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第1页第2页Whatisaparagraphlike?Aparagraphisaunitofthought;itisatonceaunitinitselfandpartofalargerwhole,thatis,theessay;itislikeamini-essay&thereforeshouldbeunified,coherent,andwell-developed.Aparagraphisunifiedwhenallthesentencesintheparagrapharefocusedononecentralthoughtoronasingletopic.Whenthewriterwishestointroduceanewthoughtortopic,heshouldbeginanewparagraph.Aparagraphiscoherentwhenitdevelopsnaturally&smoothly,andonesentenceleadslogicallytoanother.第3页LengthofParagraphsParagraphsvaryinlength.Experiencedwritersusuallytrytovarythelengthoftheirparagraphssoastoavoidmonotony.Thelengthofaparagraphdependsonitstopic,itspositionin the essayanditsrolein the development of the thesis statement.Alongparagraphexpressesacomplexideawhileashortonemakesamajortransition,anemphaticstatement,orasummary.第4页1.Unity:concernedwithitscontent;allthesentencesinthepara.leadtoonecentralthemewhichisusu.summarizedinwhatiscalledthetopicsentence.2.Coherence:concernedwithitsformoritsorganization;allthesentencesshouldbearrangedinaclear,logicalorder&thetransitionsshouldbesmoothandnatural.3.Transitions.QualitiesofEffectiveParagraphs第5页WaysofProducingaFluentPara.uUsingparallelstructures;uRepeatingwordsorwordsgroups;uUsingpronounstorefertonounsinprecedingsentences;uBeingconsistentinthepersonandnumberofnounsandpronouns,andthetenseofverbs;uUsingtransitionalexpressions第6页FundamentalFeaturesofanEffectiveParagraphpacentralideapsupportingevidencepcloseconnectionbetweenthesentences第7页Friend-typeparentstreattheirchildrenasfriends.Theyaregenerousandwise.Likegoodfriends,theydiscusswiththeirchildrenthelatestnews,sharetheirchildrensmanyinterests,andlistentotheirexpressionofemotion,whetheritisanger,fear,joyorsorrow.Example1第8页Example2Ireallyhadabaddayyesterday.WhenIwenttodosomewashing,Ifelloffonthewetfloorandbrokemyglasses.AfterIhurrieddownstairstotakemybikeonlytofindIhadleftmykeysonthebedroomonthe7thfloor.第9页Pollutionexistseverywhere.Peoplethrowawaymuchrubbisheveryday,andmuchofitismadeofplastic.Somefactoriessendoutheavysmokeintheair,andmuchwasteintorivers,andsomefactoriesproduceloudnoisewhichdrivepeoplemad.Example3第10页Onthesecondfloor,therearetwotoiletsandtwobalconies,andeachofthefourkidshastheirownseparateroomsonthisfloor.TheSmithsoftenenjoytheirmealsinabigsittingroomonthegroundfloor,andiftheweatherisfine,theymighteatinthegarden.Mr.Smithreallyhasabighouse.Example4第11页Sometimes,thetopicofapara.isnotstatedbutisimpliedinthecontent.The wind picks up and begins to hurl itself through those deserted streets.Signboards sway violently from side to side,seeming almost to want to go with the wind that blows them.Trees complain as the strong wind tears at their branches,causing them to bend and bow down.With the wind comes the rain,stinging anyone unfortunate enough not yet to have reached the safety of home.第12页Read the following paragraph and answer questions after it.UsingaspellcheckeronacomputercanbeagreatadvantageforaUsingaspellcheckeronacomputercanbeagreatadvantageforawriter.First,thewritercancheckthespellingofmanyofthewordswriter.First,thewritercancheckthespellingofmanyofthewordsinthepaper.Thespellcheckertriestomatchthespellingoftheinthepaper.Thespellcheckertriestomatchthespellingofthewordwithawordinitsdictionary.Manyspellcheckershaveatwordwithawordinitsdictionary.Manyspellcheckershaveatleast100,000wordsintheirdictionaries.Second,thewritercanaskleast100,000wordsintheirdictionaries.Second,thewritercanaskthespellcheckertosuggestaspelling.Ifthewordisalreadyspelledthespellcheckertosuggestaspelling.Ifthewordisalreadyspelledcorrectly,thewritercanasktheprogramtoignorethesuggestedcorrectly,thewritercanasktheprogramtoignorethesuggestedspelling.Ifthewordismisspelled,thewritercanrequestthatthespelling.Ifthewordismisspelled,thewritercanrequestthattheprogramcorrecttheerror.Manywritersrelyonspellcheckerstoprogramcorrecttheerror.Manywritersrelyonspellcheckerstoimprovetheaccuracyoftheirwriting.improvetheaccuracyoftheirwriting.1.What is the topic of the paragraph?1.What is the topic of the paragraph?2.Underline the topic sentence.2.Underline the topic sentence.3.Identify the words or phrases used to connect the 3.Identify the words or phrases used to connect the sentences closely.sentences closely.第13页Read the following paragraph and answer questions after it.Somepeopleseethingsonlyinblackandwhite.InthisSomepeopleseethingsonlyinblackandwhite.Inthisexpression,blackandwhiterepresentoppositeextremes,withnoexpression,blackandwhiterepresentoppositeextremes,withnomiddlegroundbetweenthem.Mostissuesintheworldarenotsomiddlegroundbetweenthem.Mostissuesintheworldarenotsosimpleasblackandwhite.Onesideofanissueisnotallwhitesimpleasblackandwhite.Onesideofanissueisnotallwhiterightorgoodandtheothersideisnotallblackwrongorrightorgoodandtheothersideisnotallblackwrongorevil.Intherealworldtherearemanygrayareaswhereblackandevil.Intherealworldtherearemanygrayareaswhereblackandwhitemixtorepresentthetruesituation.whitemixtorepresentthetruesituation.fromfromWords and Their Stories,VOA Special EnglishWords and Their Stories,VOA Special English 1.1.What is the topic of the paragraph?What is the topic of the paragraph?2.2.Underline the topic sentence.Underline the topic sentence.3.3.Identify the words or phrases used to connect the sentences Identify the words or phrases used to connect the sentences closely.closely.第14页PlanningaParagraphI.First,thinkofthetopicorthemeormainidea,andexpressitinacompletesentence.II.Second,thinkofthedetailsorexamplesorfactsthatmaybeusedtosupportthemainidea.III.Workoutanoutlinetoputthesedetailsingoodorder.第15页第16页1.DevelopmentbyTimeninchronologicalsequence=inorderoftime按时间先后次序nthingsarementionedaccordingtothetimewhentheyhappened,thefirstthingfirst&thelastthinglastntheeasiest&clearestwayintellingastoryorrecountinganevent第17页AnalysisuSample(1)Sample(1)A.Mainidea:Mainidea:B.Timeexpressions:Timeexpressions:uSample(2)Sample(2)A.Mainidea:Mainidea:B.Timeexpressions:Timeexpressions:historyoftherailroadhistoryoftherailroad in the sixteenth centuryin the sixteenth century,by the earlyby the early nineteenth century nineteenth century,in 1825in 1825,that same yearthat same year,soonsoon,during the 1830sduring the 1830s,by the early 1840sby the early 1840sthewritersfirstdayatanewschoolthewritersfirstdayatanewschool as I mounted the stairs to my new as I mounted the stairs to my new classroom classroom;thenthen;during the recessduring the recess;soonsoon;at the end of at the end of the day the day第18页ExpressionsforDescribingChronologicalRelationsnow,nowadays,when,before,after,while,duringnow,nowadays,when,before,after,while,duringbetween_and_,in_(year),since_between_and_,in_(year),since_later,earlier,formerlylater,earlier,formerlyattheturnofthecentury(decade)attheturnofthecentury(decade)inthefirsthalfofthecenturyinthefirsthalfofthecenturyinthe1990s,etc.inthe1990s,etc.atbirth,inchildhood,ininfancy,inadolescence,asanadult,atbirth,inchildhood,ininfancy,inadolescence,asanadult,inadulthood,inoldage,atdeathinadulthood,inoldage,atdeathsimultaneously,simultaneouswith,atthesametimeas,thesimultaneously,simultaneouswith,atthesametimeas,theformer,former,thelatter,previous,previously,priortothelatter,previous,previously,priortofirst,second,etc.;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,etc.first,second,etc.;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,etc.tobeginwith,next,then,subsequently,inthenextplacetobeginwith,next,then,subsequently,inthenextplaceinconclusion,finally,lastly,intheendinconclusion,finally,lastly,intheend第19页2.DevelopmentbyProcessuexplainhowsth.isdoneaccordingtoitsrightsequencesoastoavoidmistakesorfailuresuusu.followachronologicalorderandgiveastep-by-stepdescriptionuimperativesentences&sentenceswiththeindefinitepron.youasthesubjectareoftenusedingivinginstructionsuusepresenttenseiftheinstructionsarestillapplicable第20页Sample1 AnalysisTheparagraphdescribesstepbystepwhatthingsshouldbedonebeforemovinghouseandthepresenttenseisused.However,onethingneedstobenoticedinthisparagraph:thoughmanythingsshouldbedonebeforemovinghouse,thereseemstobenofixorderinwhichonethingshouldbedonebeforeanotheraslongastheyarealldone.Thisisanotherwaytodevelopaparagraphbyprocess.Thereareonlytwotransitionalwordsinthisparagraph:1.Beforethemencometomovethefurniture,2.Andlastly,第21页Sample21.Firstly,youshould.getregularexercise.2.Justbeforetheexam,ithelpstowriteshortnotes.3.Onthedayoftheexam,dontdoanystudying.Can you find out those words and phrases that indicate Can you find out those words and phrases that indicate the time sequence in the paragraph?the time sequence in the paragraph?第22页ExpressionsforWritingProcessDescriptionsoccur,before,atthispoint,become,until,atthesametime,happen,while,after,grow,as,first,secondly,lastlytakeplace,once,next,becarriedout,then,changeinto,assoonas第23页3.DevelopmentbySpace First,chooseavantage point(有利位置有利位置),fromwhichthingsareviewed.Second,stateclearlythespatial relations(空间空间关系关系)amongtheobjectsbeingdescribed.Third,concentrateonthebest-knownfeaturesoftheplace&ignorestheminorones.Lastly,describetheplaceinpresenttense.第24页Sample1:Oxford 第25页Analysis Thisparagraphisadescriptionoftheolduniversitytown,Oxford.Inthisparagraph,theauthorobviouslystandsatthecenterofOxfordanddescribeswhatsurroundshim.第26页Sample2:The Terrace Park 第27页AnalysisTheparagraphgivesyouaclearandorderlypictureofaprettypark.Wheredoyouthinktheauthorstands?Hemustbebyonesideofthepark,forthatiswherehestartshisdescription.Themostimportantfeatureoftheparkisthepitches,andotherfeaturesarethetrees,theriver,theflowersandothersportsfacilities.Thepresenttenseisusedinthedescription.第28页ExpressionsforDescribingSpatialRelationshipswhere,inwhich,towhich,fromwhich,etc.where,inwhich,towhich,fromwhich,etc.under,over,inside,beside,ontopof,etc.under,over,inside,beside,ontopof,etc.along,through,asfaras,etc.along,through,asfaras,etc.north,northern,south,southern,etc.north,northern,south,southern,etc.totheleft,totheright,tothenorth,etc.totheleft,totheright,tothenorth,etc.attheback,infront,inthemiddle,etc.attheback,infront,inthemiddle,etc.adjacenttoparallelrectangleadjacenttoparallelrectanglecorrespondingtoparalleltosemicirclecorrespondingtoparalleltosemicircledistanceperpendiculartoslopedistanceperpendiculartoslopemidpointplanespacemidpointplanespaceinterioroppositesurfaceinterioroppositesurfacediagonaloverlappingverticaldiagonaloverlappingverticaledgepyramidhorizontaledgepyramidhorizontallimitexteriorintersectionlimitexteriorintersection第29页4.DevelopmentbyExampleoftenusedinexplainingthingsmakewritingvivid,convincing&memorablemakedry,abstractideasortheoriesinteresting,concrete&easytounderstand第30页Analysis ThefirsttwosentencesofthisparagraphseemtopresentThefirsttwosentencesofthisparagraphseemtopresentarathermysterioustheory.Butwhenyoureadtheexample,arathermysterioustheory.Butwhenyoureadtheexample,youfinditreallyinterestingandmayevenstarttobelieveyoufinditreallyinterestingandmayevenstarttobelievethatthereissometruthinit.Exampleshelptoexplainwhatthatthereissometruthinit.Exampleshelptoexplainwhatyouwanttosayorprove.Theymakedryandabstractyouwanttosayorprove.Theymakedryandabstracttheorieseasytounderstand.theorieseasytounderstand.Sowhenyouwriteanexplanatoryparagraph,youshouldSowhenyouwriteanexplanatoryparagraph,youshouldalwaysthinkofgoodexamplestoillustrateyourviewsandalwaysthinkofgoodexamplestoillustrateyourviewsandpoints.UsingthephraseForexampleisaconvenientwaypoints.UsingthephraseForexampleisaconvenientwaytostart.tostart.Sample1第31页Sample2AnalysisInthisparagraph,theauthordevelopsthecontrollingInthisparagraph,theauthordevelopsthecontrollingsentencewithaseriesoffactsinvolvingwell-knownsentencewithaseriesoffactsinvolvingwell-knownpeople.Theseenablethewritertomakeabstractkeypeople.Theseenablethewritertomakeabstractkeyidea“persistentinvestigation”concrete.Theyalsoaddidea“persistentinvestigation”concrete.Theyalsoadddramaticqualitiesthatmaketheinformationdramaticqualitiesthatmaketheinformationinteresting.Wemaynoticethatitisnotalwaysinteresting.Wemaynoticethatitisnotalwaysnecessarytosay“forexample”or“forinstance”whennecessarytosay“forexample”or“forinstance”whenanexampleisanexampleisgiven.given.第32页ExpressionsforGivingSpecificDetailsforexampleasanillustrationforexampleasanillustrationforinstanceinoneinstanceforinstanceinoneinstanceforonethinginthisinstanceforonethinginthisinstancetoillustrateasanexampletoillustrateasanexampleinotherwordstake_forexampleinotherwordstake_forexampleasfollowsconsider_forexampleasfollowsconsider_forexampleletmeillustrateinpracticeletmeillustrateinpracticeletmeciteasproofaccordingtostatisticsletmeciteasproofaccordingtostatisticsaccordingtostatisticalevidenceaccordingtostatisticalevidence第33页5.DevelopmentbyComparison&ContrastuuThemethodofcomparisontendstofocusonthesimilaritiesThemethodofcomparisontendstofocusonthesimilaritiesofthetwoobjectsbeingcomparedwhilethemethodofofthetwoobjectsbeingcomparedwhilethemethodofcontrastemphasizesthedifferencesbetweenthetwoobjectscontrastemphasizesthedifferencesbetweenthetwoobjectsbeingcontrasted.beingcontrasted.uuTherearetwomajorwaysoforganizingparagraphsofTherearetwomajorwaysoforganizingparagraphsofcomparisonorcontrast.Onewayistoexamineonethingcomparisonorcontrast.Onewayistoexamineonethingthoroughlyandthenexaminetheother.Inthisway,thethoroughlyandthenexaminetheother.Inthisway,theaspectsexaminedinthetwothingsshouldbeidenticalandaspectsexaminedinthetwothingsshouldbeidenticalandintheinthesame ordersame order.Thismethodiscalled.Thismethodiscalledblockblockcomparison/contrastcomparison/contrast.Theotherwayistoexaminetwo.Theotherwayistoexaminetwothingsatthesametime,discussingthempointbypoint.Thisthingsatthesametime,discussingthempointbypoint.Thismethodiscalledmethodiscalledalternatingcomparison/contrastalternatingcomparison/contrast.第34页Analysis Asyoureadtheparagraph,youfindthattheAsyoureadtheparagraph,youfindthattheauthorfirstmentionsthedisadvantagesoflivinginauthorfirstmentionsthedisadvantagesoflivinginabigcity.Fourmajorproblemsarelistedtoabigcity.Fourmajorproblemsarelistedtoillustratethestressurbanpeoplehavetolivewithillustratethestressurbanpeoplehavetolivewithdaily.Thenhebeginstostatetheadvantagesofdaily.ThenhebeginstostatetheadvantagesoflifeinacountryvillagebyusingthewordslifeinacountryvillagebyusingthewordsIn In contrastcontrast.Fourniceaspectsofcountrylifeare.Fourniceaspectsofcountrylifearementioned,givingyouabeautifulpictureofthementioned,givingyouabeautifulpictureofthecountryside.Bycontrast,youcanimmediatelyseecountryside.Bycontrast,youcanimmediatelyseethegreatdifferencesbetweencitylifeandcountrythegreatdifferencesbetweencitylifeandcountrylife.Andlife.Andblock contrastblock contrastisadoptedhere.isadoptedhere.Sample1第35页AnalysisUnlikeSample1,thisparagraphfocusesontheUnlikeSample1,thisparagraphfocusesonthesimilaritiesofthetwoobjectsbeingcompared,similaritiesofthetwoobjectsbeingcompared,joggingandTaiji.NeitherofthetwoneedsmanyjoggingandTaiji.Neitherofthetwoneedsmanyfacilitiesorhelpfromothers.Butforawiderangefacilitiesorhelpfromothers.Butforawiderangeofpeople,bothareveryeffectiveforkeepingfit,ofpeople,bothareveryeffectivefork
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