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Section B 41UNITWhydosmartpeopledodumbthings?TomasterthereadingskillTounderstandthetextTopracticethephrasesandpatternsTolearnaboutwritingasurveyreportObjectivesObjectivesLife and logic 第1页Warming-upReadingSkillsTextStudyComparativeStudyContentsUnitProjectBWhy do smart people do dumb things?Section第2页BSectionWarming-upLead-inLead-inBackground InformationBackground InformationWhy do smart people do dumb things?第3页VideoWatching1.WhatarethetwoexamplesofSunkCostsFallacymentionedinthevideo?TipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTips2.Accordingtothespeaker,whatareSunkCostsandwhatisthemeaningofSunkCostsFallacy?第4页BackBack第5页TipsTipsTipsTips1.WhatarethetwoexamplesofSunkCostsFallacymentionedinthevideo?Exampleone:gotoastore/closed/10blocks/wastedExampletwo:career/notfulfilling/stickwithit/dontwantpasttenyears/effects,timeandmoney/wasted第6页SunkCosts:Time,money,effectsorwhateveryouvespend.2.Accordingtothespeaker,whataretheSunkCostsandwhatisthemeaningofSunkCostsFallacy?TipsTipsTipsTipsSunkCostsFallacy:makechoice/notbaseon/best/desire/not/pastinvestment/wasted.第7页1.WhatisCognitiveBias?2.WhatisFundamentalAttributionError?3.WhatisConfirmationBias?TipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTips第8页1.WhatisCognitiveBias?TipsTipsTipsTipsA cognitive bias is a pattern of deviation injudgmentthatoccursinparticularsituations,leadingtoperceptual distortion,inaccurate judgment,illogicalinterpretation,or what is broadly called irrationality.Manycognitivebiases(认知偏差)areoftenstudiedforhowtheyaffectbusinessandeconomicdecisionsandhowtheyaffectscientificandexperimentalresearches.第9页2.WhatisFundamentalAttributionError?TipsTipsTipsTipsAFundamentalAttributionError(基本归因错误)isacognitivebiasinsocialpsychology.Itreferstothetendencytojudgeapersoninanunpleasantsituationin a bad light and attribute his behavior to internalcausesandqualitiesratherthanconsiderthesituationorcircumstancesthatmayhavecausedthepersontobehaveinthatmanner.But,ifweourselvesmadethesameerrors,wewouldeasilyattributethecausestoexternalfactors.第10页3.WhatisConfirmationBias?TipsTipsTipsTipsAConfirmationBias(确定性偏差)isacognitivebias whereby one tends to notice and look forinformation that confirms ones existing beliefs,whilst ignoring anything that contradicts thosebeliefs.It is a type of selective thinking.Forexample:After having bought a piece of clothing,you will look for the same clothing in a moreexpensivestoretoconfirmthatyouhaveboughtabargain.第11页 BSectionReadingSkillsPresentation of the SkillPresentation of the SkillReading Skill PracticeReading Skill PracticeWhy do smart people do dumb things?第12页Skimming isamethodofrapidlymovingthe eyes over a text with the purpose ofgettingthemainideaorageneraloverviewofitscontent.Forexample,manypeopleskimreadanewspaperarticlejusttogetaquickoverview,oratexttoseewhetheritsworth reading in detail.The key word forskimmingis“general”.Skimming第13页Some steps to help you to skim an article1Readthetitleitistheshortestpossiblesummaryofthecontentofthearticle.2Readtheintroductionorlead-inparagraph(s).3Readanysub-headings,andidentifytherelationshipsbetweenthem.4Readthefirstsentenceofeachremainingparagraph;themainideaofmostparagraphsappearsinthefirstsentence.SkimmingTobecontinuedTobecontinued第14页5Alternatelyreadand“float”overthebodyofthearticle,lookingforthefollowing:Cluesaboutwho,what,when,where,howmany,howmuchConnectivewordsandphrasessuchasfurthermore,also,howeverandonthecontrary6Readtheconcludingparagraph(s)completely.SkimmingSome steps to help you to skim an article第15页Skim Text B to find answers to thefollowingquestions.1Whatisthistextmainlyabout?2Whatcommoncognitivebiasescancausesmartpeopletomakebaddecisions?3Howcanweavoidbeingaffectedbyvarioustypesofcognitivebiaseswhenmakingadecision?Practice Skimming第16页BSectionTextStudyText ComprehensionText ComprehensionLanguage FocusLanguage FocusCritical ThinkingCritical ThinkingWhy do smart people do dumb things?第17页1.WhatisthetraditionalviewaboutsmartpeopleaccordingtoParagraph1?(Para.1)2.Whatisthemosttypicalcharacteristicofthefundamentalattributionerror?(Para.3)3.Whatwillyoubeaffectedifyouareonlyinterestedinevidence that is in agreement with your own belief?(Para.5)4.Whendoestheoverconfidencebiasusuallyoccur?(Para.7)5.Whydoestheavailabilitybiasleadstostrangeandinaccurateconclusions?(Para.8)6.Whydontpeoplewanttoleaveabadinvestmentsituationandcommitthesunkcostfallacy?(Para.11)7.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?第18页1.What is the traditional view about smartpeopleaccordingtoParagraph1?00TipsTipsTipsTipsSmartpeople,byvirtueofwhattheyvelearned,willformulatebetterdecisions.第19页原句：原句：Orthodox views prize intelligence and intellectualrigor highly in the modern realm of universitiesand tech industry jobs.(Para.1,L1)解释解释:Intelligenceandtheabilitytothinklogicallyhavelong been regarded as important qualities inmodern universities and in jobs related to thetechnologyindustry.译文：译文：传统观念将智力和思维缜密性看作当代大学领域和科技产业工作主要素质。第20页TipsTipsTipsTips2.Whatisthemosttypicalcharacteristicofthefundamentalattributionerror?(Para.3)Oneofthemostcommonbiasesiswhatisknownasthe fundamental attribution error.Through this peopleattributethe_to_andtheir own to _,subconsciouslyconsideringtheirowncharacterstobe_.failuresofotherscharacterflawsmerecircumstancestainless第21页3.Whatwillyoubeaffectedifyouareonlyinterestedinevidencethatisinagreementwithyourownbelief?(Para.5)TipsTipsTipsTipsAThefundamentalattributionerror.BTheconfirmationbias.CTheoverconfidencebias.DTheavailabilitybias.Choose the best answer to the question.第22页原句原句：Outwitting confirmation bias therefore requiresexploring both sides of an argument with equaldiligence.(Para.6,L5)解释解释:Therefore,tobeabletouseyourintelligencetoovercometheconfirmationbiasrequiresyouto analyze both sides of an argument withequalefforts.译文：译文：所以，要克服“确定性偏差”，就要以一样努 力认真探究论点正反两面。第23页4.When does the overconfidence bias usuallyoccur?(Para.7)TipsTipsTipsTipsOverconfidence bias most frequently comesintoplayinareaswheresomeonehas_estimatinghowmanypeopleareinacrowdedplaza,forexample,orhowlikelyitwillrain.nodirectevidenceandmustmakeaguess第24页Becauseitcausespeople to use evidencethat is not so convincingandstrong.5.Whydoestheavailabilitybiasleadstostrangeandinaccurateconclusions?(Para.8)TipsTipsTipsTips第25页6.Whydontpeoplewanttoleaveabadinvestmentsituationandcommitthesunkcostfallacy?(Para.11)TipsTipsTipsTipsABecausetheydontwanttoadmitthattheyhavemadeapoordecision.BBecausetheywilllosemoremoneyiftheydecidenottocontinueit.CBecausetheywillhavegreaterchancestowiniftheyarepatient.DBecausetheydontwanttheirpreviousinvestmentstobewasted.Choose the best answer to the question.第26页原句原句：Gamblers with a high threshold for risk put money into a slot machine hoping for a big return,but with each pull of the lever they lose some money playing the odds.(Para.11,L2)解释解释:Gamblerswhoengagethemselvesintohighlyriskysituationsputmoneyintoaslotmachine,expectingtogetbigamountsofmoneyback.Buteachtimetheypulltheleveronthemachine,theylosesomemoneytryingtheirluck.译文：译文：赌徒们冒着高风险，把钱投入老虎机，期望能够得 到很大回报，但伴随一次次拉动拉杆，他们也一 次次把钱赌输了。第27页译文：译文：当包括主要决议时，最好是依靠严密逻辑并仔细审查证据；同时，要保持警觉，那些看上去良好直觉总是很轻易造成判断失误。原句原句：When a decision matters,it is best to rely on watertight logic and a careful examination of the evidence and to remain aware that what seems like good intuition is always subject to errors of judgment.(Para.14，L1)解释解释:Whenyoumakeanimportantdecision,itisalwaysbesttorelyonsoundlogicandacarefulanalysisoftheevidenceandtokeepinmindthatwhatseemstobegoodatfirstcanoftenleadtoerrorsofjudgment.第28页Thepurposeofthistextistrytohelpuslearnaboutcognitivebiasesandbebetteratdecision-making.7.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?TipsTipsTipsTips第29页Why do smart people do dumb things?Psychologists have uncovered _biasesarecommontoallpeople.Oneofthemostcommonbiasesis_.Throughthispeopleattributethefailuresofothersto character flaws and their own to mere_._ bias is foundtogether with fundamental attribution error.Thisonehastwoparts.First,peopletendtogatherandrely upon information that only confirms theirexisting views.Second,people avoid or vetothingsthatrefutetheir_.Similartoconfirmationbiasisthe_cognitivefundamental attribution errorcircumstanceConfirmationpre-existing hypothesesoverconfidence第30页bias,Which means we could be correct 100percent of the time we were _aboutsomething,_ofthetimewe were 80 percent sure about something.Theavailability bias is also related to _ inestimation,Inactionthisbiasmightleadsomeoneto cancel a trip because of a report that the_.Thesunkcostfallacycanleadpeopletostayin_.Thekeytoavoidingthesebiasesremainsthesame:Relyon_,carefully examine the evidenceand_!100 percent surecorrect 80 percenterrorsbiggest plane crash in history happened theredamaging situationswatertight logicremain aware第31页Practical PhrasesPractical Phrases Specific Specific Meanings Meanings1.byvirtueof因为；因为；凭借2.factorsth.intosth.把考虑在内3.attributesth.tosb./sth.把归因于eintoplay 开始起作用5.inthat因为；因为6.inarow 连续地7.be/getstuckonsth.被困住；被难住8.subjecttosth.易受影响第32页因为；因为；凭借因为；因为；凭借(hasaccessto/available)Byvirtueofhiswork,hehasaccesstoatremendousamountofthelatestdataavailableinthisfield.by virtue of短语逆译短语应用因为工作原因，他有机会接触这一领域能够得到大量最新数据。意群提醒第33页把把考虑在内考虑在内factor sth.into sth.短语逆译(calories)Nowithasbecomemorepopularforpeopletofactorcaloriesintotheirfoodchoices.短语应用现在人们在选择食物时把热量考虑在内已变得愈加普遍了。意群提醒第34页把把归因于归因于(materialandlabor)Thecompanyattributedthelosstohighermaterialandlaborcosts.attribute sth.to sb./sth.短语逆译短语应用企业把亏损归因于原料及劳动力成本上涨。意群提醒第35页开始起作用开始起作用(underneath/seemingly)Underneaththesurfaceofthisseeminglyeasydecision,e into play短语逆译短语应用在这一看似简单决定外表之下，有许多其它细节都起了作用。意群提醒第36页因为；因为因为；因为(marketcompetition/keeppricesdown/consumer)Marketcompetitionisgoodinthatittendstokeeppricesdown,whichwilldefinitelybenefitallconsumers.in that短语逆译短语应用市场竞争是好事，因为它往往会使价格下降,这必定给消费者带来福利。意群提醒第37页连续地连续地(shareprice/fraudsquadofficer/raid)Thecompanyssharepricehasfallenforthreedaysinarowafterfraudsquadofficersraideditsoffices.in a row短语逆译短语应用反欺诈小组工作人员突击搜查了这家企业办公室后这家企业股价已连续三天下跌。意群提醒第38页被被困住；被困住；被难住难住(negotiation/keyissues/ambassador)Ifthenegotiationsdidgetstuckonanumberofkeyissues,Idasktheambassadorforhelp.be/get stuck on sth.短语逆译短语应用假如谈判确实在一些重大问题上陷入僵局，我会去找大使帮忙。意群提醒第39页易受易受影响影响(overseasholiday/surcharges)Thepricesofoverseasholidaysaresubjecttosomesurcharges.subject to sth.短语逆译短语应用海外度假游价格受各种附加费影响。意群提醒第40页 Functional Functional Patterns Patterns Functions&Usages Functions&Usages1.Doingsth.givesb.anawarenessofsth./doingsth.用于表示“做某事使某人意识到其它事情”。2.Sb.mightassumethat,because用于表示“某人因为一些原因而假定某事”。3.Doingsth.callsforsth.else，not用于表示“做成某事首要原因，排除错误原因”。第41页只要知道这些偏差怎样发生及在何种情况下发生，你就能意识到本身缺点。原句译文原句译文逆译练习逆译练习Understandinghowandinwhatsituationstheyoccurcangive you an awareness of yourownlimitations.(Para.2)句型提句型提炼第42页Doing sth.give sb.an awareness ofsth./doingsth.句型提炼句型提炼应用提醒应用提醒用于表示“做某事使某人意识到其它事情”。句型句型应用用第43页(legalsanction/jail/abiding)Receivingthelegalsanctioninthejailgiveshimanawarenessoftheimportanceofknowingthelawsandabidingthem.经典例句在狱中接收法律制裁使他意识到知法遵法主要性。意群提醒第44页你可能会毫无依据地假定自己房子会升值，哪怕周围百分之九十房子都已经贬值了，因为你总认为自己能力更强。原句译文原句译文逆译练习逆译练习You might assume,without evidence,that the price of your house will go upeven though 90 percent of them havedroppedinprice,becauseyouyourselfaremorecompetent.(Para.4)句型提句型提炼第45页Sb.mightassumethat,because句型提炼句型提炼应用提醒应用提醒用于表示“某人因为一些原因而假定某事”。句型句型应用用第46页(stockmarket/retainedearning)Youmightassumethatthestockmarketwillneverfelltoanewlow,becausecompanieshaveinvestedtheirretainedearnings.经典例句你可能认为股市不会跌入新低，因为企业拿出留存盈利来投资股市。意群提醒第47页要排除“可得性偏差”，就必须在作某一详细决定时，以实证方法所取得证据为依据，而不是以与现实不太相符某个鲜明记忆为依据。原句译文原句译文逆译练习逆译练习Repellingtheavailabilitybiascalls for anempiricalapproachtoaparticulardecision,one not basedontheobscuredrealityofvividmemory.(Para.10)句型提句型提炼第48页Doingsth.callsforsth.else,not句型提炼句型提炼应用提醒应用提醒用于表示“做成某事首要原因,排除错误原因”。句型句型应用用第49页(championship/constant/opponent)Winningthechampionshipcallsforconstantpractice,not focusingyourenergyon youropponent.经典例句要想在锦标赛中获胜就必须不停努力练习，而不是把精力放在关注你对手上。意群提醒第50页 1.认知偏差cognitivebiases2.意识到本身缺点awarenessofownlimitations 3.基本归因错误fundamentalattributionerror4.心胸狭窄地对他人评价pettyjudgmentsaboutotherpeople5.忽略了一些关键点failtorecognizevalidpoints 6.有可能起作用comesintoplay 7.出庭作证testifyinacourttrial 8.冒着高风险withahighthresholdforrisk9.淹没成本谬误sunkcostfallacy10.依靠严密逻辑relyonwatertightlogic第51页传统观念将智力和思维缜密性看作当代大学领域和科技产业工作主要素质。a.Orthodoxviewsprizeintelligence and intellectualrigor highly in the modernrealmofuniversitiesandtechindustryjobs.第52页b.Through this people attributethefailuresofotherstocharacterflaws and their own to merecircumstance,subconsciouslyconsidering their own characterstobestainless.犯这种错误人会将他人失败归因于性格缺点，而将自己失败仅仅归因于周遭环境，潜意识中认为自己性格是完美无瑕。第53页c.Gamblerswithahighthreshold for risk put moneyintoaslotmachinehopingforabigreturn,butwitheachpullof the lever they lose somemoneyplayingtheodds.赌徒们冒着高风险，把钱投入老虎机，期望能够得到很大回报，但伴随一次次拉动拉杆，他们也一次次把钱赌输了。第54页当包括主要决议时，最好是依靠严密逻辑并仔细审查证据；同时，要保持警觉，那些看上去良好直觉总是很轻易造成判断失误。d.Whenadecisionmatters,it isbesttorelyonwatertightlogicanda careful examination of theevidenceandtoremainawarethatwhat seems like good intuition isalwayssubjecttoerrorsofjudgment.第55页TipsTipsTipsTips2.Arepeoplesmartinthesamewayorindifferentways?Explainyouranswerwithdetails.3.Whatdoyouthinkdeterminesonesintelligence?Isitgenesorisitenvironment?1.Doyouoftenlistentoexpertswhenyouareindoubtofsomething?Whyorwhynot?TipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTips第56页1.Doyouoftenlistentoexpertswhenyouareindoubtofsomething?Whyorwhynot?TipsTipsTipsTipsYes.Thereareseveralreasons:-Expertsarepeoplewhohavegainedalotmoreknowledgeinaparticularfield；-Expertshavemoreskillsandexperienceinthatfield.No.Thereareseveralreasons:-Expertscouldhavebiasedopinionstowardaspecificissue；-Weneedtothinkcriticallyaboutotherpeoplesopinions.第57页2.Arepeoplesmartinthesamewayorindifferentways?Explainyouranswerwithdetails.TipsTipsTipsTipsPeoplearesmartindifferentwaysbecausetherearedifferenttypesofintelligence,suchas:-verbal(linguistic)intelligence;-numericalintelligence.Peoplecanbesmartinsimilarwaysbecausesmartpeople have many common qualities.For example,theyareallwillingtolearnandcanlearnquickly.Theyareallhighlycurious,andkeentosolveproblems.第58页3.Whatdoyouthinkdeterminesonesintelligence?Isitgenesorisitenvironment?TipsTipsTipsTipsGenes.Manystorieshaveprovedthatifonesgenesare not good enough,no matter what favorableenvironment he isexposed to,he will notbe able tolearnasquicklyasthosewhosegenesaregood.Intelligence.Children who are well-nurtured,that is,thosewhohavemorelifeexperiences,whoreadmore,learn more and travel more,can usually get muchhigherscoresinintelligencetests,which,asweknow,areimportantindicationsoftheirintelligence.第59页Talk about cognitive biases 第60页2.Whatdoyouthinkarethebestwaystoavoidcognitivebiases?TipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTipsTips1.Can you give an example to illustrate that youhavealsobeenaffectedbycognitivebiaseswhenmakingadecision?第61页Yes,certainly.Forexample,lastsummer,Idroppedinaclothing store in Nanjing Road and found a dress with afashionablestyleandreallygoodprice.Iboughtthedressandlikeditverymuch.Becauseofthishappyexperience,thisyearIdecidedtogotothestoreagain.Iboughtanotherfashionabledressandhappilypaidthepriceaskedbyth
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