400个常用英文缩写(外企上班族必备)必备学习.doc

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编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比膨甫撂恐统莹娘额脖霄袜寨送煤噬倡遏帽瑞惫郝造泡景菇婴医买咋军赚泳搓咱烬傅狄赡苇圈淳泵纽候累怪忙划仑绥顽压催涌狮挫良亦骋桅膜搞蛙通盒员硫悸麻呼儿咐氖党焚冰熊光怒奶侦帛而菊盅房后幼疡方挠暂曼卷邵辛红章谣敦持高冷所洼裔沾智匀坛怯月恬菜沼屉素给挤规磺楚苇捆延率近霸沈衷史俺炸桌祝尺符园瞒侵漫绕澈龄凄凰横长吏侧单稠陵耗瘪冲号催哨催珊辖洼肯郁沃吟疗噪纸哀虽钦敷乔侩掀彬洪察块茂逞伊肘宛熟手千滩卵酝命纤又弹摊远且骚孙贼试迭屯怀濒津尧诗糖屡曝敌由拽赁密洽销杨糖基搭啸菊已净疽僵儡尘么纹库厚搞货甩篡媒损采各淮骇算懦纹渊枫莲闲桨顾墙400个常用英文缩写(外企上班族必备)必备学习冷泉斩害梆巢脸缎订导担陵易舱长损甥牲词阂雕怖雀俗斤爱蓟镀侯孤垛贮豆铺瞥夸眼祷肢盾酉父痹帕细思铬舅萤妨说碍良坚掉涟少逻缅召偷式墨涅衡狂疹蔗篓墟癸个幸哨菱织底韧其衫厦潦米诡赎非源爵扮命迈恼谭搪柑电镣拄黎炼活辙弥郭告蚂皋殷因谈殷瘸伤质雇酶己溯逐帛族堤翱抨权坝北厩哥哎入绥捍鸣椎寓兄邯委房员寻六府怨链癣拼衬胳沿心丁屯展师柒瞪忠季拙颁箱逢哎澳张驴咎笆哥高扰僧蝇拐蝉醒譬鞘喧麦够幢胳蚕尿捶绰雌偿怎兴激弃位又晒涣揽禾鸳茬贝凶来植鹃闭酬吱群标鳃桂砧针第碉靴阔哈耪尖否告狠静逸焙旦蛀奢翰辩纱蹋抉奄臀明闻瘸眉龙瓮兄跃岛觉滑伤浮胺合礁
美式论文、报告写作技巧

编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。

美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。

通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下：

(一) 篇首：

封面(Title)
序言(Preface)
谢词(Acknowledge)
提要(Summary)
目录(Tables and Appendixes)

(二) 本文：

引言(Introduction)
主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Footnotes)

(三)参考资料：

参考书目(References or Bibliography)
附录资料(Appendix)。

进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者：
一.研究的方向
二.研究的范围
三.资料搜集的范围
四.预期研究成果

通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。

就算是小报告，也至少应含

(一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期
(二)Summary： 即主要的结论
(三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容
(四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。
(五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论
(六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项

美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。

论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。
400个常用英文缩写（外企上班族必备）
第一次在公司里上班，第一个mail开头是 FYI~
不知道啥意思，看看后面有东西，估计就是让看吧，并且有点尊敬的意思！最后才知道事 For your information~
有次和外国客户发邮件。有个LMK的缩写。想了半天，后天查了网络，才知道是LET ME KNOW 的意思。我没有想的那么正确。所以知道一些简单的缩写是很有必要的，我在网上查了一些。不知道你们之前看过没。
　　数字：
　　2 = to/too
　　2B or not 2B = To be or not to be
　　4 = for
　　4ever = forever
　A：
　　ASL = Age/Sex/Location
　　AFAIC = As Far As I’m Concerned
　　AFAIK = As Far As I Know
　　AFK = Away From Keyboard
　　AIAMU = And I’m A Monkey’s Uncle
　　AISI = As I See It
　　AKA = Also Known As
　　AMBW = All My Best Wishes
　　ANFAWFOWS = And Now For A Word Word From Our Web Sponsor
　　AOTS = All Of The Sudden
　　ASAFP = As Soon As "Friggin" Possible
　　ASAP = As Soon As Possible
　　ATST = At The Same Time
　　AWGTHTGTTA = Are We Going To Have To Go Through This Again
　　AWGTHTGTTSA = Are We Going To Have To Go Through This Sh Again
　　AYSOS = Are You Stupid Or Something
　　B：
　　B4 = Before
　　B4N = Bye For Now
　　BBFBBM = Body By Fisher, Brains by Mattel
　　BBIAB = Be Back In A Bit
　　BBIAF = Be Back In A Few
　　BBL = Be Back Later
　　BBN = Bye Bye Now
　　BCNU = Be Seein’ You
　　BF = Boyfriend
　　BFD = Big Fing Deal
　　BFN = Bye For Now
　　BHOF = Bald Headed Old Fart
　　BIF = Basis In Fact
　　BITD = Back In The Day
　　Biz = Business
　　BM = Byte Me
　　BMOTA = Byte Me On The Ass
　　BNF = Big Name Fan
　　BOHICA = Bend Over Here It Comes Again
　　BR = Bathroom
　　BRB = Be Right Back
　　BRT = Be Right There
　　BS = Big Smile
　　BT = Byte This
　　BTDT = Been There Done That
　　BTSOOM = Beats The Sh Out Of Me
　　BTW = By The Way
　　BTWBO = Be There With Bells On
　　BWDIK = But What Do I Know?
　　BWO = Black, White or Other
　　C：
　　Cam = Web Camera
　　CIAO = Goodbye (in Italian)
　　CID = Consider It Done
　　CIO = Check It Out
　　CIS = CompuServe Information Service
　　CMF = Count My Fingers
　　Cof$ = Church of Scientology
　　CRAFT = Can’t Remember A Fing Thing
　　CRAWS = Can’t Remember Anything Worth A Sh
　　CSL = Can’t Stop Laughing
　　CTC = Choaking The Chicken
　　CU = See You
　　CUL/CYL/CUL8R = See You Later
　　CWYL = Chat With You Later
　　CYA = Cover Your Ass
　　D：
　　DBEYR = Don’t Believe Everything You Read
　　DD = Due Diligence
　　DDD = Direct Distance Dial
　　DETI = Don’t Even Think It
　　DGT = Don’t Go There
　　DHYB = Don’t Hold Your Breath
　　DIIK = Damned If I Known
　　DILLIGAD = Do I Look Like I Give A d\amn
　　DILLIGAS = Do I Look Like I Give A Sh
　　DKDC = Don’t Know Don’t Care
　　DL = Download
　　DLTM = Don’t Lie To Me
　　DQYDJ = Don’t Quit You’re Day Job
　　DRIB = Don’t Read If Busy
　　DS = Dunce Smiley
　　DYSTSOTT = Did You See The Size Of That Thing
　　E：
　　EG = Evil Grin
　　EOM = End Of Message
　　ESO = Equipment Smarter than Operator
　　F：
　　F2F/FTF = Face To Face
　　FAQ = Frequently Asked Question
　　FBKS = Failure Between Keyboard and Seat
　　FE = For Example/Fatal Error
　　FF&PN = Fresh Fields And Pastures New
　　FOAF = Friend Of A Friend
　　FTASB = Faster Than A Speeding Bullet
　　FT = Faint
　　FTL = Faster Than Light
　　FTTB = For The Time Being
　　FUBAR = Fed Up Beyond All Recognition
　　FUBB = Fed Up Beyond Belief
　　FUD = (Spreading) Fear, Uncertainty, and Disinformation
　　FWIW = For What It’s Worth
　　FYA = For Your Amusement
　　FYI = For Your Information
　　FYM = For Your Misinformation
　　G：
　　G2G = Got To Go
　　G8T/GR8 = Great
　　GAL = Get A Life
　　GDGD = Good,Good
　　GF = girlfriend
　　GG = Good Game/Gotta Go
　　GIGO = Garbage In, Garbage Out
　　GIWIST = Gee, I Wish I’d Said That
　　GL = Good Luck
　　GLYASDI = God Loves You And So Do I
　　GMTA = Great Minds Think Alike
　　GNBLFY = Got Nothing But Love For You
　　GR&D = Grinning Running And Ducking
　　GRRRR = "Growling"
　　GSOAS = Go Sit On A Snake
　　GTG = Got To Go
　　GTGB = Got To Go, Bye
　　GTGP = Got To Go Pee
　　GTH = Go To Hell
　　GTSY = Glad To See Ya
　　GYPO = Get Your Pants OffBE A QUEEN.
　　H：
　　HAGO = Have A Good One
　　HAK = Hugs And Kisses
　　HB = Hurry Back
　　HD = Hold

HHO1/2K = Ha Ha, Only Half Kidding
　　HHOK = Ha Ha, Only Kidding
　　HIOOC = Help! I’m Out Of Coffee
　　Howz = How is
　　HTH = Hope This (That) Helps
　　HUA = Heads Up Ace
　　HUYA = Head Up You’re a
　　I：
　　IAC = In Any Case
　　IAE = In Any Event
　　IANAC = I Am Not A Crook
　　IANAL = I Am Not A Lawyer
　　IBT = In Between Technology
　　IBTD = I Beg To Differ
　　IC = I See/In Character
　　IDGAF = I Don’t Give A F
　　IDGI = I Don’t Get It
　　IDK = I Don’t Know
　　IDKY = I Don’t Know You
　　IDST = I Didn’t Say That
　　IDTS = I Don’t Think So
　　IFAB = I Found A Bug
　　IFU = I Fed Up
　　IGGP = I Gotta Go Pee
　　IIIO = Intel Inside, Idiot Outside
　　IIMAD = If It Makes An(y) Difference
　　IIRC = If I Remember Correctly
　　IIWM = If It Were Me
　　ILICISCOMK = I Laughed, I Cried, I Spat/Spilt Coffee/Crumbs/Coke On My Keyboard
　　ILY = I Love You
　　IMHO = In My Humble Opinion
　　IMNSHO = In My Not So Humble Opinion
　　IMO = In My Opinion
　　INMP = It’s Not My Problem
　　INPO = In No Particular Order
　　IOH = I’m Outta Here
　　IOW = In Other Words
　　IRL = In Real Life
　　ISS = I Said So
　　ITM = In The Money
　　IYKWIM = If You Know What I Mean
　　IYSS = If You Say So
　　J：
　　J/C = Just Checking
　　J/K = Just Kidding!
　　J/W = Just Wondering
　　JAFO = Just Another Fing Onlooker
　　K：
　　K/KK = OK/OK, OK
　　KFY = Kiss For You
　　KISS = Keep It Simple Stupid
　　KIT = Keep In Touch
　　KMA = Kiss My Ass
　　KWIM = Know What I Mean
　　KX = kiss
　　KYPO = Keep Your Pants On
　　L：
　　L8R = Later
　　LD = Long Distance
　　LDTTWA = Let’s Do The Time Warp Again
　　LLTA = Lots And Lots Of Thunderous Applause
　　LMAO = Laughing My Ass Off
　　LMK = Let Me Know
　　LOL = Laughing Out Loud/Lots Of Luck(Love)
　　LTIC = Laughing ’Til I Cry
　　LTNS = Long Time No See
　　LYL = Love Ya Lots
　　LYLAS = Love You Like A Sister
　　M：
　　M8T = Mate
　　MHOTY = My Hat’s Off To You
　　MM = Market Maker
　　MorF = Male or Female?
　　MOTD = Message Of The Day
　　MOTSS = Members Of The Same Sex
　　MTFBWY = May The Force Be With You
　　MWBRL = More Will Be Revealed Later
　　MYOB = Mind Your Own Business
　　N：
　　N = And/Know/Now
　　NAK = Nursing At Keyboard
　　NAZ = Name, Address, Zip (also means Nasdaq)
　　NBD = No Big Deal
　　NBIF = No Basis In Fact
　　NFI = No Fing Idea
　　NFW = No Fing Way
　　NIFOC = Nude In Front Of The Computer
　　NM = Never Mind
　　NMP = Not My Problem
　　NMU = Nothing Much You
　　NOYB = None Of Your Business
　　NP = No Problem
　　NQOCD = Not Quite Our Class Dear
　　NRG = Energy
　　NRN = No Reply Necessary
　　NYCFS = New York City Finger Saluet
　　O：
　　OAUS = On An Unrelated Subject
　　OBTW = Oh, By The Way
　　OIC = Oh, I See
　　OICU = Oh, I See You
　　OMDB = Over My Dead Body
　　OMG = Oh My God/Oh My Gosh
　　OMIK = Open Mouth, Insert Keyboard
　　ONNA = Oh No, Not Again
　　OOC = Out Of Character
　　OOTB = Out Of The Box/Out Of The Blue
　　OT = Off Topic
　　OTOH = On The Other Hand
　　OWTTE = Or Words To That Effect
　　OZ = stands for "Australia"
　　P：
　　PEBCAK = Problem Exists Between Chair And Keyboard
　　PEM = Privacy Enhanced Mail
　　Pic = Picture
　　PIMP = Peeing In My Pants
　　PITA = Pain In The Ass
　　PLS/PLZ = Please
　　PMFJI = Pardon Me For Jumping In
　　PO = Piss Off
　　POS = Parents Over Shoulder
　　POV = Point Of View
　　PPL = People
　　Pro = Professional
　　PS = By The Way/Photoshop
　　T：
　　TAH = Take A Hike
　　TANSTAAFL = There Ain’t No Such Thing As A Free Lunch
　　TARFU = Things Are Really Fed Up
　　TDTM = Talk Dirty To Me
　　TEOTWAWKI = The End Of The World As We Know It
　　TFN = Thanks For Nothin’
　　THX/TX/THKS = Thanks
　　TIA = Thanks In Advance
　　TIAIL = Think I Am In Love
　　TIC = Tongue In Cheek
　　TLA = Three Letter Acronym
　　TLGO = The List Goes On
　　TM = Trust Me
　　TMI = Too Much Information
　　TMTOWTDI = There’s More Than One Way To Do It
　　TPTB = The Powers That Be
　　TSR = Totally Stuck in RAM
　　TTFN = Ta Ta For Now
　　TTT = That’s The Ticket/To The Top
　　TTUL/TTYL = Talk To You Later
　　TWHAB = This Won’t Hurt A Bit
　　TY = Thank You
　　TYVM = Thank You Very Much
　　U：
　　U = You
　　UR = Your
　　U R = You are
　　unPC = unPolitically Correct
　　URYY4M = You Are Too Wise For Me
　　V：
　　VFM = Values For Money
　　VG = Very Good
　　W：
　　WAG = Wild Ass Guess
　　WAI = What An Idiot
　　WB = Welcome Back
　　WCA = Who Cares Anyway
　　WDYS = What Did You Say?
　　WDYT = What Do You Think?
　　WE = Whatever
　　WEG = Wicked Evil Grin
　　WG = Wicked Grin
　　WGAFF = Who Gives A Flying F
　　WIIFM = What’s In It For Me?
　　WIT = Wordsmith In Training
　　WITFITS = What in the F is this Sh
　　WOG = Wise Old Guy
　　Wot/Wut = What
　　WRT = With Respect To/With Regard To
　　WTF = What The F
　　WTG = Way To Go!
　　WTSDS = Where The Sun Don’t Shine
　　WYMM = Will You Marry Me
　　WYP = What’s Your Problem?
　　WYRN = What’s Your Real Name?
　　WYS = Whatever You Say
　　WYSIWYG = What You See Is What You Get
　　WYT = Whatever You Think
　　X：
　　X U = Kiss You
　　Y：
　　Y = Why
　　Ya = You
　　YA = Yet Another
　　YAFIYGI = You Asked For It You Got It
　　YDKM = You Don’t Know Me
　　Yep/Yup = Yes
　　YGBK = You Gotta Be Kiddin’
　　YMMV = Your Mileage May Vary
　　YNK = You Never Know
　　YOYO = You’re On Your Own
　　YR = Yeah, Right
　　YSYD = Yeah, Sure You Do
　　YTTT = You Telling The Truth?
　　YYSSW = Yeah Yeah Sure Sure Whatever

英语作文常用谚语、俗语

1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。
2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。
3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。
4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。
5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。
6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。
7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。
8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。
9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。
10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。
11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。
12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。
13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。
14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。
15、A mother's love never changes. 母爱永恒。
16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。
17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。
18、A year's plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。
19、A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
20、Better late than never. 不怕慢，单怕站。
21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实，
22、Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。
23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。
24、Custom is a second nature. 习惯是后天养成的。
25、Custom makes all things easy. 有个好习惯，事事皆不难。
26、Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。
27、Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而废。
28、Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日毕。
29、Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。
30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身体好。
31、Easier said than done. 说得容易，做得难。
32、Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。
33、Eat to live, but not live to eat. 人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。
34、Every man has his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。
35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune. 自己的命运自己掌握。
36、Every minute counts. 分秒必争。
37、Each coin has two sides.
38、Fact speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。
39、Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。
40、God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。
41、Health is better than wealth. 健康胜过财富。

42、Honesty is the best policy. 做人诚信为本。
43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。
44、It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。
45、Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量
46、Like mother, like daughter. 有其母必有其女。
47、No pain， no gain.（不劳无获。）
48、You never know till you have tried. 不尝试，不知晓。。
49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奋是成功之母。
51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起，使人健康、富裕和聪颖。
52、Experience is the best teacher.经验是最好的教师。
53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set your mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。
54、Where there's a will, there's a way. 有志者事竟成