起来。
A.含ag的名词派生词
① coagent　　　　　　　a.反作用剂；反抗力
② subagent　　　　　　 b.共事者；合作者
③ reagent　　　　　　　c.副代理人
④ counteragent　　　　 d.反应力；反应物
⑤ subagency　　　　　 e.分代理处
B.含act的名词派生词
① activable　　　　　　　a.不活动的；不活跃的
② exactable　　　　　　　b. [化] 能被活化的
③ inactive　　　　　　　 c.可强取的；可强求而得的
④ reactionary　　　　　　d.倒行的；有追溯效力的
⑤ retroactive　　　　　　e.反动的
5. [寻根问底]指出下列单词的词根并领会其词义的由来。
① coagency n.合作
② agitprop v.宣传鼓动（提示：prop=propoganda宣传）
③ coagulate v.（使）凝结；（使）合为一体
④ actuary n.（保险）精算师
⑤ enact v.制定（法律）；通过（法案）；颁布
⑥ underact v.表演（角色）不够充分

2. am, amat [L]=to love爱
常用词amiable和amateur分别来自同源异形根am和amat。am是拉丁动词amare的不定式词干；amat是这个动词的动名词词干，意思都相当于to love（爱）。

amiable [am=to love爱；-i-；-able a.=capable of可……的→“capable of being loved可爱的”→] a. lovable, or kindly可爱的；和蔼的：an amiable old lady可亲的老太太

amateur [amat=to love; -eur (-er) n.=person 人→“persaon who does something for loving it (rather than for money)因爱好（不是为金钱）从事某项活动者”→] n. person who practices an art, sport or science for his own pleasure（艺术、体育、科学等）业余爱好者：radio amateur业余无线电爱好者
▽ amateurism [amateur;-ism n.] n.业余活动

amateurish [amateur n.业余爱好者；-ish a.=like像…的→“like an amateur（rather than a professional hand）像业余的，不内行的”→] a. unskillful不老练的，外行的：He is still amateurish in playing golf.他打高尔夫球还不老练。
▽ amateurishness [amateurish;-ness n.] n.外行

amicable [amic（来自 am 的同根名词 amicus）=person one loves, or friend亲爱者，朋友；-able a.=able to be能当……的→“able to be one's friend能做朋友的”→] a. in a friendly spirit, or peaceable友好的；和睦的：amicable settlement和解
▽ amicability [amicab(le);-ility n.] n.友好；和睦
amour [am=to love爱；-our n.=the state or result表状态或结果→“loving or the result of loving恋爱或恋爱的结果）”→] n.① love恋爱② love affair桃色事件，偷情
▽ amorous [amo(u)r;-ous a.] a.恋爱的；多情的
enamour [en-v.=to cause to be使；amour n.=love恋爱→“to cause to be in love使恋爱”→] v. inflame with love使迷恋：Her beauty enam-oured the prince.王子被她的美貌迷住了。

amatory [amat=to love爱；-ory a.=related to与……有关的→] a. related to loving;expressing love恋爱的；爱慕的：amatory poems情诗

练习2：
1. [由此及彼]通过分析已知单词的词素含义推断出另一单词的词义。
① unhappy a.不幸的→unamiable a.
② artist n.艺术家→amorist n.
2. [寻根问底]指出下列单词的词根并领会其词义的由来。
① amity n.和好；和睦
② enemy n.敌人（提示：en-表示相反；em是am的变体）
③ inamorata n. [意]女情人，情妇
④ inamorato n. [意]男情人

3. anim [L]=life生命
anim是常用词 animal的词根，源于拉丁名词 anima，含有 mind（思想），spirit（精神），soul（灵魂），life（生存）等与生命现象有关的概念，可以看成英语基本词life（生命）的对等词。

animal [anim=life生命；-al n.=thing characterized by有……特征的东西→“thing characterized by having life有生命的东西”→] n. ① any creature动物：Is it an animal, vegetable, or mineral?它是动物，植物，还是矿物？② any creature other than man除人以外的任何动物：the animals in the zoo动物园里的动物
▽animalism [animal;-ism n.] n.动物性；兽欲
animalize [animal;-ize v.] v.使动物化

animate [anim=life 生命；-ate a.=having有……的→“having life or spirits有生命的，有精神的”→]Ⅰa. ① living有生命的：animate objects生物② full of life or spirits生气勃勃的：animate youth朝气蓬勃的年青人→Ⅱ v. give life to, or make alive使活跃：His jokes an-imated the conversation.他的笑话使交谈活跃起来。
▽animation [animat(e) v;-ion n.] n.活跃；生气
reanimate [re-;animate v.] v.使复活；激励

animosity [anim=life, spirit生命，精神；-osity（-ous+-ity）n.=special state or quality表特殊状态或性质→“special spirit特殊的精神”→“strong feeling强烈的感情”→] n. strong dislike;hatred敌意；仇恨：animosities between classes阶级仇恨

magnanimity [magn=great大；anim=spirit精神；-ity n.=the quality表性质→“the greatness of spirit or mind精神上的大度”→] n. the spirit of being unusually generous, or generosity宽宏大量：He showed his magnanimity in forgiving you.他原谅了你，可见其宽宏大量。
▽magnanimous [magn;anim;-ous a.] a.宽宏大量的

equanimity [equ=even平衡的；anim=spirit精神；-ity n.=the quality表性质→“the spirit with an even quality平稳的精神品质”→] n. calmness or steadiness of mind沉着；镇定：He faced the disaster with equanimity.面对灾难，他泰然若定。
▽equanimous [equ;anim;-ous a.] a.沉着的；镇定的

longanimity [long（来自形容词longus）=long长久的；anim=spirit精神；-ity n.=the quality表性质→“the spirit with the quality of enduring long能长久忍耐的精神素质”→] n. endurance;forbearance忍耐性；坚韧性：He is remarkable for his longanimity in struggle.他在斗争中以坚韧著称。
▽longanimous [long;anim;-ous a.] a.坚韧的；忍耐的

unanimous [un=one一；anim=spirit, mind精神，思想；-ous a.=having有……的→] a. having one mind or sharing the same view思想一致的；观点统一的：The conference was unanimous in support of the decision.会议一致拥护这项决议。
▽unanimity [un;anim;-ity n.] n.全体一致；无异议

练习3：
1. [同义相连]请将左栏的单词和右栏中相对应的词义连接起来。
① animalization　　　　　　　　a.动物性
② animator　　　　　　　　　　b.无异议地
③ animality　　　　　　　　　　c.动物化
④ unanimously　　　　　　　　 d.动物性的
⑤ animalistic　　　　　　　　　 e.鼓舞者
⑥ animated　　　　　　　　　　f.栩栩如生的
2. [望文生义]根据已知词根和词缀的含义求出下列单词的含义。
已知：in-=not; -cule=small thing; re-=again
求：① inanimate
② animalcule
③ reanimate
3. [寻根问底]指出下列单词的词根并领会其词义的由来。
① animism n.泛灵论；万物有灵论
② animus n.主导精神；意向
③ exanimate a.无生命的；无精神的
exanimation n.死；意志消沉（提示：ex-=out）
④ animadvert v.谴责，批评
animadversion n.谴责，批评（提示：vert/vers=to turn）
⑤ pusillanimity n.卑怯，胆小
pusillanimous a.卑怯的，胆小的（提示：pusill=weak）

4. ann, enn [L]=year年
ann来自拉丁名词annus，意思为year（年）；enn是ann在添加前缀时产生的音变异体。ann在构词中常带有连接字母-u-或-i-，也可以把annu和anni作为词根异体看待。

annual [annu=year年；-al a.=of……的→] I a. of one year;yearly一年的；每年的：annual report年度报告→Ⅱn. book or pamphlet issued once a year年鉴；年刊：the annuals of the Historical Society历史协会的年鉴

anniversary [anni=year 年；vers=to turn 转；-ary n.=thing物→“the date connected with the turning of a year与时间周转一年相关的日子”→] n. the date of a year on which something happened周年纪念日：the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's birth莎士比亚诞生四百周年纪念日

annals [ann=year年；-al n.=thing物；-s 表复数→“many things of a year一年中的事情”→] n. yearly records;historical records编年史；历史记载：the war annals of the Red Army红军战史
▽annalist [annal(s);-ist n.] n.编年史作者

perennial [per-=through通；enni=year年；-al a.→“through a year通年的”→] a.①lasting through the year常年不断的：perennial snow and ice终年不化的冰雪② overlasting长久的：perennial efforts持久努力
▽perenniality [perennial;-ity n.] n.常年性；长久性

annuity [annu=year 年；-ity n.=thing connected with 表相关事物→“money connected with one year 按一年计算的钱”→] n. yearly allowance or income年金；年收入：life annuity终身年金
▽annuitant [annuit(y);-ant n.] n.领受年金者

superannuate [super-=over超；annu=year年→age年龄；-ate v.=to cause to be使成为→“to cause to be over-aged使成为超龄者”→] v. make to retire when one is over a certain age因超过年龄而令退休：He was superannuated as soon as he reached the age of sixty.他刚满六十岁，就被指令退休了。

annu和enni还能与表示数目的前缀构成表示以“年”为单位的时间的单词。以下是常见的几个。

semiannual [semi-=half半；annu=year年；-al a.=of……的→] a. of a half year半年一度的：semiannual meeting半年一度的会议

biannual [bi-=two, twice二，两次；annu=year年；-al a.=of……的→a. of twice a year每年两度的：biannual examination每年两次的考试

biennial [bi-=two二；enni=year年；-al a.=of……的→“of two years二年的”→] a. lasting two years持续两年的：a biennial research course两年的研究课程

biennium [bi-=two二；enni=year年；-um n.=thing物→“the time of two years两年的时间”→] n. period of two years两年

练习4：
1. [词根辨识]比较biannual和biennial表示的不同时间概念。分析其词形的不同点。
2. [望文生义]根据已知词根和词缀的含义求出所给单词的含义。
已知：tri-=three; quadr-=four; quinqu-=five; sex-=six;
sept-=seven; oct-=eight; dec-=ten; cent-=hundred;
mille-=thousand.
求：
① millennial　　　 ⑥ centennium
② sexennial　　　　⑦ septennium
③ deceenial　　　　⑧ quinquennium
④ bicentennial　　　⑨ octennium
⑤ quadrennial　　　⑩ trimillennium

5. anthrop [GK]=man人类
anthrop是本书介绍的第一个来自希腊语的词根，它的词源是希腊名词anthropos，意思为man或human kind（人类）。在构词中，anthrop后面常跟着连接字母-o-，也可以把anthropo看作异形词根。

anthropology [anthropo=man人类；-logy n.=branch of science一门科学→“the science about man研究人类的科学”→] n. the science dealing with the physical, social, and cultural development of man人类学
▽anthropologist [anthropolog(y);-ist n.] n.人类学者

philanthropist [phil=to love 爱；anthrop=man 人类；-ist n.=person人→“person who loves man 爱人类者”→] n. person who loves his fellow men, especially, who is engaged in helping the poor men博爱主义者；慈善家
▽philanthropy [phil;anthrop;-y n.] n.慈善；仁爱
philanthropic [phil;anthrop;-ic a.] a.博爱的

misanthropist [mis=to hate恨；anthrop=man人类；-ist n.=person人→“person who hates his fellow men厌恶人类者”→] n. person who hates everybody and avoids being in the company of others离群索居者；愤世嫉俗者：A misanthropist can never become a philanthropist.愤世嫉俗者是成不了慈善家的。
▽misanthropy [mis;anthrop;-y n.] n.厌世
misanthropic [mis;anthrop;-ic a.] a.厌世的；厌世者的

anthropoid [anthrop=man人类；-oid a.=like像……→] a. like a man;in the form of a man类人的；有人形的：anthropoid ape类人猿

anthropography [anthropo=man人类；-graphy n.=the study……学→“the study about man 有关人类情况的学说”→] n. the study of the geographical distribution of human races人种地理分布学

anthropogenesis [anthropo=man人类；genesis=the origin起源→] n. the study of man's origin and development人类起源和发展学

anthropotomy [anthropo=man人类；tomy=anatomy解剖学→] n. human anatomy人体解剖学

练习5：
1. [望文生义]根据所学的词根和词缀的知识写出下列单词的词义。
① anthropogeography n.　　　　　② anthroposociology n.
2. [寻根问底]指出下列单词的词根并领会其词义的由来。
① anthropomorphous a.有人形的；似人的
anthropomorphize v.（把动物等）拟作人（提示：morph=shape）
② anthropophagy n.食人肉的习性
anthrophagous a.食人肉的（提示：phag=to eat）
③ anthropometry n.人体测量学（提示：metr=to measure）
④ anthropocentric a.以人类为宇宙中心的（提示：centr=center）
⑤ zoanthropy n. [医] 变兽幻想（提示：zo=animal）

6. arch [GK]=rule统治
在政治术语anarchy, monarch, monarchy和oligarch中，有个常用词根arch。它来自希腊名词arkhos，意为rule（统治）。在派生词中arch常作ruler（统治者）或government（政体）解。

anarchy [an-(a-)=no, without无；arch=rule治理；-y n.=the state表状态→“the state without rule or government缺乏治理，没有政府”→] n. absence of government or control无秩序；无政府状态：Any form of government is better than anarchy. 任何形式的政体都比无政府状态好。
▽anarchic [anarch(y);-ic a.] a.无政府主义的
anarchism [anarch(y);-ism a.] n.无政府主义
anarchist [anarch(y);-ist n.] n.无政府主义者

monarch [mon=one, alone单一；arch=ruler统治者→“only one ruler, or one who rules a country alone单独治理国家者”→] n. king of sovereign国王，君主：The monarch was ousted.国王被赶下台了。
▽monarchal [monarch;-al a.] a.国王的，君主的

monarchy [mon-=one, alone单一；arch=ruler统治者；-y n.=the state表状态→“the state or government of only one ruler单人统治的政体”→] n. government ruled by a monarch君主政体；君主国：China was once a monarchy.中国曾经是个君主国。
▽monarchic [monarch(y);-ic a.] a.君主制的；君主国的
monarchism [monarch(y);-ism n.] n.君主制度；君主主义

oligarch [olig-=few少，寡；arch=ruler统治者→“one of a few rulers少数统治者之一”→] n. member of an oligarchy寡头统治成员：finan-cial oligarch金融寡头

oligarchy [olig-=few少，寡；arch=ruler统治者；-y n.=the state表状态→“the state or government by a few rulers由少数人统治的政府”→] n. rule or government by a few, often for their own interests寡头政治；寡头统治的政府：Ancient Sparta was really an oligarchy.古斯巴达实际上是个寡头统治的国家。
▽oligarchic [oligarch(y);-ic a.] a.寡头政治的

polyarchy [poly-=many多；arch=ruler统治者；-y n.=the state表状态→“the state or government by many rulers多人的统治”→] n. rule or government by many heads多头政治

matriarch [matri=mother 母；arch=rule