科技英语的特殊语法现象讲课版市公开课一等奖百校联赛特等奖课件.pptx

1.2 科技英语特科技英语特殊语法现象殊语法现象五、关于动作主体问题五、关于动作主体问题五、关于动作主体问题五、关于动作主体问题六、命令句使用方法六、命令句使用方法六、命令句使用方法六、命令句使用方法七、七、七、七、by,withby,with使用方法使用方法使用方法使用方法八、关于八、关于八、关于八、关于“名词名词名词名词+名词名词名词名词”问题问题问题问题九、极少用九、极少用九、极少用九、极少用“s s”表示全部表示全部表示全部表示全部十、定语从句中与十、定语从句中与十、定语从句中与十、定语从句中与whichwhich、whenwhen连用介词位置连用介词位置连用介词位置连用介词位置一、关于一、关于一、关于一、关于be going to be going to 表示未来问题表示未来问题表示未来问题表示未来问题二、二、二、二、will,can,maywill,can,may使用方法使用方法使用方法使用方法三、无人称被动句使用方法三、无人称被动句使用方法三、无人称被动句使用方法三、无人称被动句使用方法四、四、四、四、shouldshould使用方法使用方法使用方法使用方法第1页十一、关于十一、关于十一、关于十一、关于if if 从句问题从句问题从句问题从句问题十二、从句紧缩式十二、从句紧缩式十二、从句紧缩式十二、从句紧缩式十三、完成时使用方法十三、完成时使用方法十三、完成时使用方法十三、完成时使用方法十四、十四、十四、十四、asas使用方法使用方法使用方法使用方法十五、十五、十五、十五、such that,such as to such that,such as to 使用方法使用方法使用方法使用方法十六、关于抽象名词使用方法十六、关于抽象名词使用方法十六、关于抽象名词使用方法十六、关于抽象名词使用方法十七、动词十七、动词十七、动词十七、动词+后缀当形容词后缀当形容词后缀当形容词后缀当形容词十八、惯用前缀十八、惯用前缀十八、惯用前缀十八、惯用前缀十九、多用正规动词，少用十九、多用正规动词，少用十九、多用正规动词，少用十九、多用正规动词，少用“动词动词动词动词+副词副词副词副词”1.2 科技英语特科技英语特殊语法现象殊语法现象第2页The new aircraft is going to fly for the first The new aircraft is going to fly for the first time on Monday.time on Monday.The new aircraft The new aircraft will fly for will fly for the first time on the first time on Monday.Monday.一、极少用一、极少用be going to 表示未来表示未来n n科技英语中极少用科技英语中极少用be going to 表示未来。表示未来。这架新飞机将在礼拜一首次航行。这架新飞机将在礼拜一首次航行。这架新飞机将在礼拜一首次航行。这架新飞机将在礼拜一首次航行。第3页二、二、will,can,maywill,can,may使用方法使用方法The new motorway will have three traffic lanes in The new motorway will have three traffic lanes in each directioneach direction。Production of the new machine will commence Production of the new machine will commence next year.next year.n n明年明年（将会）（将会）开始生产这种新机器开始生产这种新机器。n n新高速公路两侧新高速公路两侧（将会）（将会）各有三条相反方各有三条相反方向交通线向交通线。表示纯粹未来用表示纯粹未来用will（1 1）第4页These planesThese planesn n这几架飞机飞行速度这几架飞机飞行速度可可到达每小时到达每小时800800英里英里。表示能力用表示能力用will,can,capable和和be able towill flycan fly are capable of flying are able to fly800 miles per hour.二、二、will,can,maywill,can,may使用方法使用方法atat（2 2）第5页This solid will vaporize when we heat it.Friction will cause the bearings to become heated.摩擦会使轴承变热摩擦会使轴承变热。当我们给它加热时，这种固体会汽化当我们给它加热时，这种固体会汽化。表示经常发生事用表示经常发生事用will二、二、will,can,maywill,can,may使用方法使用方法（3 3）第6页Metal which cools rapidlyUnguarded belts or chainsThe testing of new machinesmaycancause fracture.cause accidents.take a long time.表示有时发生事用表示有时发生事用may,can二、二、will,can,maywill,can,may使用方法使用方法（4 4）第7页We can easily calculate the friction losses.Work on the new engine can start in a few weeks.几周后能够开始这种新型发动机工作几周后能够开始这种新型发动机工作。我们能够很轻易算出摩擦损耗我们能够很轻易算出摩擦损耗。表示能够用表示能够用can二、二、will,can,maywill,can,may使用方法使用方法（5 5）第8页This problemLow-speed bearingsThe steelThermo-couplesmay becan be approached in several ways.lubricated with grease.quenched（淬火）（淬火）in either water or oil.used to measure high temperatures.表示可能性用表示可能性用may,can二、二、will,can,maywill,can,may使用方法使用方法（6 6）第9页三、无人称被动句使用方三、无人称被动句使用方法法The driver starts the engine.The engine is started.（司机）开动发动机。（司机）开动发动机。（司机）开动发动机。（司机）开动发动机。He welded the plates together.He welded the plates together.The plates are welded together.The plates are welded together.（他）把钢板焊接在一起。（他）把钢板焊接在一起。（他）把钢板焊接在一起。（他）把钢板焊接在一起。The furnace smelts the ore.The ore is smelted in the furnace.高炉熔化矿石。高炉熔化矿石。第10页The man sharpened his tool.The man sharpened his tool.His tool was sharpened.His tool was sharpened.那人磨尖了它工具。那人磨尖了它工具。那人磨尖了它工具。那人磨尖了它工具。We must lubricate bearings.We must lubricate bearings.Bearings must be lubricated.Bearings must be lubricated.（我们）必须润滑轴承。（我们）必须润滑轴承。（我们）必须润滑轴承。（我们）必须润滑轴承。三、无人称被动句使用方三、无人称被动句使用方法法他们很快就开始进行这项工作。他们很快就开始进行这项工作。他们很快就开始进行这项工作。他们很快就开始进行这项工作。They will start the work soon.They will start the work soon.The work will soon be started.The work will soon be started.第11页或或Attention should be paid Attention should be paid not to damage the not to damage the machine.machine.（操作者）应该注意不要损坏了机器。（操作者）应该注意不要损坏了机器。（操作者）应该注意不要损坏了机器。（操作者）应该注意不要损坏了机器。The heat in the center of the earth The heat in the center of the earth is being is being made use ofmade use of in some countries.in some countries.在一些国家，人们利用地球中心热。在一些国家，人们利用地球中心热。Use is being made of the heat in the Use is being made of the heat in the center of the earth in some countries.center of the earth in some countries.三、无人称被动句使用方三、无人称被动句使用方法法A lathe can cut screws.A lathe can cut screws.Screws can be cut on a lathe.Screws can be cut on a lathe.车床能加工螺丝。车床能加工螺丝。车床能加工螺丝。车床能加工螺丝。第12页四、四、shouldshould使用方法使用方法Safety precautions Safety precautions should beshould be observed at all observed at all time.time.These machines These machines should be should be handled with great handled with great care.care.n n这些机器应该小心操作这些机器应该小心操作。n n任何时候都应注意安全办法任何时候都应注意安全办法。表示表示“告诫告诫”The results of the experiment The results of the experiment should be should be plotted plotted on a graph.on a graph.n n应将试验结果绘在图表上应将试验结果绘在图表上。（1 1）第13页Carbon content in steel should not be more Carbon content in steel should not be more than 0.5%.than 0.5%.The steel should not contain more than 0.5%The steel should not contain more than 0.5%of carbon.of carbon.n n钢里含炭量不应超出钢里含炭量不应超出0.5%0.5%。说明某一情况说明某一情况The maximum internal diameter should be 40 The maximum internal diameter should be 40 thousandths of an inch.thousandths of an inch.n n最大内径应为最大内径应为40/100040/1000英寸英寸。或或四、四、shouldshould使用方法使用方法（2 2）第14页This building should be completed by the This building should be completed by the end of next year.end of next year.The process of cooling should continue for The process of cooling should continue for several hours.several hours.n n冷却过程要延续好几个小时冷却过程要延续好几个小时。n n这座大楼应在明年年底前完工这座大楼应在明年年底前完工。表示表示“期待期待”四、四、shouldshould使用方法使用方法（3 3）第15页五、关于动作主体问题五、关于动作主体问题n n 动作主体是人时，句末不用动作主体是人时，句末不用byby短语；短语；n n 动作主体不是人时，句末应用动作主体不是人时，句末应用byby短语；短语；n n 动作主体为人，但省去影响句子意思时，动作主体为人，但省去影响句子意思时，应加应加byby短语。短语。2第16页Agriculture cannot be developed Agriculture cannot be developed without sufficient waterwithout sufficient water.Explosion is caused Explosion is caused by the rapid combination of the fuels with the combination of the fuels with the oxygen in the air.oxygen in the air.n n没有足够水就无法发展农业。没有足够水就无法发展农业。n n爆炸是由燃料与空气中氧快速化合而爆炸是由燃料与空气中氧快速化合而引发引发。动作主体动作主体是人，不是人，不用用by五、关于动作主体问题五、关于动作主体问题动作主动作主动作主动作主体不是体不是体不是体不是人，用人，用人，用人，用byby第17页Three machines can be controlledAll responsibility for the accident must be accepted n n一个操作者能够同时控制三台机器。一个操作者能够同时控制三台机器。一个操作者能够同时控制三台机器。一个操作者能够同时控制三台机器。n n设计者应负担产生事故一设计者应负担产生事故一切责任切责任。by the designer.by a single operator.强调动作强调动作主体，用主体，用by五、关于动作主体问题五、关于动作主体问题第18页六、命令句使用方法六、命令句使用方法n n表示无人称指令表示无人称指令表示无人称指令表示无人称指令AllowLetTake祈使句祈使句动词开头动词开头Should命令句命令句e.g.Water should be heated beforeThe bearing should be lubricated before第19页n nLet me by!让我过去！让我过去！n nLet it alone!别管它！别管它！n nLet him be!别打搅他！别打搅他！日日常常英英语语n n将轮胎里气放掉！将轮胎里气放掉！科科技技英英语语Let the air out of the tire！n n把瓶子里水倒出来。把瓶子里水倒出来。Let the water out of the bottle.六、命令句使用方法六、命令句使用方法第20页n n每十分钟测一次温度！每十分钟测一次温度！Take the temperature every ten minutes.n n假设假设X等于每分钟转数。等于每分钟转数。Let X equal the number of revolutions per minute.n n记下水面位置。记下水面位置。Take the water level.六、命令句使用方法六、命令句使用方法第21页n n让水冷却十分钟，然后再测温度。让水冷却十分钟，然后再测温度。Allow the water to cool for ten minutes and then take the temperature.n n计算出将产生膨胀量。计算出将产生膨胀量。Calculate the amount of expansion which will take place.六、命令句使用方法六、命令句使用方法第22页Fill Fill a test-tube half full of water and a test-tube half full of water and heat heat it it nearly to boiling point.nearly to boiling point.SupportSupport the tube on a the tube on a stand and stand and allowallow it to cool.it to cool.TakeTake the temperature the temperature every minute.every minute.StirStir carefully with a glass rod.carefully with a glass rod.RecordRecord the reading you obtain the reading you obtain，and and plotplot them them on a graph of temperature against time.on a graph of temperature against time.RepeatRepeat this with a tube half-full of crystals.this with a tube half-full of crystals.AllowAllow the the solid to melt.solid to melt.HeatHeat the liquid to 100 the liquid to 100,fix fix the the tube on the stand and tube on the stand and allowallow it to cool.it to cool.Record Record the results as before and the results as before and plotplot them.them.第23页七、七、by,withby,with使用方法使用方法n nbybyby means ofn n用耐火砖能够降低热损耗。用耐火砖能够降低热损耗。Heat losses can be reduced Heat losses can be reduced byby firebricks firebricks.Heat losses can be reduced Heat losses can be reduced byby lining the lining the furnace with firebricks.furnace with firebricks.The heat loss reduction can be achieved The heat loss reduction can be achieved by by means ofmeans of firebricks.firebricks.n nwithwithwith the help of第24页n nBy means of By means of 后面不能跟动名词短语。后面不能跟动名词短语。Heat losses can be reduced Heat losses can be reduced by means by means of lining of lining the furnace with firebricks.the furnace with firebricks.Heat losses can be reduced Heat losses can be reduced by means of by means of firebricks.firebricks.七、七、by,withby,with使用方法使用方法第25页n nThe necessary heat for the carbon-steam The necessary heat for the carbon-steam and carbon-carbon dioxide reactions is and carbon-carbon dioxide reactions is commonly generated commonly generated by by burning part of the burning part of the carbon in the gasifier.carbon in the gasifier.碳和蒸汽以及碳和二氧化碳反应所需热量通碳和蒸汽以及碳和二氧化碳反应所需热量通常常靠在靠在气化炉中燃烧一部分碳来提供气化炉中燃烧一部分碳来提供.传动装置上通常有安全销，预防过载。传动装置上通常有安全销，预防过载。n nThe drive units are normally equipped The drive units are normally equipped withwith shear pins for overload protection.shear pins for overload protection.七、七、by,withby,with使用方法使用方法第26页n nThat part of the steam nearest to the walls is That part of the steam nearest to the walls is cooled and condenses as a film of water,the cooled and condenses as a film of water,the volume of steam in the cylinder is volume of steam in the cylinder is there by there by considerably reduced.considerably reduced.there by=by means of this there by=by means of this 由此由此 七、七、by,withby,with使用方法使用方法离缸壁最近那一部分蒸汽却形成薄薄一层离缸壁最近那一部分蒸汽却形成薄薄一层水，水，于是于是缸中蒸汽总量便大大降低。缸中蒸汽总量便大大降低。第27页八、关于八、关于“名词名词+名词名词”问题问题n n表示原材料表示原材料n n表示经典成份表示经典成份n n表示工作介质表示工作介质an iron pipean iron pipe=a pipe made of iron=a pipe made of ironoil productoil product=products made of oil=products made of oilmanganese steelmanganese steel=steel =steel which contains manganesewhich contains manganesea steam enginea steam engine=an engine =an engine worked by steamworked by steam表示工作对象表示工作对象an air compressoran air compressor=a device =a device for compressing airfor compressing air第28页n n表示用途表示用途n n表示方式表示方式n n表示所属表示所属n n表示关于表示关于n n表示形状表示形状a drive motor=a motor for driving machinesa foot brake=a brake operated by foot=molecules of waterthe production costwater molecules=the cost concerning productiona star wheel=a wheel shaped like a star第29页ash contentsurface propertymineral matterrate constantnitrogen dioxideexperiment resultsadsorption mechanismmoisture contentair pressurediamond insert菱形插头菱形插头名词组合名词组合第30页多个名词组合satellite communication techniques卫星通讯技术卫星通讯技术Fluid power drive components液力驱动元件液力驱动元件Fire tube boiler inspection door火管锅炉监察门火管锅炉监察门第31页九、极少用九、极少用“s”表示全部表示全部n ns普通表示生命体全部，如：普通表示生命体全部，如：Marys watchmy uncles housethe cats foodn n科技英语中用科技英语中用“名词名词+of+名词名词”或或“名词名词+名词名词”the property of mineralsthe surface of the earth第32页n n地心引力 Gravitational pull of the earth 非 the earths gravitational pulln n月球表面 The surface of the moonn n汽车最大速度 The maximum speed of the car 非非 the cars maximum speed九、极少用九、极少用“s”表示全部表示全部第33页为为为为方法、技术、反应、定律、方程式方法、技术、反应、定律、方程式方法、技术、反应、定律、方程式方法、技术、反应、定律、方程式等命名，需尤其注意等命名，需尤其注意等命名，需尤其注意等命名，需尤其注意n n欧姆定律欧姆定律欧姆定律欧姆定律 ohmohm s laws lawn n牛顿定律牛顿定律牛顿定律牛顿定律 New-tonNew-ton s Laws Lawn n波尔曼技术波尔曼技术波尔曼技术波尔曼技术 BollmanBollman s techniques technique一个人一个人一个人一个人发觉者发觉者发觉者发觉者n n华氏温度计华氏温度计华氏温度计华氏温度计 a Fahrenheit a Fahrenheit thermometerthermometern n本生灯本生灯本生灯本生灯 a Bunhrenheit burnera Bunhrenheit burner一个人一个人一个人一个人创造者创造者创造者创造者n n施特芬施特芬施特芬施特芬-波兹曼定律波兹曼定律波兹曼定律波兹曼定律 the Stofan-the Stofan-Boltzman LawBoltzman Lawn n尤利尤利尤利尤利-汤普森反应汤普森反应汤普森反应汤普森反应 the Joule-the Joule-Thompson effectThompson effect两个或两个两个或两个两个或两个两个或两个以上人以上人以上人以上人用复合结构用复合结构用复合结构用复合结构第34页十、定语从句中与十、定语从句中与whichwhich、whom whom 连用介词位置连用介词位置Jet engines Jet engines Jet engines Jet engines with whichwith whichwith whichwith which most modern high-speed most modern high-speed most modern high-speed most modern high-speed aircraft are equipped develop thrust on the same aircraft are equipped develop thrust on the same aircraft are equipped develop thrust on the same aircraft are equipped develop thrust on the same principle as the propellers of conventional aero-enginesprinciple as the propellers of conventional aero-enginesprinciple as the propellers of conventional aero-enginesprinciple as the propellers of conventional aero-engines.当代飞机上都使用喷气式发动机，这种发动机能够产生当代飞机上都使用喷气式发动机，这种发动机能够产生 一个推进力，其原理与普通螺旋桨飞机发动机相同。一个推进力，其原理与普通螺旋桨飞机发动机相同。This is the book This is the book This is the book This is the book about which about which about which about which you mentioned yesterday.you mentioned yesterday.you mentioned yesterday.you mentioned yesterday.This is the girl This is the girl This is the girl This is the girl about whom about whom about whom about whom you talked yesterday.you talked yesterday.you talked yesterday.you talked yesterday.This is the book This is the book This is the book This is the book which which which which you mentioned you mentioned you mentioned you mentioned about about about about yesterday.yesterday.yesterday.yesterday.第35页十一、十一、if if从句问题从句问题vv 条件句用现在时，主句用未来时或现在时。条件句用现在时，主句用未来时或现在时。例：例：vv 假如水是洁净，就不需要深入处理。假如水是洁净，就不需要深入处理。If the water is pure,it will not need further treatmentIf the water is pure,it will not need further treatmentIf the water is pure,it will not need further treatmentIf the water is pure,it will not need further treatment。第36页十二、从句紧缩式十二、从句紧缩式vv 当主句与从句是同一主语时，当主句与从句是同一主语时，用用“连词连词+过去分词过去分词”，或介词，或介词+抽象名词。例：抽象名词。例：1.物体放在阳光下时，它会变热。物体放在阳光下时，它会变热。When an object is placed in the sun,it becomes hot.An object becomes hot when it is placed in the sun.An object becomes hot when placed in the sun.第37页2.安全火柴只有在被擦时才着火。安全火柴只有在被擦时才着火。Safety matches light only when they are stricken.Safety matches light only when stricken.3.当光线聚集在一点时，会产生大量热。当光线聚集在一点时，会产生大量热。When light is converged at a point,it would produce large quantity of heat.When converged at a point,the light would produce large quantity of heat.第38页vv介词介词+抽象名词抽象名词，例：，例：4.Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete while it is being compacted.在压模时，混凝土产生较大侧压力。在压模时，混凝土产生较大侧压力。Considerable lateral pressure is exerted by the concrete during pactcompaction5.after it is separatedafter separation第39页vv连词连词+形容词形容词，例：，例：6.When necessary必要时必要时Once If possible有可能话有可能话一旦一旦While 当当时时小结：可用紧缩式连词或介词有：小结：可用紧缩式连词或介词有：When,while,once,if,as,after,during等等第40页十三、完成时使用方法十三、完成时使用方法多以被动语态出现多以被动语态出现多以被动语态出现多以被动语态出现n n描述已经发生事，时间不明确；描述已经发生事，时间不明确；描述已经发生事，时间不明确；描述已经发生事，时间不明确；n n描述不停发生，或到现在为止重复发生事；描述不停发生，或到现在为止重复发生事；描述不停发生，或到现在为止重复发生事；描述不停发生，或到现在为止重复发生事；n n表示表示表示表示“已经已经已经已经”、“还未还未还未还未”、“自从自从自从自从一直一直一直一直”等；等；等；等；n n表示表示表示表示“最近最近最近最近”、“最近最近最近最近”、“新近新近新近新近”。第41页描述已经发生事，时间不明确描述已经发生事，时间不明确1.1.高速公路系统建设工作高速公路系统建设工作高速公路系统建设工作高速公路系统建设工作已已已已开始。开始。开始。开始。Work has been started on the ne