供应链管理外文翻译教学内容.doc

精品文档
The Impact of Green Supply Chain Management on Transportation Cost Reduction

ABSTRACT: Supply chain management（SCM）has become an important competitive approach for organizations. The issue of green supply chain management is critical for the successful implementation of industrial ecosystems and industrial ecology. Organizations have a number of reasons for implementing these green supply chain policies, from reactive regulatory reasons, to proactive strategic and competitive advantage reasons. From an overall environmental and organizational perspective, it is important to understand the situation and what issues exist in this field. Many organizations worldwide have already experienced globalization and a shifting focus to competition among networks of companies in this environment. Multinational enterprises have established global networks of suppliers that take advantage of country-industry specific characteristics to build this competitive advantage. To success having this competitive advantage, logistics and supply chain managers have to balance efforts to reduce costs and innovate while maintaining good environmental performance. Therefore, today, competition is not between companies, between supply chains. This study brings us the effect of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) on the Transportation Cost Reduction (TCR).
Keywords: Green Supply Chain; Transportation Cost; Cost Reduction
1. Introduction
Global enterprises are permanently trying to develop new, flexible, applicable and innovative methods to enhance their success and competitiveness. Some of these organizations are enhancing their competitiveness through improvements in their environmental activities performance to comply with environmental law and regulations. The main point of complying with environmental law and regulations is customer environmental concerns and environmental impact of production and service activities. Besides, increasing of awareness of the propensity for environmental pollution within organizations’ supply network to cost them in consumer complain, cleanup and punishment.
To response the requirement of environmental law and regulations, minimum standards of environmental performance have become increasingly prevalent in the purchasing agreements of multinational corporations for their local and global suppliers. This requirement has become a new customer expectation from suppliers therefore suppliers have to reduce costs and improve quality and service to complete their responsibility for their customers.
It is generally thought that green supply chain management has a great effect in increasing environmental performance, minimizing waste and achieving cost savings. Besides because of increasing synergy among business parties, green supply chain management enhances efficiency through partner and their supply networks. This synergy is expected to enhance the corporate image, competitive advantage and marketing exposure.
However, if green supply chain management practices are to be fully adopted by all organizations, a demonstrable link between such measures and cost saving, specifically transportation cost saving is very necessary. Bowen et al. state that organizations will adopt green supply chain management practices if they identify that this will result in specific financial and operational benefits.
Thus, there is a clear research need to establish the potential link between structure of green supply chain and effective transportation cost saving, to provide an accelerator for enterprises to establish effective green their supply chains.
Many enterprises have demonstrated significant efforts to establish green supply chain management initiatives. While there is not enough study which examine about cost reduction through Green Supply Chain Management and tested an empirical link between such efforts and Transportation Cost Reduction. Therefore, this paper presents the results of a survey of organizations to investigate the proposition that there is a significant relation between GSCM and TCR.
2. Literature Review
This paper encompasses previous “functional” specific research on aspects of GSCM, to develop a conceptual model of GSCM and TCR. In this paper, the structure of green supply chain management encompasses environmental parameters as:
(1) Purchasing and In-Bound Logistics,
(2) Production or the Internal Supply Chain,
(3) Distribution and Out-Bound Logistics,
(4) Reverse Logistics.
2.1 Purchasing and In-Bound Logistics
From the purchasing - the beginning point of supply chain - perspective of the supply network it is under discussion that GSCM has several benefits, ranging from cost reduction to integrating suppliers in a participative decision-making process that promotes environmental innovation). Green purchasing strategies which the largest part of inbound logistics side is adopted by the companies to response global concern of environmental stability.
Green purchasing might enhance issues such as using environmental transportation, cost reduction, material substitution and waste minimization of hazardous materials. The involvement and support of suppliers is crucial to achieving such goals. Therefore, companies are increasingly managing their suppliers’ environmental performance to ensure that the materials and equipments supplied by them are environmentally-friendly in nature and are produced using environmentally friendly processes.
Integration of suppliers into environmental management system could be completed in two steps. First step, Walton et al suggest that environmental issues become main part of strategic planning to response regulations and the demands of environmental accountability. In second step, organizations integrate their supplier to their supply chains to make reduction operational costs and improve customer service.
2.2 Greening the Production Phase or the Internal Supply Chain
There are several notions that could be explained about green supply chain in production phase, such as cleaner production, design for environment, remanufacturing and lean production. Lean production has an importance to decrease the environmental impact of the internal supply chain. Lean production improves environmental performance by reducing general waste and minimizing hazardous wastes.
Besides, production phase has an important role in keeping same quality level of organization that: having environmentally-friendly production; prevention of pollution at source; cleaner production practices are adopted; closed loop manufacturing (reverse logistics) is incorporated to the fullest extent possible, re-use and recycling of materials is maximized; material usage is reduced; the recyclable content of a product is increased; the production processes are optimized so that generation of waste, both hazardous or otherwise, is minimized; and products are redesigned (design for the environment). Also additionally design of the facility based on lean production is able to minimize vehicle movement.
2.3 Greening the Outbound Function and Reverse Logistics
On the outbound side of the green supply chain, reverse logistics, environment-friendly packaging, and environment-friendly distribution, are all initiatives that might improve the environmental performance of an organization and its supply chain. Management of wastes in the outbound function such as reverse logistics and waste exchange can lead to cost savings and enhanced competitiveness. Many of these initiatives involve compromises between various logistics functions as reverse logistics and environmental consideration in order to improve the environmental performance of an organization.
In an eco-transportation system, required parameters of a transportation system such as type of transport, fuel sources, infrastructure, operational practices and organization, can be considered. These parameters and the dynamics that connect them, determine the environmental impact generated in the transportation logistics phase of the supply chain.
3. Model and Methodology
At this section, w investigate research question by using a questionnaire to collect data. After collecting, I use SPSS software to control relation between our variables by regression analysis.
Model has three phases. In first phase, five dimensions are used of all GSCM dimensions which affect fuel consumption & maintenance, repairing expenditure. In second phase, the well known relation with fuel consumption & maintenance, repairing expenditure and transportation cost reduction is used to get result for this study. Transportation cost reduction side is third phase in our model. One point about methodology should be clarified in second phase.
The reverse relation between fuel consumption & maintenance, repairing expenditure and transportation cost reduction. But the difficulties of finding fluctuation in transportation cost reduction in a direct way. To get result about transportation cost reduction, I use the second phase as a step phase. Through second phase, I get effect of five dimensions into fuel consumption & maintenance, repairing expenditure, then using result and using reverse relation, I reach the point which explains the effect of five dimensions into transportation cost reduction.
3.1 Questionnaire
To validate the model given in the preceding section, regression analysis is used to determine the causal relationships between environmental transportation, suppliers by environmental criteria, helping suppliers to establish their own environmental management system, optimize internal process to minimize vehicle movement, reverse logistics and transportation cost reduction.
An empirical survey-based research approach was adopted, comprising of 38 items. The questionnaire was distributed to the environmental management representative or the logistics representative of ISO 14001 certified organizations. The justification for using a five-point scale served to understand that there might have been a tendency of having most negative responses loading heavily on the median level, the center point of the scale. The research instrument was distributed to corporations using an online survey website. Company representatives enter the website and response the questions through website.
That website serves data as in SPSS file and SPSS estimates a series of separate but interdependent regression equations simultaneously. We have drawn upon the theory and the research objectives to determine which independent variable will predict which dependent variable. The proposed relationships are then translated into a series of structural equations for each dependent variable. The structural model expresses these relationships among independent and dependent variables.
3.2 Hypothesis
At this section, there are five different hypothesis e to examine the impact of GSCM on TCR. Five different hypothesis is coming from five different dimensions of GSCM. Of course, total dimensions are not only five but as representing in the preceding section, only five of all dimensions are used to create hypothesis. Hypothesis’ are in representing as below.
3.3 Results
Based on model and hypothesis, results have been gotten by using regression analysis method. In this analysis FCMRE and TCR is dependent variables and the other five dimensions of GSCM(Using more environmental transportation, Reverse logistics, Choice of suppliers by environmental criteria, Helping suppliers to establish their own EMS, Optimize internal process to minimize vehicle movement) are independent variables.
4. Conclusion
This study concludes that green supply chain management encompasses potential to make cost saving in transportation. From production firm perspective, specially, main concerns of firms are continuously tracking, controlling and thinking how to manage their all kinds of cost, especially transportation cost.
As mentioned in preceding sections, there is a relation as in formula mode between fuel consumption & maintenance, repairing expenditure (FCMRE) and transportation cost. Because of the difficulties to collect and get the transportation cost data, model has fuel consumption & maintenance, repairing expenditure as a connection variable. This study proves the existing relation between GSCM and FCMRE. After proving this relation and using the relation between FCMRE and TCR, this study explains the impact of GSCM on transportation cost. Also, these research findings suggest that green their supply chains management affect not only fuel consumption, maintenance and repairing cost, but also through these variables affect transportation cost indirectly.

而手工艺制品是一种价格适中，不仅能锻炼同学们的动手能力，同时在制作过程中也能体会一下我国传统工艺的文化。无论是送给朋友还是亲人都能让人体会到一份浓厚的情谊。它的价值是不用金钱去估价而是用你一颗真诚而又温暖的心去体会的。更能让学生家长所接受。

木质、石质、骨质、琉璃、藏银……一颗颗、一粒粒、一片片，都浓缩了自然之美，展现着千种风情、万种诱惑，与中国结艺的朴实形成了鲜明的对比，代表着欧洲贵族风格的饰品成了他们最大的主题。

我们长期呆在校园里，对社会缺乏了解，在与生意合作伙伴应酬方面往往会遇上困难，更不用说商业上所需经历的一系列繁琐手续。他们我们可能会在工商局、税务局等部门的手续中迷失方向。对具体的市场开拓缺乏经验与相关的知识，缺乏从职业角度整合资源、实行管理的能力；

1、作者：蒋志华 《市场调查与预测》，中国统计出版社 2002年8月 §11-2市场调查分析书面报告

我们熟练的掌握计算机应用，我们可以在网上搜索一些流行因素，还可以把自己小店里的商品拿到网上去卖，为我们小店提供了多种经营方式。

手工艺品，它运用不同的材料，通过不同的方式，经过自己亲手动手制作。看着自己亲自完成的作品时，感觉很不同哦。不论是01年的丝带编织风铃，02年的管织幸运星，03年的十字绣，04年的星座手链，还是今年风靡一时的针织围巾等这些手工艺品都是陪伴女生长大的象征。为此，这些多样化的作品制作对我们这一创业项目的今后的操作具有很大的启发作用。

人民广场地铁站有一家名为“漂亮女生”的饰品店，小店新开，10平方米不到的店堂里挤满了穿着时尚的女孩子。不几日，在北京东路、淮海东路也发现了“漂亮女生”的踪影，生意也十分火爆。现在上海卖饰品的小店不计其数，大家都在叫生意难做，而“漂亮女生”却用自己独特的经营方式和魅力吸引了大批的女生。

情感性手工艺品。不少人把自制的手机挂坠作为礼物送给亲人朋友，不仅特别，还很有心思。每逢情人节、母亲节等节假日，顾客特别多。

喜欢□ 一般□ 不喜欢□绿色供应链管理对降低运输成本的影响

摘要：供应链管理（SCM）已成为一种重要的竞争手段。绿色供应链管理的成功实施对工业生态系统和工业生态学问题是非常重要的。实施这些绿色供应链的政策原因除了被动监管之外还有很多。从整体环境和组织的角度来看，重要的是了解这一领域的情况并知道其存在的问题。世界各地的许多组织已经经历了全球化，并且已把焦点转移到这种环境下的企业网络之间的竞争。跨国公司的企业已经建立了全球供应商网络，利用国家行业的具体特点，建立这种竞争优势。为了拥有这种竞争优势，供应链和物流经理必须在降低成本和保持良好的环境性能之间保持均衡。因此，今天的竞争不是企业与企业之间，而是供应链与供应链之间的竞争。这项研究给我们带来的是绿色供应链管理（GSCM）对于降低运输成本的（TCR）的影响，。
关键词：绿色供应链；运输成本；降低成本
1.引言
全球企业都将尝试开发新的，灵活的，适用的和创新的方法，以提高他们的竞争力。一些组织通过改善对环境的活动以表现符合环保的法律法规，借此来加强他们的竞争力。遵守环境法律法规的主要观点是客户环境问题和环境影响的生产和服务活动。此外，通过增加企业供应网络内对环境污染的认识来减少他们对顾客的抱怨和处罚。
为了响应环保法律法规的要求，当地和全球的供应商最低标准环保性能已成为越来越普遍的跨国公司的采购协议。这已成为客户对供应商一个新的期望，因此供应商必须通过降低成本，提高产品质量和服务来达到客户的要求。
人们普遍认为，绿色供应链管理对提高环保性能，减少浪费，实现成本节约有很大的影响，。此外，绿色供应链管理也通过合作伙伴和供应网络增加了企业各方之间的协同作用，并提高了效率。这种协同作用提升了企业形象，竞争优势和营销曝光。
但是，如果绿色供应链管理的做法完全是通过所有的组织，那么采取的措施和成本节省之间就有一个明显的联系，尤其是在运输成本的节省方面。 Bowen等人组织采用绿色供应链管理的做法，如果他们确实这么做的话，那么在具体的财务和运营方面是很有益处的。
因此，需要建立绿色供应链结构，有效节省运输成本之间的潜在联系，为客户提供一个加速器，为企业建立有效的绿色供应链有一个明确的研究。
许多企业都尽量采取建立绿色供应链管理的措施，虽然现在没有足够的研究表明，绿色供应链管理能降低成本，并且做出的努力能达到减少运输成本的目的。因此，本文提出的调查结果，即是一个鲜明的绿色供应链管理和TCR之间的关系的结果。
2.文学评论
本文包括 “功能性”的绿色供应链管理方面的专门研究，制定绿色供应链管理的概念模型和TCR。在本文中，绿色供应链管理的结构，包括环境参数为：
（1）采购和在绑定物流；
（2）生产或内部供应链；
（3）分布和出站物流；
（4）逆向物流。
2.1采购和入站物流
从采购 - 供应链的开始点 - 供应网络的角度来看，它是在讨论绿色供应链管理的好处，包括降低成本，在参与决策过程整合供应商，促进环境创新。绿色采购策略中，入站物流方面的最大部分是通过公司响应全球关注的环境稳定性。
绿色采购可能会在环保运输，降低成本，有害材料替代和减少废物的方面有所增强。供应商的参与和支持是实现这些目标的关键。因此，企业正越来越多地管理他们供应