1、 分词分词 第1页主要内容 一、一、分词组成、种类分词组成、种类 二、二、分词特点分词特点 三、三、分词功效分词功效 四、四、现在分词与动名词区分现在分词与动名词区分 五、五、分词独立结构分词独立结构 六、六、分词悬垂结构分词悬垂结构第2页一、分词组成、种类一、分词组成、种类v分词是动词三种非限定形式之一,分分词是动词三种非限定形式之一,分为两种:现在分词和过去分词。现在为两种:现在分词和过去分词。现在分词形式是分词形式是“动词原形动词原形+ing”,规则,规则动词过去分词形式是动词过去分词形式是“动词原形动词原形+ed”第3页二、分词特点二、分词特点v分词与动词不定式和动名词一样,分分词与动
2、词不定式和动名词一样,分词也含有动词特征,有时态和语态改词也含有动词特征,有时态和语态改变,并可带状语、宾语等。分词否定变,并可带状语、宾语等。分词否定式在分词前加式在分词前加not(not washing,not having received,not having been given)第4页三、分词功效三、分词功效v分词含有动词特征,但同时又有形容词和副词特征,因分词含有动词特征,但同时又有形容词和副词特征,因而它在句中能够做定语、表语、补语和状语等。而它在句中能够做定语、表语、补语和状语等。v 1.做定语做定语a.单个分词坐定语普通放在被修饰词之前,分词短语坐定单个分词坐定语普通放在被
3、修饰词之前,分词短语坐定语普通放在被修饰词之后,往往可用定语从句代替,但语普通放在被修饰词之后,往往可用定语从句代替,但完成式现在分词短语不能用作定语。比如:完成式现在分词短语不能用作定语。比如:vA baking dog seldom bites.吠犬不咬人吠犬不咬人vA watched pot never boils.心急不开锅心急不开锅vA man getting up as soon as the cock crows is a hard-working man.鸡鸣即起人是一个勤奋人鸡鸣即起人是一个勤奋人vChildren disciplined when they are youn
4、g will become citizens.小时候受过训练孩子会成为好公民小时候受过训练孩子会成为好公民。第5页vb.as 能够引导分词短语作后置定语。比如:能够引导分词短语作后置定语。比如:vThe guests as arriving today are from England.今今天到客人来自英国。(天到客人来自英国。(=the guests who arrive today)vHer ability as displayed in those years is praised by all.她在那些年里所表现出来才能受到众人称赞。她在那些年里所表现出来才能受到众人称赞。(=whic
5、h was displayed)v2.做表语做表语v 分词做表语时,现在分词往往表示主语所含有特征,分词做表语时,现在分词往往表示主语所含有特征,过去分词往往表示主语状态或情况。比如:过去分词往往表示主语状态或情况。比如:vThe music is pleasing to the ear.音乐优美悦耳音乐优美悦耳vHes gone.他走了他走了v3.作宾语补足语作宾语补足语v分词普通只在两类动词后做补语:感觉、感官动词和役分词普通只在两类动词后做补语:感觉、感官动词和役使动词。这种使用方法中现在分词表示正在进行主动意使动词。这种使用方法中现在分词表示正在进行主动意义,过去分词则表示已完成被动意
6、义。句子模式为:义,过去分词则表示已完成被动意义。句子模式为:第6页v感觉、感官动词感觉、感官动词+宾语宾语+现在分词宾补现在分词宾补-意义主动、正在进行意义主动、正在进行v感觉、感官动词感觉、感官动词+宾语宾语+过去分词宾补过去分词宾补-意义被动、已经完成意义被动、已经完成v役使动词役使动词+宾语宾语+现在分词宾补现在分词宾补-意义主动、正在进行意义主动、正在进行v役使动词役使动词+宾语宾语+过去分词宾补过去分词宾补-意义被动、已经完成意义被动、已经完成v中学我们已经接触很多,所以在此不再赘述。中学我们已经接触很多,所以在此不再赘述。v惯用感官、感觉动词:惯用感官、感觉动词:see,obse
7、rve,notice,watch,hear,smell,listen to,look at,feel,findv惯用役使动词:惯用役使动词:catch,set,have,make,get,start,leave,keep等等va.分词做宾补几个特殊情况或意义:分词做宾补几个特殊情况或意义:v1)make后宾语补语只能用过去分词,不能用现在分词。比如后宾语补语只能用过去分词,不能用现在分词。比如;vhe couldnt make himself believed.v2)set后宾语补足语通常是现在分词,不用过去分词。比如:后宾语补足语通常是现在分词,不用过去分词。比如:vHe set the c
8、lock going.第7页v3)下面被动语态中,下面被动语态中,as引导分词短语应视为主语补足语。引导分词短语应视为主语补足语。vShe was praised as being most responsible.v注意:单个过去分词也能够作主语补语。比如:注意:单个过去分词也能够作主语补语。比如:vThe fire was reported controlled.vb.感官、感觉动词后分词宾补和不定式宾补区分感官、感觉动词后分词宾补和不定式宾补区分v这类动词后能够用分词做这类动词后能够用分词做,也能够用不带,也能够用不带to不定式做宾语,其区不定式做宾语,其区分是:分词宾补表示动作正在进行
9、,还未完成,不是全过程,不分是:分词宾补表示动作正在进行,还未完成,不是全过程,不定式宾补表示动词完成,是全过程。另外,短暂性动词分词作宾定式宾补表示动词完成,是全过程。另外,短暂性动词分词作宾补表示动作重复,而不定式则表示动作一次性。补表示动作重复,而不定式则表示动作一次性。vI saw a solider getting on the train.(看见士兵在上火车看见士兵在上火车)vI saw a solider get on the train and disappeared.(看见士兵看见士兵登上了活车消失了登上了活车消失了)vShe heard the door slamming.
10、她听见门在砰砰作响。(重复她听见门在砰砰作响。(重复动作)动作)vShe heard the door slam.她听见门砰地一声关上了。(一次性她听见门砰地一声关上了。(一次性动作,已完成)动作,已完成)第8页v4.分词作状语分词作状语v分词作状语时表示动作是主语一部分,与谓语表示动作分词作状语时表示动作是主语一部分,与谓语表示动作(或状态)是同时或几乎同时发生,有时先于谓语动词(或状态)是同时或几乎同时发生,有时先于谓语动词动作发生。分词作状语普通均要用逗号同其它成份隔开。动作发生。分词作状语普通均要用逗号同其它成份隔开。分词能够做时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目标、让分词能够做时间、原因
11、、方式、条件、结果、目标、让步等状语。比如:步等状语。比如:vDefeated,they withdrew into the valley.(分词动作先分词动作先发生发生)vLocked up,he had no way to escape.(分词动作同时分词动作同时发生发生)va.做时间状语相当于做时间状语相当于when引导从句引导从句v这类状语通常放在句子前半部分,若两个动作同时发生,这类状语通常放在句子前半部分,若两个动作同时发生,可在分词前用可在分词前用when或或while表示强调。表示强调。vHearing the news,they immediately set for sha
12、nghai.(when they heard the news,they)听到听到这个消息,他们马上出发去上海了。这个消息,他们马上出发去上海了。第9页v注意:v1)做时间状语分词短语也能够放在主语后或句尾,放在做时间状语分词短语也能够放在主语后或句尾,放在句尾时最强调。比如:句尾时最强调。比如:vHaving written an important letter,I listened to the music for a while.vI,having written an important letter,listened to the music for a while.(最不强调最不
13、强调)vI listened to the music for a while,having written an important letter.(最强调)(最强调)v写完一封主要信之后,我听了一会音乐写完一封主要信之后,我听了一会音乐v2)假如分词表示动作紧接着谓语动作之后发生,分词)假如分词表示动作紧接着谓语动作之后发生,分词应放在句尾。比如:应放在句尾。比如:vShe sat down,listening to their talk.她坐下来,听她坐下来,听他们谈话。他们谈话。第10页v3)假如分词表示动作先发生,谓语动词动作紧接着就发假如分词表示动作先发生,谓语动词动作紧接着就发生
14、,分词短语应放在句首,不能放在句尾。比如:生,分词短语应放在句首,不能放在句尾。比如:vThey stopped talking,hearing a strange sound.(误)(误)vHearing a strange sound,they stopped talking.听听到了一个奇怪声音,她们就停顿了谈话。到了一个奇怪声音,她们就停顿了谈话。vb.On doing sth.不一样于不一样于in doing sth.v介词介词on、in+现在分词也是惯用时间表示法,有些细微现在分词也是惯用时间表示法,有些细微差异。差异。On+现在分词相当于现在分词相当于as soon as,强调瞬
15、间动作;强调瞬间动作;in+现在分词相当于现在分词相当于when,while,强调是连续迟缓动作。强调是连续迟缓动作。比较:比较:vOn entering the door,she found the man lying dead on the floor.(一走进一走进)vIn doing the work he met a lot of difficulties.(在做在做这项工作过程中这项工作过程中)第11页vc.做原因状语相当于做原因状语相当于as,since,because引导从句引导从句v这类状语多放在句子前半部分。比如:这类状语多放在句子前半部分。比如:vA bit fright
16、ened,he stood motionless.他有点害怕,他有点害怕,站着一动不动站着一动不动vd.作方式或伴随状语时,不能用状语从句替换作方式或伴随状语时,不能用状语从句替换vhe walked down the hill,singing softly to himself.(=he walked down the hill and sang softly to himself.)他从小山上走下来,一路哼着小曲。他从小山上走下来,一路哼着小曲。ve.做条件状语相当于做条件状语相当于if,unless 等引导从句等引导从句v常见引导条件状语分词有:常见引导条件状语分词有:given,sup
17、posed,supposing,considering,provided,granted,compared with等。这类状语要放在句子前半部分。等。这类状语要放在句子前半部分。比如:比如:vTurning to the right,you will find a path leading to his cottage.(if you turn to the right,you)向右转向右转弯,你就能够找到一条通到他别墅小道。弯,你就能够找到一条通到他别墅小道。第12页vf.做结果状语相当于做结果状语相当于so that 引导从句引导从句v这类状语通常放在句子后半部分,分词前面经常有副词这类
18、状语通常放在句子后半部分,分词前面经常有副词thus,thereby 或或only,并有逗号同前面句子成份隔开,并有逗号同前面句子成份隔开,常可译为常可译为“于是、所以、因而于是、所以、因而”等。这种分词逻辑主语等。这种分词逻辑主语既能够使句子主语,也能够是前边整个句子,逻辑主语既能够使句子主语,也能够是前边整个句子,逻辑主语为前边整个句子时,其作用相当于一个非限定状语从句。为前边整个句子时,其作用相当于一个非限定状语从句。比如:比如:vThe old scientist died all of a sudden,leaving the project unfinished.那位老科学家突然逝
19、世了,留下了那位老科学家突然逝世了,留下了未尽事业。未尽事业。vg.作让步状语从句相当于作让步状语从句相当于though,even if 等引导从句等引导从句vwounded,the brave solider continued to fight.即即使受伤,那勇敢战士依然继续作战。使受伤,那勇敢战士依然继续作战。第13页现在分词和动名词区分 v现在分词和动名词含有共同-ing形式,不过二者性质不一样。现在分词相当于形容词和副词,动名词相当于名词。如:Discovering so many Chinese coins in Australia is surprising.在澳大利亚发觉这么多
20、中国钱币是令人吃惊(discovering 是动名词作主语,surprising 是现在分词,做表语)v下面请看一下关于非谓语动词在句子中所能充当成份一个图表:第14页主 宾 定 表 补 状动名词动名词分词分词不定式不定式第15页v由上可知假如-ing形式在句子中充当主语、宾语则可判断是动名词形式,假如是在句子中作补、状语则为现在分词形式,所以判断到底是动名词还是现在分词主要在定语和表语上,下面主要介绍定语和表语;v作表语:作表语:现在分词做表语相当于形容词,能够用very等副词修饰,动名词做表语时相当于名词,不能够用副词修饰。如;vThe Tomorrow Land is very inte
21、resting.(现在(现在分词)分词)vHer greatest pleasure is reading.(动名词)(动名词)第16页v作定语作定语:1.现在分词作定语时,其前可有副词、形容词和名词,这些词都与现在分词有亲密联络。动名词用作定语时其前能够有形容词,但此形容词不是修饰动名词,而是修饰“动名词+名词”结构,如:A hard-working girl (现在分词working前有副词hard,是working状语)A big waiting room.(形容词big不修饰动名词waiting而是修饰waiting room)v2.名词之后现在分词常表进程,动名词常表事实。如:I s
22、aw him smoking.(现在分词表进程,him不可变为his)I dislike him smoking。(smoking 是动名词因为him能够变为his,全句=I dislike the fact that he smokes)第17页分词独立结构 v分词作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子主语应该一致,不然分词应该有自己独立逻辑主语,这种主语通常是名词或代词,置于分词之前,组成份词独立结构。在独立结构中,分词逻辑主语能够是分词动作执行者,也能够是分词动作承受者,能够是现在分词,也能够使过去分词,还能够是分词完成式或被动式。分词独立结构多用于书面语中,用作状语,置于句首或句末,偶然也置于句中
23、。例:第18页vA:逻辑主语+现在分词(这种结构表示主动意义)vWeather permitting,we will have the match tomorrow.vB:逻辑主语+过去分词(这种结构表示被动意义)vThis done,we went home.vC:逻辑主语+分词完成式或分词完成被动式(这种结构表示先完成主动意义或先完成被动意义)vThe moon having risen,they took a walk in the fields.vSo much money having been wasted,he will be punished.第19页vD:there+bein
24、g+其它成份(这种结构能够放在句首或句尾,其中being不可省)vThere being nothing to do,we played games.vE:现在分词独立结构之前可用介词with 或without,介词with或without在此没有什么意义,只是比较口语化。如:vWith Mr.Ade taking the lead,they decided to set up a trading company.vWith all homework done,he went out to play.vF:有时分词独立结构仅表示一个解释功效:vWe redoubled our efforts,
25、each man working like two.vFifty people came,he would win by perseverance.第20页分词悬垂结构(书本(书本256256页)页)v我们知道,分词短语相当于状语从句,其逻辑主语通常就是主句主语。不过假如分词短语逻辑主语不是主句主语,这么分词短语就是悬垂结构(独立结构及generally speaking 等除外),悬垂结构逻辑主语有时是句中非主语成份。如:vWalking or sleeping,this subject was always in my mind.(walking or sleeping 逻辑主语是句中my
26、)vHe was hurt by a stone dropped from the roof.第21页v有时分词逻辑主语泛指“我们”。如:vUsing the electric energy,it is necessary to change its form.v有时分词逻辑主语须从上下文决定。如:vTrying to sit up,the whole room had reeled.第22页问题及解答问题及解答1.分词或者分词短语作状语时,能够转化成对应状语从句,详细情况有哪些?答:分词作状语在功效上相当于状语从句,在句中能够表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随、让步等。所以这些短语往往能够把它
27、转化成对应从句或句子。例:1)表示时间:Looking out of the window,I saw some students playing there.(=When I looked out of the window.)2)表示原因:Not having received his letter for long,she felt a little worried.(=Because she hadnt received his letter for long,.)第23页3)表示条件;Working hard,youll surely succeed.(=If you work ha
28、rd,)4)表示伴随或方式:The boy sat in front of the house cutting the branch.(=The boy sat in front of the house and cut the branch.)5)表示结果:The child slipped and fell,hitting his head against the door.(=The child slipped and fell and hit his head against the door)2.非谓语动词doing/having done/done区分 例:He sat in th
29、e seat,watching TV.Having finished his the homework,he played football with his classmates.Given more time,Ill do it well.第24页答:第一个doing watch 和 那个主句主语 he 是主动关系,所以要用 doing。第二个句子 finish 和 he也是主动关系,当然这里有一个很显著先后关系,他先做完作业,再和同学踢足球。表显著先后次序时 要用完成时态。第三个句子give 和 I 是被动关系。他人给我更多时间,就是 我被给予更多时间。所以要用过去分词 done来表示被
30、动。3.As we know,_in a key university is what every student wishes for.A.Educated B.Educating C.To educate D.Being educated 第25页v,“受教育”应用被动语态,这是毋庸置疑。所以就应该事是在A与D之间选择。不过,我们应该知道动词过去分词是不能作主语,它普通是作修饰语或是补语。所以就选D第26页牛刀小试牛刀小试v1.Waves generally results from wind on water.A、acts B、to act C、it acts D、actingv2.Ha
31、ve the courage of your convictions,but be sure they are your own convictions .A、which you yourself think of it B、arrived at patiently by hard thinking C、not coming out of others mind D、coming out directly to your mind v3.“Why did you go back upstairs?”“I thought I had left the windows ”A、opened B、op
32、en C、being open D、to be open 第27页v4.She returned home from the office only to find the door and something .A、missed B、missing C、to be missing D、be missedv5“Perhaps you need ”A、to examine your eyes B、to have your eyes examined C、to have examined your eyes D、to be examined your eyesv6.The production o
33、f tin ore in the United States is relatively insignificant,less than one hundred tons annually.A、amounting to B、in the amount C、amounts to it D、to the amount of 第28页v7.built,with poor vision but excellent senses of smell and hearing,the bear will eat almost anything A、It is heavily B、Heavily C、That
34、it is heavily D、When is it heavily.v8.under a microscope,a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape.A、Seen B、Sees C、Seeing D、To see v9.“What are you going to do tomorrow?”“We are going tomorrow”A、to climb B、climbing C、climbed D、climb v10.“Why are they taking all the equipment away?”“The job
35、,they are packing up to leave”A、it to done B、did C、was did D、done 第29页v11.the New Land discovered by Columbus all the arguments came to the end.A、Because B、Now that C、As D、With v12.this information,Eric sat down again to wait.A、After given B、On giving C、Having been given D、After having to give 第30页答案答案vDCBBB vABABD vDA第31页