英汉翻译技巧.doc

英汉互译技巧 第01讲
第一讲 翻译的基本概念和理解

To establish an Environmental Health and Safety Committee with a 2 year-term of membership.
建立环境卫生和安全委员会，委员任期两年。

To be regularly informed of safety and environmental protection plans implemented by departments for reporting to the President or his/her delegated representative, the VP-AB through the Director of HSEO.
HSEO主任定期向委员会通告部门执行的安全与环境保护计划的情况，委员会将这些情况向主席或者授权代表,行政与商务副主席汇报。

Sewage from HKUST is discharged to the Junk Bay municipal sewage treatment facility by a sewage pipe which uses a dedicated tunnel under the mountain between HKUST and Junk Bay.
香港科技大学污物和污水的排放必须遵守香港水污染控制法令。香港科技大学通过排污管道经专用隧道将污水排到将军澳市政污物处理处处理，隧道位于两地之间的山下。

Translate

1. if you translate something that someone has said or written,
you say it or write it in a different language
you express it in a different way, using a different system, alphabet
2. if you translate something such as an idea, you express it in a different way, for example, by putting the idea into practice;
3. if you translate a remark, gesture, action, etc in a particular way, you decide that this is what it means; synonyms: change, render, convert and interpret

Interpret

1. If you interpret what someone says or does in a particular way, you decide that this is its meaning or significance
2. if you interpret a novel, dream, result, etc., you give an explanation of what it means
3. if you interpret a work of art such as a piece of music, a play, a dance, etc, you perform it in a particular way, especially a way that shows your feelings about it
4. if you interpret what someone is saying, you translate it immediately into another language, so that speakers of that language can understand.

Translation is the action of interpretation of the meaning of a text, and subsequent production of an equivalent text that communicates the same message in another language. The text to be translated is called the "source text," and the language it is to be translated into is called the "target language"; the final product is sometimes called the "target text.“

Translation must take into account constraints that include context, the rules of grammar of the two languages, their writing conventions, and their idioms. A common misconception is that there exists a simple "word-for-word" correspondence between any two languages, and that translation is a straightforward mechanical process. A word-for-word translation does not take into account context, grammar, conventions, and idioms.

Fidelity vs. Transparency

Fidelity (or "faithfulness") and transparency are two qualities that, for millennia, have been regarded as ideals to be striven for in translation, particularly literary translation. These two ideals are often at odds. Thus a 17th-century French critic coined the phrase, "les belles infidèles," to suggest that translations, like women, could be either faithful or beautiful, but not both at the same time.

Fidelity pertains to the extent to which a translation accurately renders the meaning of the source text, without adding to or subtracting from it, without intensifying or weakening any part of the meaning, and otherwise without distorting it..

Transparency pertains to the extent to which a translation appears to a native speaker of the target language to have originally been written in that language, and conforms to the language's grammatical, syntactic and idiomatic conventions.

A translation that meets the first criterion is said to be a "faithful translation"; a translation that meets the second criterion, an "idiomatic translation." The two qualities are not necessarily mutually exclusive.

The criteria used to judge the faithfulness of a translation vary according to the subject, the precision of the original contents, the type, function and use of the text, its literary qualities, its social or historical context, and so forth.

翻译，是一种实践活动

Basically, they [skills] are taught within the framework of practical exercises. In most training programmes, this is done by trial and correction, with trial on the student’s part and corrections from the instructor. Such corrections are generally normative; instructors sometimes refer to the communication impact of the tactics in order to explain their preferences, but are not necessarily aware of other factors which influence them.

最早进行英译汉活动的严复， 说他总会因为一个英文单词怎么翻译苦苦思索：“一名之立，旬月踌躇。”

To understand the language of the original (Source Language)
对原作的文字的理解
To understand the content/thought of the original and understand/think it in the language of the language of the original
透过原作的文字对原作思想内容的理解，在理解时用原作的语言进行思维
To form a thought or an image from the understanding of the content of the original, and think in the target language.
把用原作语言进行思维所理解的原作内容形成一个概念或意象，并用译作语言进行思维。
To express the thought or the image in the target language.
把用译作的语言进行思维形成的概念或意象，用译作的语言文字表达出来。

Analysis, transfer, and restructure.

Please translate the following Chinese into English

必须认真贯彻“百年大计、质量第一”的建设思想，质量工作要坚持“严之又严，吹毛求疵，铁面无私，六亲不认”。

必须认真贯彻“百年大计、质量第一”的建设思想，质量工作要坚持“严之又严，吹毛求疵，铁面无私，六亲不认”。
A: Seriously carry out the construction concept of "Projects that are last for generations, quality first", persist in on quality "very strict, picky, impartial and incorruptible, repudiating all of one's relatives“
必须认真贯彻“百年大计、质量第一”的建设思想，质量工作要坚持“严之又严，吹毛求疵，铁面无私，六亲不认”。

B: We must implement strictly the constructing idea of "taking quality as our first priority and the project of vital and lasting importance." We have to stick to the principle featuring exact demands, finding every fault, being just and fair, free from the personal influence of all one's relatives and friends.
必须认真贯彻“百年大计、质量第一”的建设思想，质量工作要坚持“严之又严，吹毛求疵，铁面无私，六亲不认”。

C: As a principle known throughout the construction industry in China, quality is of the first priority in the construction of works as the permanent structures completed may last well over a hundred years. In this regard, the importance of quality can never be overstated, and the quality assurance system shall be executed to the word without any bias or prejudice to any parties concerned.
FIDIC: Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build
7.1 Manner of Execution
The Contractor shall carry out the manufacture of Plant, the production and manufacture of Materials, and all other execution of the Works：
in the manner (if any) specified in the Contract
in a proper workmanlike and careful manner, in accordance with recognized good practice, and
with properly equipped facilities and non-hazardous Materials, except as otherwise specified in the Contract.

7.1 承包商应使用以下方法进行生产设备的制造、材料的生产加工、以及工程的所有其它作业实施：
使用合同中规定的方法（如果有），
按照公认的良好惯例，使用恰当、精巧和仔细的方法，
除合同中另有规定外，使用适当配备的设施和无危险材料。

我单位一旦中标，根据本次工程的重要性和施工的难度，为保证工程优质按期完成，拟把本工程列入年度重点工程，选派具有丰富类似施工管理经验的优秀的项目经理组建项目部，保证项目部成员有良好的技术素质、业务能力和勤奋敬业精神。积极推行项目管理激励措施，在授权项目部对项目的施工进度、质量、安全、成本和服务质量进行全面管理的基础上，公司对项目实施全面监控，充分利用整体优势，在人力、物力、财力上满足工程所需，加强现场施工组织管理，为业主早日投入使用做出我们的贡献。
Once our company win a bid, according to the significance of the projcet and difficulty of construction , we will list this project into annual priority project. In order to ensure high-quality project completed on schedule, we will select excellent project managers having extensive construction management experience in similar projects to set up project department, the members of this department have good technical quality, upstanding professional ability and hard-working spirit. Actively promoting project management incentives, basing on the authorizing project deparment’s overall management to the project's construction schedule, quality, safety, cost and quality of service, company will implement comprehensive monitoring to the project, make full use of overall advantages to meet engineering needs in manpower, material and financial resources, enhance on-site construction management, make our contribution to let owners put it into use as soon as possible.

If we are awarded the Contract, we shall immediately, taking into account the difficulty and importance we have envisaged in the execution of the Project, list the Project in the key projects for our company of this year and dispatch our best project manager with abundant working experience in similar projects. We shall make sure that the members of the Project Management shall be composed of personnel with the best technical expertise and managerial competence, who shall work diligently for the successful completion of the Project. Incentive schemes shall be executed to encourage and motivate the staff and the company shall monitor and supervise the whole execution process performed by the Project Team in their management of work progress, quality control, safety and security, cost control and quality service. The Company shall in accordance with the specific conditions on site make full use of its resources to cater to the demands of the Project in terms of human, financial, and materials resources, and promote the construction organization and management on site to provide the Employer with a quality project at the earliest time possible.

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