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阅读下面短文，把握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A study has showed that the brain makes decisions about 10 seconds before a person realizes it.
Experts involved in the study said that looking at brain activity while making a decision, they could predict the choices the subjects would make, before they realized that they had made a decision. Lead researcher John-Dylan Haynes, a neuroscientist (神经学家)at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig, said that the new findings called into questions for “consciousness”of decisions that people make, and might even challenge ideas as to how“free”people are to make a decision at a particular moment.
“We think our decisions are conscious, but these data show that consciousness is just the tip of the iceberg,”Nature magazine quoted (引用) him as saying. Thinking the results“quite dramatic”, Frank Tong of Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, said that 10 seconds is“a lifetime”in terms of brain activity.
During the study, the brains of 14 volunteers were imaged as they performed a decision-making task. The subjects had two buttons before them, each to be operated by a different hand, which they could press when they felt the urge to. They were simultaneously (同时地)shown a stream of letters, which appeared on a screen at half-second intervals (间隔). The volunteers had to remember which letter was showing when they decided to press their button.
Upon analysis of the data, the researchers realized that the earliest signal they could catch started seven seconds before the volunteers reported having made their decision. Given the delay of a few seconds in the imaging, they reckoned (估量) that the brain activity could have begun about ten seconds before the conscious decision. The researchers showed that the signals were picked up from a region (区域)called the frontopolar cortex (脑额极皮层), which is located at the front of the brain, immediately behind the forehead.
While writing about the observations made during the research in his study report, Haynes said that the frontopolar cortex might be the brain region where decisions are started. He also showed that the next step in the research would be to speed up the data analysis so as to enable his team to predict people’s choices as their brains would make them.
1. The passage tells us that ______.
A. we are aware of our whole process of decision-making
B. people don’t make decisions until they realize it
C. experts have no way to tell what decision one will make
D. the decision-making process starts before it is made
2. The underlined word “subjects”in Para. 2 probably refers to ______.
A. the topic of the experts’ research paper
B. the scientific subjects that the experts were studying
C. the things that experts don’t know clearly
D. the volunteers that the experts worked on for their research
3. The underlined sentence“consciousness is just the tip of the iceberg”in Para. 4 means that ______.
A. our decision-making is conscious
B. the data contains a lot of information besides consciousness
C. consciousness is the major part of the data
D. 10 seconds is“a lifetime”in terms of brain activity
4. The final purpose of the research ______.
A. is not stated clearly in the passage B. is not acknowledged by experts
C. is to show where decision-making starts D. is to analyze the data picked up
5. The passage implies that ______.
A. the research has been completed
B. the research was conducted by two experts
C. the decision-making process lasts only about 10 seconds
D. we may predict what decisions people will make in the future
【参考答案】1—4、DDBA
阅读理解。
Yao Ming landed in the U．S．in the summer of 2002, 7 - feet, 6 - inches worth of fancy footwork（花式步伐）, armed with a soft shooting touch．He was the top player selected by the Houston Rockets, whose new activities place would soon be promoted by Toyota．The Japanese carmaker had just opened a new plant in China, and the company expects that Yao fans would soon become Corolla fans．
For many Americans, Yao was their understanding to the Chinese economic engine．He was a government project, brought up from a young age in order to show the new China to the world．China fulfilled its promise; since those unforgettable days of 2002, through the Beijing Olympics and beyond, the country has stayed on its path towards superpower figure．Yao, sadly, fell short．
According to an early report from Yahoo! Sports, which was confirmed by several other news organizations, Yao is going to retire．He just couldn’t conquer the injuries．A broken bone in his left foot absenced Yao after just five games last season．A broken foot forced him to miss all of the 2009 -2010 season．In fact, due to foot and knee injuries, Yao played in more than 55 games just once over the past six seasons．
Prior to Yao, players over 74" were usually one - skill person．Manute Bol, at 77" , blocked shots and, during one stretch, acted as a shamed three-pointer．Shawn Bradley, 76" , had skills, but was far too gentle to be a star．Yao, however, could do it all．At his top, in 2006 - 2007, he averaged 25 points per game．His turnaround jumper was unstoppable．His post -passes were usually on the money．（It helps when you can see over everyone．） Yao, who played in just eight seasons, finished his career averaging 19．0 points, and 9．2 rebounds, per game．His Rockets never advanced further than the second round of the playoffs（季后赛）．
Whatever on - court milestones Yao's body never allowed him to achieve, he more than made up for off the court．Yao was so much more than a basketball player．To the Chinese public who admired him, he was a symbol of his home country's possibility．Yao carried the Chinese flag at the Olympic opening ceremonies, soaking in the love of his country．
61．Toyota' s purpose of supporting Yao is to _______．
A．let Yaoming make money． B．advertise their cars widely．
C．organize their basketball team． D．let Yaoming drive their cars to games．
62．When did China keep on its development to some large countries?
A．Since 2000． B．In 2006． C．In 2007． D．In 2010．
63．What can I know in the fourth paragraph?
A．Manute Bol has integrated skills． B．Yaoming has integrated skills．
C．Shawn Bradley has integrated skills． D．Shawn Bradley acted as a shamed three –pointer.
64．What can we infer from the fifth paragraph?
A．Yaoming didn't achieve any life goals．
B．Yaoming is only a good basketball player．
C．People see the strength of China from Yao．
D．Yaoming always holds flags in the game．
65．Which one of the following stating orders is right?
a．The Japanese carmaker supported Yaoming．
b．Yao missed many games due to foot and knee injuries,．
c．Yao held the Chinese flag at the Olympic opening．
d．Yao Ming went to the U．S．for the first time．
A．c,a,b,d B．d,b,c,a C．c,b,d,a D．d,a,c,b
【参考答案】BABCD
Passage Twelve (Religion and Rationality)
Yet the difference in tome and language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide, this function is performed in the two cases by very different organs. Religions are many, reason one. Religion consists of conscious ideas, hopes, enthusiasms, and objects of worship; it operates by grace and flourishes by prayer. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind. We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, not call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion. Religion brings some order into life by weighting it with new materials. Reason adds to the natural materials only the perfect order which it introduces into them. Rationality is nothing but a form, an ideal constitution which experience may more or less embody. Religion is a part of experience itself, a mass of sentiments and ideas. The one is an inviolate principle, the other a changing and struggling force. And yet this struggling and changing force of religion seems to direct man toward something eternal. It seems to make for an ultimate harmony within the soul and for an ultimate harmony between the soul and all that the soul depends upon. Religion, in its intent, is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society, science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly regarding the foal or caring for the ultimate justification of the instinctive aims. Religion also has an instinctive and blind side and bubbles up in all manner of chance practices and intuitions; soon, however, it feels its way toward the heart of things, and from whatever quarter it may come, veers in the direction of the ultimate.
Nevertheless, we must confess that this religious pursuit of the Life of Reason has been singularly abortive. Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves, to express satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hope for the future; but any one regarding the various religions at once and comparing their achievements with what reason requires, must feel how terrible is the disappointment which they have one and all prepared for mankind. Their chief anxiety has been to offer imaginary remedies for mortal ills, some of which are incurable essentially, while others might have been really cured by well-directed effort. The Greed oracles, for instance, pretended to heal out natural ignorance, which has its appropriate though difficult cure, while the Christian vision of heaven pretended to be an antidote to our natural death—the inevitable correlate of birth and of a changing and conditioned existence. By methods of this sort little can be done for the real betterment of life. To confuse intelligence and dislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness. Nature is soon avenged. An unhealthy exaltation and a one-sided morality have to be followed by regrettable reactions. When these come. The real rewards of life may seem vain to a relaxed vitality, and the very name of virtue may irritate young spirits untrained in and natural excellence. Thus religion too often debauches the morality it comes to sanction and impedes the science it ought to fulfill.
What is the secret of this ineptitude? Why does religion, so near to rationality in its purpose, fall so short of it in its results? The answer is easy; religion pursues rationality through the imagination. When it explains events or assigns causes, it is an imaginative substitute for science. When it gives precepts, insinuates ideals, or remoulds aspiration, it is an imaginative substitute for wisdom—I mean for the deliberate and impartial pursuit of all food. The condition and the aims of life are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends to arrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which it possesses. Hence the depth and importance of religion becomes intelligible no less than its contradictions and practical disasters. Its object is the same as that of reason, but its method is to proceed by intuition and by unchecked poetical conceits.
1. As used in the passage, the author would define “wisdom” as
[A]. the pursuit of rationality through imagination.
. an unemotional search for the truth.
[C]. a purposeful and unbiased quest for what is best.
[D]. a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness
2. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
[A]. Religion seeks the truth through imagination, reason, in its search, utilizes the emotions.
. Religion has proved an ineffective tool in solving man’s problems.
[C]. Science seeks a piece meal solution to man’s questions.
[D]. The functions of philosophy and reason are the same.
3. According to the author, science differs from religion in that
[A]. it is unaware of ultimate goals. . it is unimaginative.
[C]. its findings are exact and final. [D]. it resembles society and art.
4. The author states that religion differs from rationality in that
[A]. it relies on intuition rather than reasoning .
. it is not concerned with the ultimate justification of its instinctive aims.
[C]. it has disappointed mankind.
[D]. it has inspired mankind.
5. According to the author, the pursuit of religion has proved to be
[A]. imaginative. . a provider of hope for the future.
[C]. a highly intellectual activity [D]. ineffectual.
Vocabulary
1. grace 赏赐，慈祥，感化，感思祷告
2. chide 责怪
3. sentiment 情感
4. inviolate 不受侵害的，纯洁的
5. intent 意义，含义
6. piecemeal 一件件，渐渐的，零碎的
7. bubble up 起泡，沸腾，兴奋
8. veer 转变方向，转向
9. abortive 夭折的，失败的，中断的，流产的。
10. pale 范围，界限
11. draught 要求
12. oracle 神谕宣誓，预言，圣言
13. antidote 解毒药，矫正方法
14. correlate 相互关系
15. dislocate 使离开原来位置，打乱正常秩序
16. gratuitous 无偿的，没有理由的。
17. debauch 使失落，放荡
18. sanction 支持，鼓舞，认可
19. impede 阻碍，制止
20. ineptitude 不恰当，无能，愚蠢
21. insinuate 示意
22. remould 重塑，重铸
23. aspiration 抱负，壮志
24. arrogate 没来由反把……归于（to ）
25. literal 朴实的，字面的
26. intelligible 可以理解的。
27. conceit 幻想，奇想
难句译注
1. Yet the difference in tome and language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that change should remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reason coincide, this function is performed in the two cases by very different organs.
[参考译文] 可是音调和语言的差异必定很快的给我们深刻的印象，就象哲学所说的那样：那种差异应提乡我们，即使宗教的功能和理性的功能恰好相符的话，其功能也是通过不同的器官在两种不同的状况下完成的。
2. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind.
[参考译文] 另一方面，理性学问一种原则或者是潜在的秩序，我们的确可以在此基础上存在于我们心中，没有种种变化，或任何压力。
3. We conform or do not conform to it; it does not urge or chide us, not call for any emotions on our part other than those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true nature and proportion.
[参考译文] 不论我们是否遵循理性，它不会极力或责怪我们，除了以事物的原来面目和比例揭示各种事物而自然而然的激起我们的感情，它并不需要我们付出任何感情。
4. Religion, in its intent, is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society, science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively and piecemeal, hardly regarding the foal or caring f
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