养老外文翻译教学提纲.doc

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郑州轻工业学院
本科毕业设计（论文）

文献翻译

题 目： 郑州市日间照料中心发展
现状状及存在问题研究
学生姓名： 张 飞
专业班级： 劳动与社会保障11级1班
学 号： 541109040144
院 （系）: 政法学院
指导教师(职称): 杨岚（讲师）
完成时间: 2015年 4月 1日

Assessing the needs of older people in Albania

Background
According to the information provided by the National Institute of Statistics (INSTAT), the proportion of the population over 65 years of age in Albania has reached 12%in 2010.Furthermore, projections suggest that the proportion of older people in Albania will double over the next 35 years. Coupled with falling birth rates and increasing life expectancy, this will eventually lead to a substantial reduction of the economically active proportion of the population. At the same time, high levels of chronic illness, a huge burden of avoidable disability, economic deprivation and a lack of social opportunities mean that most elderly people in Albania are in a struggle to survive rather than enjoying the personal and social possibilities common in many other European countries. Consequently, the Albanian society as a whole is deprived of much of the contribution it could gain from the experience of its older citizens.
Demographic trends mixed with a society in economic and political transition raise concerns about increasing needs for care and social inclusion of older people in Albania. Moreover, there is a low level of preparation of the Albanian society to cope with chronic diseases and long-term care. Complex policies and actions should be considered by a number of stake holders, including government and civic society in Albania.
Aim and Objectives of the research work
The aim of the current study was to obtain relevant information in order to respond to needs of older people as they see them. Specific objectives of the research work were as follows:
To assess the quality of social services and health care services for elderly people from their perspective.
To assess the difficulties and potential barriers of elderly people to access social services and health care services in Albania.
To understand the determinants and the link between formal care, informal care and social services for elderly people in Albania.
To assess and identify the appropriate strategies for involving older persons in taking decisions self empowerment.
Methodology
Participatory research: the approach of this study consisted of a close collaboration with and direct involvement of older people in all activities of the research work. This approach has the potential to address the needs of older persons as felt by the older persons themselves, in their own environment and during a long period of time. Qualitative research methodology was employed consisting of focus groups and in-depth inter views, as described below:
Focus group discussions were conducted in all prefectures of Albania involving old people aged 65+ years (there are 12 major administrative units in Albania referred to as prefectures).Overall, 12 focus groups were conducted one in each prefecture of Albania. The overall number of participants in the focus groups was 107 (on average, there were 9 participants in each focus group).Detailed notes were taken from all focus group discussions for later analysis. It must be emphasized that all notes from the focus group
discussions were typed in an anonymous manner (i.e. all identifying information including participants names was removed).Immediately after each focus group discussion, the facilitator and note taker met with each-other in order to review the main themes of the
discussion. The main patterns of responses were subsequently summarized. Responses from the discussions were analyzed by arranging the min the general categories identified in the inter view guide. After arrangement of responses, the different positions or opinions were identified.
The experts performing the qualitative data analysis summarized the various opinions, assessed the degree of consensus or differences expressed by the groups and synthesized the themes or patterns that emerged from the information collected in the focus-groups.
In-depth interviews were also conducted with key informants working in senior leadership positions at local government and/or district social insurance institutes (which are branches of the Albanian Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare).The aim of in-depth inter views was to obtain additional and valuable information related to elderly peoples social and health needs, barriers to access services, and level of decision making and social participation in the Albanian society.
Focus groups with old people
The main themes that emerged from focus-group discussions with old people are summarized below:
Socioeconomic situation of old people:
According to participants in the focus groups, the elderly people in Albania face many financial challenges and socioeconomic problems which are worsened by the rapid transition from a centralized system towards a market-oriented economy which is associated with serious difficulties for this vulnerable segment of the population. Old people feel even more frustrated from the fact that both the local and central institutions (such as e.g. the National Institute of Statistics) claim that elderly people are not the most socioeconomic disadvantaged age-group of the population (according to these institutions, small children are the most disadvantaged population subgroup), which poses serious difficulties for the work carried out by the institutions, agencies, civil society and non-governmental associations working with elderly people in Albania.
Elderly people expressed similar concerns, problems and distress related to their poor socioeconomic conditions. The lack of money even for simple survival was one of the key complaints in almost all of the focus group discussions. Thus, old people reported that after they pay the bills for electricity and running water, they are left with insufficient money for food and essential medications which they need for treatment of several chronic conditions such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, gastrointestinal problems and many other diseases which they currently suffer from. The pretty low standard of living is quite obvious and is a daily source of economic and psychosocial distress for most of elderly people in Albania. Consistent with prior reports, the overall monthly income (including social pension and other sources of income available) reported by elderly people residing in urban areas was on average below100 ,whereas in rural areas it was below50 . Elderly people living in urban areas though have a somewhat better standard of living compared with those who live in rural areas.

Health status of old people:
Similar concerns were expressed by elderly people with regard to the health status and health care services. Elderly people residing in urban areas have a better access to health care services, whereas those living in rural areas face serious difficulties to access health services. The lack of afford ability of medications is a serious concern expressed by almost all elderly persons. Thus, the vast majority of elderly people have no money to buy the prescribed drugs. Those who can afford have nevertheless to choose the cheapest drugs which are often ineffective to control such chronic conditions as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, or diabetes. As a result, compatible with prior reports, chronic diseases are not kept under control and the health conditions of many elderly people tend to worsen due to ineffective treatment. This was felt by most of participants who attended the focus group discussions.
Self-perceived image and social position of old people:
According to perceptions of old people, historically, the elderly have been respected and well-recognized in the Albanian society. They have been appreciated for their authoritative work, wisdom, dignity and experience accumulated during their lifetime. However, according to old peoples feelings and perceptions from focus group discussions, this is not the case in the new system (alias the transitional period from the former communist regime into a market-oriented system)where old people feel that the society considers this segment of the population as a huge economic burden and a futile subgroup for the society on the whole. According to old people, this is especially the case for women who are often victims of negative stereotypes: instead of being recognized for their values, skills, capability and contribution, old women in Albania are not appreciated and excluded from the society both at local and national levels. Furthermore, in old people s view, media is not playing its role in promoting old women values and their huge potential for contributing in decision making and participation in the Albanian society.
Thus, regarding social contacts and social networks, elderly people tended to express family and community negligence. The lack of sufficient respect is the most frustrating issue according to the perceptions and feelings of elderly people. Most of the elderly people reported that they hardly get any chances to actively contribute and to be included
in different community activities and programs. Elderly people feel that their voice is totally neglected and nobody cares about their opinion. In conclusion, it was felt during the focus groups discussions that elderly people in Albania have no effective means of social participation.
Violence and abuse against old people:
According to old people in Albania, there is a lot of psychological abuse and even physical violence that they currently suffer. Nevertheless, in the context of the Albanian society it is difficult to identify and address the issues related to abuse and violence against elderly. This is mainly due to the old traditions and mentality according to which such problems related to violence and abuse should be confined within household boundaries.
Yet, several old people stated that they are aware of some key findings and reports from different surveys, according to which it was shown that the violence against old people in Albania is not trivial. Thus, in a focus group it was mentioned that prior reports in Albania had demonstrated that daughters in law were responsible for 25.5% of cases of elderly abuse, son in law were responsible for 18.8%, own children were responsible for 12.5% of the cases, nephews and nieces for 17.4% of the cases and the neighbors were responsible for the rest. The main type of violence suffered from old people consists of psychological abuse (43.8%), where physical violence comprises 6.3%. Such reports emerging from old people themselves raise serious concerns and deserve special attention. Some salient direct quotations from the focus group discussions with elderly people in Albania are presented below:

成功秘诀：好市口＋个性经营

2、你大部分的零用钱用于何处？

动漫书籍□ 化妆品□ 其他□

尽管售价不菲，但仍没挡住喜欢它的人来来往往。这里有营业员们向顾客们示范着制作各种风格迥异的饰品，许多顾客也是学得不亦乐乎。在现场，有上班族在里面精挑细选成品，有细心的小女孩在仔细盘算着用料和价钱，准备自己制作的原料。可以想见，用本来稀奇的原料，加上别具匠心的制作，每一款成品都必是独一无二的。而这也许正是自己制造所能带来最大的快乐吧。

然而影响我们大学生消费的最主要的因素是我们的生活费还是有限，故也限制了我们一定的购买能力。因此在价格方面要做适当考虑：我们所推出的手工艺制品的价位绝大部分都是在50元以下。一定会适合我们的学生朋友。
评估老年人的需求，在阿尔巴尼亚

（2）东西全一 、背景
根据国家研究所提供的资料统计（INSTAT），在2010年阿尔巴尼65岁以上的人口比例已经达到12％，预测表明，在阿尔巴尼亚的老年人的比例将增加一倍，在未来35年,加上出生率下降和预期寿命延长，这将最终导致了经济活动的中人口比重的大幅减少。同时，严重的慢性疾病，经济贫困和缺乏的社会机会，成为阿尔巴尼亚的巨大负担，大多数老人都无法享受到社会提供的的良好生存保障，而不是像其他许多欧洲国家那样。因此，一个阿尔巴尼亚，它剥夺了社会的许多贡献，它可能从老年公民那获得经验。

在调查中我们注意到大多数同学都比较注重工艺品的价格，点面氛围及服务。阿尔巴尼亚的经济和政治混乱，在社会的人口发展趋势下，有关老年人的保健和社会包容性的需求日益增加，引起社会的关注。此外，阿尔巴尼亚社会应对慢性疾病和长期护理，准备水平还很低。复杂的政策和行动涉及到很多利益相关者，包括阿尔巴尼亚政府和公民社会。
二、研究工作的目的和目标

根据调查资料分析：大学生的消费购买能力还是有限的，为此DIY手工艺品的消费不能高，这才有广阔的市场。当前研究的目的是为了获得相关信息，以应对老年人的需求，研究工作的具体目标如下：
社会服务和医疗保健服务的质量评估，从他们的角度来看老人。
评估老人的困难和潜在障碍，访问社会服务和医疗保健服务。

2、传统文化对大学生饰品消费的影响理解的决定和正式照顾之间的联系，对老年人非正式的保健和社会服务。
评估和确定适当的策略，以决定自我权力来涉及老年人。

标题：上海发出通知为大学生就业—鼓励自主创业，灵活就业 2004年3月17日三、研究的方法论
本研究的方法包括一个关闭所有活动中的合作和直接参与老年人的研究工作。这种做法有可能解决老年人的需求，由老年人自己觉得，在自己的环境，并在相当长的时间内。定性研究方法，重点团体的意见，如下所述：
在阿尔巴尼亚的都道府县进行了焦点小组讨论涉及年龄在65岁以上的老人（有12个主要行政在阿尔巴尼亚的单位简称为县）。总体而言，12个焦点小组进行，每个县之一阿尔巴尼亚。在焦点团体的参与者总人数107（平均每个焦点小组的参与者有9）。详细说明所有焦点小组讨论，以供日后分析。必须强调的是，从焦点小组的所有音符讨论了在一个匿名的方式输入（即全部确定信息，包括参与者的名字被删除）。每个重点小组讨论，主持人，并注意后立即接受者会见了以审查的主要议题与每个其他讨论。随后总结反应的主要模式。从讨论的答复进行了分析，安排审核无误在间认为的确定的一般​​类别的反应，不同的立场或意见的安排确定。进行定性数据分析,总结了各方面的意见，评估程度的共识，或表达的差异组和合成的主题或图案，出现其外信息收集的重点群体。还进行了深入访谈与关键线人工作在当地政府和/或地区的高级领导职务社会保险机构（这是阿尔巴尼亚部的分支机构劳动和社会福利）。在深度访谈的目的是获得额外的和有价值的有关老人人民的社会和健康的需求，障碍访问服务，决策和社会参与程度在阿尔巴尼亚的社会。
四、老人集中小组：
从老人们的小组讨论中出现的主要议题是总结如下：
1、老人们的社会经济状况：
根据小组的参与者，在阿尔巴尼亚的老人面临着许多金融挑战和社会经济问题恶化从一个集中的系统的快速过渡，走向以市场为导向的经济，这是人口这一弱势群体的严重困难。老人们感到更加沮丧的事实，地方和中央机构（如如国家统计局）声称，老人是最弱势群体的社会经济人口的年龄组（根据这些机构，小的孩子是最弱势的人口群），这为机构，机构，民间社会和非政府团体在阿尔巴尼亚的老人进行的工作带来严重困难。
老人表达了类似的关切，问题和有关他们的社会经济条件差的困扰。甚至一个简单的几乎所有的焦点小组讨论很缺钱。因此，老人，电力和自来水后，他们支付的票据，他们没有足够的钱留给他们需要治疗一些慢性疾病，如血压高，心血管疾病，糖尿病，肠胃问题的食品和基本药物它们目前遭受的许多其他疾病。在相当低的生活标准是很明显的，是大多数老人在阿尔巴尼亚的经济和心理困扰的日常来源。与以前的报告一致，整体每月收入（包括社会养老保险和其他来源的收入可用）报道，居住在城市的老人，平均低于100，而等在农村地区低于50。 老人们居住在城市地区，虽然与那些生活在农村地区相比，有更好一些的生活标准。
2、老人的健康状况：
在健康状况和医疗保健方面被市区居住的人表示类似的关注，有一个更好地获得医疗保健服务，而那些生活的农村地区面临着严重的困难，获得医疗服务。药物缺乏的是一个几乎所有的老年人表示严重关切。因此，广大老人没有钱购买规定药物。他们负担不起，但选择最便宜的往往是无效的，以控制高血压，心血管疾病，糖尿病等慢性疾病的药物。因此，与以前的报告兼容，慢性疾病不受到控制，很多老人的健康状况趋向恶化，因治疗无效。这被认为大多数与会者出席焦点小组讨论。
3、老人的自感形象和社会地位：
  据老人的看法，从历史上看，老人一直尊重和阿尔巴尼亚社会的广泛认可。他们一直赞赏他们的工作权威，智慧，尊严和在其一生中积累的经验。然而，根据老人民的感情和看法集中在小组讨论，这是不是在新系统（别名导向系统的前共产主义政权）的情况下，老人们觉得社会认为，这部分人口一个巨大的经济负担和徒劳的分组，对整个社会。据老人们，尤其是对妇女的负面刻板印象往往受害者的情况下，而不是他们的价值观，技能，能力和贡献的认可，在阿尔巴尼亚的老年妇女不赞赏，无论在本地和从社会排除国家一级。此外，老人们认为，媒体是不是在玩它的作用，在促进老妇女的价值观和他们的决策和参与在阿尔巴尼亚社会贡献的潜力巨大。
因此，有关社会交往和社会网络，老人往往表示家庭和社区的疏忽。缺乏足够的尊重，是最令人沮丧的问题，根据老人的观念和感情。大多数老人的报道，他们很难得到任何机会做出积极的贡献，被列入在不同的社会活动和方案。老人觉得他们的声音被完全忽略，没有人关心他们的意见。总之，有人认为在焦点小组讨论，社会参与，在阿尔巴尼亚的老人有没有有效的手段。
4、对老人的暴力和虐待：
据阿尔巴尼亚的老人，有很多的心理虐待，甚至身体暴力，在这样的社会背景下，很难找出并解决对老人的虐待和暴力相关的问题。根据有关的暴力和虐待家庭界限内应局限于这些问题，这主要是由于旧的传统和心态。
然而，一些老人们说，他们是知道的一些主要结果，并根据不同的调查报告，它表明，对阿尔巴尼亚老人的暴力是不平凡的。因此，在在阿尔巴尼亚的报告，焦点小组中有人提到表明，虐待老人，25.5％的情况下，女婿负责；女儿负责为18.8％，自己的孩子负责为12.5％，其余的情况邻居的侄子和侄女负责为17.4％。老人遭受的暴力行为的主要类型包括心理虐待（43.8％），其中身体暴力包括6.3％。从新兴报告中，对老人本身等提出严重关切。
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