语言学-术语翻译及术语解释教学内容.doc

语言学 术语翻译及术语解释

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术语翻译及术语解释汇总
术语翻译
1. Design features of language（语言的甄别特征）
Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性）， Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Cultural transmission（文化传播），Interchangeability（可互换性）
2. Functions of language
referential 指称功能 poetic 诗学功能 emotive情感功能
conative 劝慰功能 phatic寒暄功能 metalingual function 元语言功能
ideational function概念功能 interpersonal function人际功能
textual function语篇/文本功能 Informative（信息/告知功能），
Performative Function（施为功能）， Emotive Function（情感功能），
Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）， Recreational Function（娱乐功能），
3. Phonetics(语音学)， Phonology（音系/音位学）;
Morphology（形态学）， Syntax（句法学）;
Semantics（语义学）， Pragmatics（语用学）
Articulatory phonetics发音语音学 Acoustic phonetics声学语音学
Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 Psycholinguistics心理语言学
Sociolinguistics社会语言学 Anthropological linguistics人类语言学
Computational linguistics计算语言学 Applied linguistics应用语言学
Neurolinguistics神经语言学
4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式
Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时 Langue vs. parole语言和言语
Competence vs. performance语言能力和语言行为
5. Vocal tract 声道(resonating cavities共鸣腔)， pharynx咽腔, oral cavity口腔 and nasal cavity鼻腔.
其它的一些发音器官：lungs肺, windpipe（trachea）气管, vocal folds声带,
larynx喉, epiglottis会厌，次声门, pharynx咽, uvula小舌, hard palate硬腭,
soft palate软腭, alveolar ridge齿龈
6. Consonants and vowels（辅音和元音）
A. Manners of articulation发音方式 B. Places of articulation发音位置
7. Stop (or plosive)爆破音 Fricative摩擦音 Approximant近似音
Lateral (approximant)边音 Affricates塞擦音, trill颤音 and tap 闪音
Bilabial双唇音 Labiodental唇齿音 Dental齿音 Alveolar齿龈音
Postal veolar后齿龈音 Retroflex卷舌音 Palatal硬腭音
Velar软腭音 Uvular小舌音, pharyngeal咽音 glottal声门音
monophthong vowel: 单元音 diphthongs双元音 triphthongs三元音
Lax vowels短元音 Tensed vowels长元音
8. Coarticulation and phonetic transcription协同发音和标音
anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音 perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音.
broad transcription宽式标音 narrow transcription严式标音
9. minimal pairs最小对立体 Phoneme音位
phonemic transcriptions音位转写 phonetic transcriptions语音转写
phones音子 allophones音位变体 complementary distribution互补分布
phonetic similarity发音近似性 Free variation自由变体
assimilation同化 regressive assimilation逆同化
progressive assimilation顺同化 phonological rule 音系规则 Epenthesis增音 binary 二分的
Distinctive features区别特征
Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions向心结构和离心结构
subordinate and coordinate从属和并列
Conceptual meaning概念意义
Associative meaning:联想意义
Connotative meaning内涵意义 Social meaning社会意义
Affective meaning情感意义 Reflected meaning反射意义
Collocative meaning搭配意义 Thematic meaning主位意义
denotation: 外延意义 connotation: 内涵
The referential theory:指称理论 Semantic triangle语义三角
Sense and reference：涵义和指称
Synonymy同义关系 Antonymy反义关系 Hyponymy上下义关系
Polysemy一词多义关系 Homonymy 同音/形异意关系
Dialectal synonyms 地域同义词 Stylistic synonyms风格同义词
Collocational synonyms搭配同义词
gradable antonymy 等级反义关系 cover term覆盖项
Marked vs. unmarked terms标记项和非标记项
complementary antonymy 互补反义关系 converse antonymy 逆向反义关系
homophones: 同音异义词 homographs : 同形异义词
complete homonyms semantic components语义部分
术语解释
1. Design feature的定义：the defining（最典型的，起决定作用的） properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
2. Synchronic共时：It refers to the description of a language at some point of time in history.
3. Diachronic历时：It studies the development or history of language. In other words, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time .
4. prescriptive规定式：A kind of linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language.
5. descriptive描写式: A kind of linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.
6. Arbitrariness（任意性）:By saying that “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection between meaning and sound.
7. Duality（二层性/二重性）:it means that language is a system, which consists of two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the higher level there is the structure of meaning.
8. Displacement（移位性）: it means that language can be used to communicate about things that are not present in our immediate communicational context.
9. competence语言能力:it refers to an ideal speaker’s knowledge of the underlying system of rules in a language.
10. Performance语言行为: it refers to the actual use of the language by a speaker in a real communicational context.
11. Langue语言: it refers to the speaker’s understanding and knowledge of the language that he speaks.
12. Parole言语: it is the actual speaking of language by an individual speaker.
13. Cultural transmission（文化传播）:It refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew（重新，再） by each speaker. Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.
14. Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）:it refers to ritual exchanges, exchanges that have little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.
15. Phonetics(语音学): it is the study of the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.
16. Vowels元音：the sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.
17. Consonants辅音：The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.
18. Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages and it is concerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages. And it studies the way in which speakers of a language systematically use a selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.
19. Phoneme音位: the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
20. Allophone音位变体: it refers to the different forms of a phoneme.
21. Assimilation: it is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.
22. Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.
23. complementary distribution互补分布: when two sounds never occur in the same environment, they are in complementary distribution.
24. Free variation自由变体: if two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.
25. Distinctive features区别特征： A phonetic feature which distinguishes one phonological unit, especially one phoneme, from another.
26. minimal pairs最小对立体----- which can be defined as pairs of words which differ from each other by only one sound.
27. vowel glides滑音: The vowels involving movement from one sound to another are called vowel glides.
28. Epenthesis增音： it means a process of inserting a sound after another sound.
29. Substitution relation: it refers to the relation specifically between an individual unit and others that can replace it in a given sequence.
30. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre, or head, of the whole.
31. Exocentric construction: a group of syntactically related words where none of them is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable center or head inside the group
32. Reference: it is the relationship between words and the objects, actions or properties that the words stand for. It deals with the extra-linguistic relationships between words and expressions and the world they describe.(具体的物质性的东西)
33. Synonymy ：It refers to the sameness sense relations between words.
34. Componential analysis ：Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components语义部分.
35. Sense: it refers to the complex system of relationships that hold between linguistic elements themselves, it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations.（概念性的东西）
36. Semantics：semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.
37. Homonymy: the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.
38. Antonymy：It refers to the oppositeness sense relations between words.
39. Hyponymy上下义关系：Hyponymy indicates sense inclusiveness. The upper term in this sense relation is called superordinate上义词, and the lower terms, hyponyms下义词, members of the same class are called co-hyponyms.

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