高中英语动词时态备课讲稿.doc

高中英语动词时态精品文档动词时态一般进行完成完成进行现在一般现在时do/does现在进行时is doing现在完成时have done现在完成进行时have been doing过去一般过去时did过去进行时was doing过去完成时had done过去完成进行时had been doing将来一般将来时will do将来进行时will be doing将来完成时will have done将来完成进行时will have been doing过去将来过去将来时would do过去将来进行时would be doing过去将来完成时would have done过去将来完成进行时would have been doing 上述16种时态中，其中有8种时态是最重要的，也是用得最多的，它们是一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时，其余的时态相对用得较少。一、一般现在时一般现在时除主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词要加s或es外，一律用动词原形。其疑问句和否定句要借助助动词do或does来实现（be和have除外）。1、一般现在时表现在表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语every day, usually, always, often, sometimes, on Sunday等连用。eg: I go to school at 6 every morning.每天早上我七点去上学。He often goes to the cinema.他经常去看电影。表示现在(或经常性)的情况或状态eg: Mother is ill.母亲病了。We need a lot of money.我们需要一大笔钱。表示现在的能力、特征、职业等eg: He sings well.他唱歌唱得好。Mr. Smith teaches French.史密斯先生教法语。表示客观真理、科学事实、格言以及不受时间限制的客观存在。eg: Summer follows spring.春去夏来。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。The earth turns around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。【特别提示】此种用法即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.我在小学就学过地球是围绕太阳转的。 表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态eg: Here comes the bus! 公共汽车来了！There goes the bell. 铃响了。How hard it snows! 雪下得真大！2、一般现在时表将来当主句为将来时态或表示将来意义时，时间、条件、方式及让步状语从句必须用一般现在时表将来。eg: Ill write to her when I have time.我有空会给她写信。Turn off the lights before you leave.走前关灯。If we hurry, we may catch the bus.如果我们赶紧走我们可能赶得上公共汽车。Tell me in case you get into difficulty.遇到困难请告诉我。在the morethe more (越越)句型中，前者通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，因为前者相当于条件状语从句。eg: The harder you study, the better results you will get.你学习越努力，成绩就会越好。在make sure(弄清楚)，make certain(弄清楚)，take care(注意，当心)，be careful(注意，当心)，mind(注意)，watch(注意)后宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时代替一般将来时。eg: Make certain what time the train goes.务必弄清火车发车时间。Take care that it does not occur again.注意别再发生这样的事。Watch that the baby doesnt go near the heater.注意别让宝宝接近加热器。【特别提示】在it doesnt matter, I dont care, I dont mind等结构(以及类似结构)后的名词性从句也通常用一般现在表示将来意义。It doesnt matter where we go on holiday.我们去哪儿度假都行。Does it matter who goes first?谁先去这有关系吗？I dont care whether we win or lose.我不在乎我们是赢还是输。表示按计划或时间表将要发生的动作，通常有表示将来的时间状语。eg: The plane takes off at 11:30 and arrives in Shanghai at l:20.飞机十一点半起飞，一点二十分抵达上海。【特别提示】只限于少数动词能这样用，如begin, start, end, finish, stop, go, come, leave, sail, arrive, return, close, open等。3、 一般现在时表过去(1) 故事性读物中戏剧性的描绘（用一般现在时可给人以历历在目的印象）。eg: They threatened to shoot, but the marchers could not be stopped. The unarmed workerspresson and on.他们威胁着要开枪，却没法挡住游行者，手无寸铁的工人们不断向前逼进。The crowdswarmsaround the gateway, excitementgrowsas the pop star appears.人群聚集在大门口，当那位通俗歌星出现时，众人情绪高涨。(2) 用在报纸标题或小说章节的标题中eg: Earthquake kills over 100,000 people地震使10万人丧生PEACE TALKSFAIL和谈失败Go to Bristol第七章去布里斯托尔途中【特别提示】情节已经发生而用一般现在时，可使标题生动。二、一般过去时一般过去时用动词的过去式构成，即一般是在动词原形后加ed。(1)一般过去时表示过去表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last week/year/ month/ spring, in 1989,a few days ago, just now, a moment ago, the other day等时间状语连用。eg: He bought the computer five years ago.这电脑是他五年前买的。 It was then a small fishing village.那时它只是一个小渔村。表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为eg: We often played together when we were children.我们小时候常在一起玩。 When my brother was a teenager, he played table tennis almost everyday. When I was young, I took cold baths regularly.叙述过去连续发生的一件件事。eg: He got up early in the morning, fetched water, swept the yard and then went out to work.在条件、时间状语从句中表示过去将来的动作。eg: They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.【特别提示】表过去习惯性的动词，也可用used to或would。He used to go to work by bus.他过去常乘公共汽车去上班。(2)一般过去时表示现在在宾语从句中，由于时态呼应的关系，可用一般过去时表示现在。eg: I didnt know you were here.我不知道你在这儿。(were实际上指现在) I didnt know you were so busy我没想到你这么忙。(were实际上指现在)用于某些特殊结构中表示现在eg: Its time we started.我们该动身了。 I wish I knew his name.要是我知道他的名字就好了。 Id rather you lived closer to us.我希望你能住得离我们近点。 If I had the money now Id buy a car.假若我现在有钱，我就买辆小汽车。【特别提示】有些动词如：expect, hope, intend, plan, wanted 等的一般过去时，后接不定式的完成时；或它们的过去完成时接不定式的一般式，都可表示过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望。I hoped to have been invited to his wedding party./I had hoped to be invited to his wedding ceremony. 我本希望他来邀请我参加他的婚礼。I intended to have joined their games./I had intended to join their games.我本打算参加他们的比赛。三、 一般将来时(1)一般将来时的基本用法 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。有下列一些形式：1.“will / shall +动词原形”（侧重将来行为，不突出计划安排去做某事，常与时间副词tomorrow，soon或短语next year / week / month, in a few days, in the future, sometime,in 2018等连用）表示将会出现的动作或状态。My daughter will be twelve years old tommorrow.表示经常发生的动作。We shall work in this factory every day.“will+动词原形”表示事物固有的属性或必然趋势、倾向。Fish will die without water.表示说话过程中所做的决定。 The phone is ringing Ill answer it.(2)表示将来时间的常见方法英语中除了“will /shall+动词原形”表示将来时态外，还可以有以下多种方法：be going to+动词原形主要表示已经计划或安排好了的事情，也可表示有迹象表明将要发生的事情。eg: We are not going to stay there long.我们不准备在那里多待。 Im afraid theyre going to lose the game.恐怕他们会赛输。 Look, its going to rain.瞧，要下雨了。【特别提示】be going to后接动词go和come时，通常直接改用其进行时态。Where is he going to go? / Where is he going?他打算到哪里去？be to+动词原形1)主要表示一种按计划或安排将发生的活动或常规性的活动或注定要做的事情；Who is to clean the classroom today? 今天该谁打扫教室了？Tell him hes not to be back late.告诉他不准迟回。2)表示“应该”，相当于should ,ought to eg: You are to report to the police. What is to be done?应该怎么办呢？3) 表示“必须”， 相当于must ，have to eg: The letter is to be handed to him in person. You are to do your homework before you watch TV.4)表示“想，打算”，相当于intend,want ，eg: If we are to be there before ten, well have to go now.5)用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求对方意见。eg: Am I to go on with the work? What are we to do next?6)用于否定句，表示“禁止”， 相当于“mustnt”eg: The books in this room are not to be taken outside.7) 表示“可能，可以”， 相当于may, caneg: The news is to be found in the evening paper. Such people are to be found everywhere. 8) were to do sth用于if 或 even if /even though 从句中，表示对未来的假设。eg: If I were to tell you that I killed him, would you believe me? Even if the sun were to rise in the west, I would never do such a thing.9) be to blame（该受责备，对某坏事应负责任）与 be to let （待出租）两种结构中，用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。eg: Which driver is to blame for the accident? 这事故是哪个司机的责任？ This house is to let. 这房子要出租。【特别提示】这与不定式作表语不同：My idea is to go there today.我的意思是今天就去那里。 be about to+动词原形主要表示就要做或正好要做的事情，意为“正要、即将”。往往暗含一种时间上的巧合，因此，句子不能再用时间状语。eg: He is about to leave.他即将要离开。 Sit down, everyone. The film is about to start.大家坐好，电影马上就要开发始了。【特别提示】be on the point of加动词的-ing形式，表示“就要”做某事，也不能与表示将来的时间状语连用。Look! Theyre on the point of starting!看！他们就要开始了！ be due to+动词原形主要表示按计划或时间表将要发生某事。eg: He is due to leave very soon.他很快就要离开。 His book is due to be published in October.他的书计划10月份出版。现在进行时表将来(即be现在分词)主要表示即将发生的动作或存在的状态。这个句型中动词主要是瞬间动词：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, close, open, die, join, borrow, buy等。eg: The students are leaving on Sunday.学生们星期日出发。 The dog is dying. 那条狗要死了。 Hurry up. The shop is closing. 快点，商店就要关门了。一般现在时表将来表示一种严格按照计划进行的动作。比方说，上课、飞机起飞、火车离站等。eg: The train leaves at 7:25 this evening.火车今晚7:25分开。 Dont hurry. The meeting starts at a quarter past eight. 不要匆忙，回忆八点过一刻开始。 The bus goes back at four thirty. 汽车四点返回。四. 过去将来时(1) 过去将来时的基本用法过去将来时由“would/should+动词原形”构成，主要表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的事情,通常用于其主语的谓语为过去时态的宾语从句中。eg: He told us he would help us.他告诉我们他会帮助我们。 I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble. 我知道当我们陷入困境时它会帮助我们。(2)过去将来时的常见表示方法除“would/should+动词原形”外，过去将来时还有以下常见表达方式（参考一般将来时）。用was/were going to表示过去某时准备做某事。eg: He told us that he was going to attend the meeting. 他告诉我说他要参加那次会议。 I was going to leave when he came in.他进来时我正要离开。【特别提示】was going to在一定的上下文中有时可表示过去未曾实现的想法或打算。She was going to attend the concert last night, but she was too busy.她昨晚本想去听音乐会的，但她太忙了。用was/were about+不定式表示在过去看来正要做某事。eg: I was just about to go to bed when he came to see me.我正要睡觉，他来看我了。用于was/were due to表示定于过去某时将要做某事。eg: They were due to leave at ten oclock.他们定于十点出发。用“was(were)+不定式”表示定于过去某时将要做某事。eg: He was to meet her at 10 on the street.他约定和她10点钟在街上见面。【特别提示】若表示过去没有实现(或被取消)的计划，则用was (were) to+have done。We were to have left at 6 last night.我们本来计划昨晚6点离开的。五. 现在进行时：由am/is/are加现在分词构成。(1)现在进行时的基本用法表示说话时正在进行而尚未完成的动作或状态；表示现阶段一直在进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行。eg: Were having a meeting.我们在开会。(说话时正在进行的动作) He is teaching in a middle school.他在一所中学教书。(目前阶段在进行的动作)(2)现在进行时表将来主要表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作（只限于go, come, stay, leave, start, begin, arrive, return, fly, drive等动词）这时常有一个表示将来时间的状语。eg: Im leaving tomorrow.我明天走。 Theyre getting married next month.他们下个月结婚。【特别提示】用现在进行时表示将来，其计划性较强，并往往暗示一种意图；而一般现在时表示将来，则其客观性较强，即通常被视为客观事实，多指按时刻表或规定要发生的情况。Im not going out this evening.今晚我不准备出去。What time does the train leave?火车什么时候开?(3)现在进行时表示感色彩现在进行时有时可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩，通常与always, forever, constantly, continually等副词连用。比较：Shes always helping people.她老是帮助别人。(表赞扬) She always helps others.他总是帮助别人。(陈述一个事实) The boy is constantly lying.这孩子老是撒谎。(表示厌恶) The boy often lies.这孩子常撒谎。(指出缺点)(4)动词be的现在进行时主要用于表示一时的表现或暂时存在的状态。比较：He is foolish.他很傻。(生性如此) He is being foolish.他显得很傻。(指一时的表现，并非总是如此) He is friendly.他很友好。(长期如此) He is being friendly.他显得很友好。(指暂时的表现，而且不一定真诚)【特别提示】“be+形容词”用于现在进行时时，其中的形容词通常只能是angry, careful, careless, clever, foolish, stupid, kind, friendly, brave, rude, polite等动态形容词，而big, tall, beautiful等静态形容词不能这样用的。5. 大多数动词可用于进行时，但也有些动词不用于进行时。常见的有：exist,live,understand,mean,owe,know,doubt,suppose ,remember,forget,believe,trust,want,wish,refuse,like,hate,dislike,prefer,mind,hope,belong to等。六. 过去进行时:由 was/were加现在分词构成。(1)过去进行的基本用法1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（此过去时间须用时间状语表示）。eg: He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.2. 表示过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作，但说话时不一定在进行。eg: They were digging a railway tunnel last week. He was playing while I was studying.我在做功课时他在玩。(2)过去进行时表示现在用过去进行时表示现在主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。eg: I was wondering if you could give me a lift.我不知你能否让我搭一下车。 We were hoping you would stay with us.我们很希望你能跟我们住在一起。 How much did you want to spend, sir?先生，您打算花多少钱？(3)过去进行时表示感情色彩与现在进行时相似，过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩，通常与always, forever, continually等副词连用。eg: They were always quarrelling.他们老是吵架。 The boy was continually asking questions.这个男孩子老是问东问西的。(4)动词be的过去进行时动词be的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态。比较：eg: He was friendly.他很友好。(指过去长期如此) He was being friendly.他当时显得很友好。(指当时一时的表现)(5)表示某个短暂性动作发生的背景如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达谈话背景；动作时间短的用一般过去时，表达新的信息。eg: I was reading the newspaper when the doorbell rang.我正在看报，突然门铃响了。 Jim burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner.吉姆做饭时把手烫了。(6) 过去进行时与一般过去时的区别过去进行时强调动作在过去某时刻正在进行或持续，而一般过去时表示动作的完成。eg: He was writing his composition last night. 他昨晚在写作文。(不一定写完) He wrote his composition last night. 他昨晚写了一篇作文。(已经写完)表示过去的状态、感觉及心理活动的静态动词(如be, like, love, hate, fear, own, hear, see, know, want, notice)可用于一般过去时，但通常不用于进行时。eg: I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我讨厌人们说话时口里含着食物。一般过去时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用，表示“过去经常性、习惯性的动作”；而过去进行时与always, constantly, forever, continually等连用，表示动作的重复，常带有感情的色彩。eg: He always got up at six. 他过去总是六点起床。 He was always thinking of his work. 他总是一心想到工作。七. 现在完成时:由“have / has + 过去分词”构成。(1)现在完成时的基本用法现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作在过去已经完成，并且这个过去发生并完成的动作对现在有影响或结果，同时说话者强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果。eg: He has left the city.他已离开这个城市。(结果：他不在这个城市) Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。(结果：窗户仍破着) Have you seen my bag?你看到我的手提包了吗?(结果：你知道它在哪里吗?)现在完成时表示一个在过去开始的动作并未在过去完成，而是一直持续到现在，并且有可能继续下去(也可能到此结束);或表示说话时已完成的动作，常与so far, in the past/ last few years, recently, lately, twice, for two years, how long, since (ago) 用。eg: I have lived for ten years. 我在这儿住了十年了。 We have studied here since 2003. 我们自2003年来就在这儿读书了。 The temperature has stayed hot this week.这星期天气一直很热。 现在完成时表示从过去某个时间直到现在的这个时间范围内不断重复发生的动作或情况，并且这个不断重复的动作有可能继续下去，也有可能到现在就结束。eg: How often have you seen her?你隔多少见她一次? My father has always gone to work by bike.我父亲一向骑车上班。 现在完成时表示将来同一般现在时可以表示将来一样，现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表示将来。eg: Ill wait until he has written his letter.我愿等到他把信写完。 When you have rested, Ill show you the garden.等你休息好之后，我领你看我们的花园。【特别提示】1. 非持续性动词go, come, leave, borrow, buy, die, join的完成时的肯定式不能与时间段连用，若要接用时间段状语，则应换成相应的持续动词或状态动词。He has left. 他走了。He has been away for an hour. 他走了一个小时了。Can I borrow that book? 我可以借那本书吗?How long can I keep the book? 这本书我可借多久？2. 非持续性动词的否定完成时可与时间段状语连用。He has not borrowed the book since then. 从此以后，他再也没有借这本书了。(2)与现在完成时连用的常用词语和结构能与现在完成时连用词语很多，如副词just, already, yet, before, ever, recently等。since(自从)不管用作介词、连词还是副词，句子(主句)谓语通常都与现在完成时连用。eg: I havent seen her since last week.自上周以来我一直未见过她。 Where have you been since I last saw?自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?【特别提示】有时可用其他时态的情况。1.对于某些表示状态(如seem等)的动词，或因语义等方面的原因，有时可能用一般现在时比较现在完成时更合适。It seems like years since we last met.我们似乎几年未见面了。2.若不是指从过去持续到现在，而是指从较远的过去持续到在一个较近的过去，则用过去完成时。Yesterday he told me that he hadnt eaten anything since Tuesday.他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。(指从星期二至昨天未吃东西)3.表示时间长度时，通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时。Its ten years since he left here.他离开这儿已10年了。so far(到目前为止)eg: So far there has been no bad news.到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。 We havent had any trouble so far.到目前为止，我们还没有遇到任何麻烦。in/for/during the past/last years(在过去年中)eg: In the past two years Ive seen him little.过去两年我很少见到他。 I have been here (for) the last/past month.最近一个月里我都在这儿。up to/until now(到现在为止)eg: Up to now, the work has been easy.到现在为止这工作还算容易。 I have heard nothing from him up to now.到现在为止我还没有听到他一点音信。This/That/It is /will be the first/ second /last time that(第几次)eg: Its the first time Ive come here.这是我第一次来这儿。Dont forget, itll be the first time Ive spoken in public.别忘了,这是我第一次在公共场合发言。 This/That/It is + the +形容词最高级+名词+that句型中。eg: Thats the most interesting book that Ive ever read.这是我看过的最有意思的书。八. 过去完成时：由“had + 过去分词”构成。(1)过去完成时的基本用法过去完成时与现在完成时相似，也有“已完成”和“未完成”两种用法，所不同的是，过去完成时将时间推移到过去某一时间之前，即所谓的“过去的过去”。具体地说，它既可表示在过去某一时间之前已完成的动作，也可表示从一个较早的过去持续一个较迟的过去的动作。eg: He had left when I arrived.当我到达时他已经离开。 By six oclock he had worked twelve hours.到6点钟时他就已工作了12小时。(2)如何正确运用过去完成时正确运用过去完成时最重要的是要正确理解“过去的过去”。“过去的过去”是一个相对时间，即它相对于一个过去时间而言，并在其过去。这种相对的“过去的过去”有时通过一定的时间副词(状语)体现出来，有时则可能是通过一定的上下文来体现：。eg: I found the watch which I had lost.我找到了我丢失的表。 The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed.屋子里很安静，大家都睡觉了。【特别提示】有些通常与现在完成时连用的词语，由于在一定的语境中，谓语动作移到了“过去的过去”，也应用过去完成时。Yesterday he told me that he hadnt eaten anything since Tuesday.他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。(指从星期二至昨天未吃东西)(3)过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法与打算过去完成时可表示过去未曾实现的想法和打算，通常连用的动词是want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose等。eg: I had meant t