初中英语动词及动词短语精讲+精练+答案.docx

动词及动词短语1动词的基本框架动词包括实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。(一)实义动词实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。按其句法功能可分为及物动词和不及物动词;按其持续性可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。1.及物动词：及物动词本身意义不完整,需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。(1)动词+宾语I like this book very much.我非常喜欢这本书。(2)动词+宾语+宾补We call the bird Polly.我们叫这只鸟Polly。I saw the children play in the park yesterday.昨天我看见孩子们在公园玩。注意:用省略to的不定式或现在分词作宾补的动词有:have,see,watch,notice,hear等。(3)动词+间接宾语+直接宾语Please pass me the salt.请把盐递给我。常见的带双宾语的动词有:give,bring,buy,get,leave,lend,make,offer,pass,teach,tell等。2.不及物动词不及物动词自身意思完整,不用接宾语。Horses run fast.马跑得快。(1)有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。We study English.我们学习英语。(及物动词)We study hard.我们努力学习。(不及物动词)(2)有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成动词短语,它的作用相当于一个及物动词。动词+介词Listen to the teacher carefully.仔细听老师讲。此类动词短语后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词,都只能放在介词后面,不能放在动词和介词之间。动词+副词+介词Lets go on with our work!让我们继续我们的工作吧!He gets along well with his classmates.他与他的同学们相处得很好。注意:这类动词短语后的宾语只能放在介词的后面。3.延续性动词和非延续性动词(1)延续性动词表示动作是可以持续的,可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:live,study,work,keep,teach等。We have lived in Suzhou since 2001.自2001年以来,我们一直住在苏州。You can keep this book for two weeks.这本书你可以借两周。(2)非延续性动词表示瞬间动作,动作一旦发生立即结束,如:buy,lend,borrow,die,begin,stop,finish,arrive,join,go,come,catch等,非延续性动词不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如果和表示一段时间的状语连用,就要用其他的词代替。The old man has been dead for two years.那个老人已经去世两年了。(这里不能用has died)He arrived here five days ago.他五天前到这儿的。(二)系动词系动词本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和表语一起构成系表结构,说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份。常见的系动词有:be,become,get,look,seem,turn,sound,smell,taste,feel,keep等。这些词没有被动语态。He is a strong man.他是一个强壮的人。Mr Wang seems very angry.王先生似乎很生气。This kind of cloth feels soft.这种布料摸起来很柔软。The flower smells sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。You must keep healthy.你必须保持健康。Her face turns red.她的脸红了。(三)助动词助动词本身无意义或意义不完整,不能单独作谓语。它必须和别的动词连用,帮助构成时态、语态、否定句和疑问句等结构。常用的助动词有be、have、has、had、do、does、did、will和shall等。1.助动词be(am,is,are,was,were)(1)助动词be+现在分词,构成进行时。They asked me what I was doing all afternoon.他们问我整个下午在干什么。(2)助动词be+过去分词,构成被动语态。English is spoken in many countries.许多国家都讲英语。2.助动词have/has/had+过去分词形式,构成完成时。We have studied English for five years.我们学英语已经五年了。Have you seen Li Hua?你见到李华了吗?We have read English for an hour.我们读了一小时英语了。3.助动词do/does/did用于构成疑问句和否定句,用于倒装句,加强说话的语气及代替前面刚出现的动词等。Do you live in China?你住在中国吗?Yes,I do.是的,我住在中国。He didnt play basketball yesterday.他昨天没有打篮球。Only then did I realize I was wrong.直到那时我才意识到我错了。4.助动词will和shall用于构成一般将来时。(shall主要用于第一人称,will可用于各种人称)There will be a football match this evening.今晚将有一场足球比赛。I shall be sixteen years old next birthday.到下个生日,我就十六岁了。He asked me when we would leave.他问我我们何时动身。(四)情态动词有一定的词义,本身并不表示动作或状态,而仅仅表示说话人的态度。它在句中需和主要动词一起构成谓语。中考试练1. Dont _ any more time, or we will miss the meeting.A. saveB. trustC. wasteD. love【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：不要_任何更多的时间，否则我们将会错过会议。save节省；trust信任；waste浪费；love热爱。根据后面的“否则我们将会错过会议”可知此处是指“浪费”，故选C。2. My parents said they would come to visit me. I couldnt _ to see them after being away from home for several months.A. waitB. helpC. expectD. afford【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我的父母说他们要来看我。离开家几个月之后我_见到他们。wait等待；help帮助；expect期望；afford负担得起。根据语境可知此处指迫不及待见到他们，cant wait to do sth.意为“迫不及待做某事”，为固定搭配。故选A。3. In our life, we need to _ those people who help us, such as our parents, teachers and friends.A. thankB. remindC. teachD. look【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：在我们的生活当中，我们需要_那些帮助我们的人，例如我们的父母、老师和朋友。thank感谢；remind提醒；teach教;look看。根据常识可知要感谢那些帮助过我们的人。故选A。4. Come home before dinner time, Peter! I _, Mom.A. promiseB. guessC. wishD. admire【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意“晚饭前回家，皮特！”“我_，妈妈。”promise保证：guess猜测：wish希望：admire赞赏。结合语境可知是答应妈妈的要求，故选A。5. Tom and Jerry is very funny. I cant help _ when I watch it.A. singingB. laughingC. sleeping D. talking【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：汤姆和杰里（猫和老鼠）非常有趣。当我看它的时候，我忍不住_。singing唱歌：laughing大笑；sleeping睡觉；talking谈论。根据funny并结合常识可知猫和老鼠是一部非常有趣的动画片，常常使人大笑不已。故选B6. Ive no idea where to go next month.Why not _ visiting Beijing? There are so many places of interest there.A. suggestB. wonderC. considerD. regard【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意“我不知道下个月去哪里。”“为什么不_参观北京呢？那里有很多名胜古迹。”suggest建议；wonder想知道，好奇；consider考虑；regard认为。consider doing sth.“考虑做某事”符合语境，故选C。7. Dont _ the chance when you can catch it, or you will regret.A. guessB. missC. rememberD. allow【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：能抓住机会的时候不要_，否则你会后悔的。guess猜测；miss错过；remember记得；allow允许。分析句意可知此处指，只要能抓住机会就不要错过，故选B。8. When will Mr.Green _ Beijing? In a week.A. reachB. getC. arriveD. come【答案】A【解析】考查近义动词词义辨析。句意“格林先生什么时候_北京？”“一周后。”四个选项均有到达之意，reach及物动词，后面直接跟宾语；get不及物动词，get to+地点；arrive不及物动词，arrive in+大地方，arrive at+小地方;come不及物动词，come to+地点。故选A。9. How long can I _ this book?For five days. But you must return it on time.A. borrowB. lendC. keepD. take【答案】C【解析】考查近义动词词义辨析。句意“我可以_这本书多久？”“五天。但你必须要按时还书。”根据“How long”可知空处需填延续性动词。四个选项中只有keep是延续性动词，其它均为短暂性动词。故选C。10. The air _ fresh after the rain, and the sky is blue.A. feelsB. tastesC. smellsD. sounds【答案】C【解析】考查感官动词词义辨析。句意：雨后的空气_清新，并且天空是蓝色的。feels摸起来；tastes尝起来；smells闻起来；sounds听起来。分析句意及联系常识可知，雨后的空气闻起来很清新，故选C。11. The orange _ so sweet. I want to have another one.A. tastesB. feelsC. smellsD. looks【答案】A【解析】考查感官动词词义辨析。句意：这个橙子_真甜。我还想再吃一个。橙子应是尝起来甜。故选A。总结：动词词义辨析是中考的必考点，且多在完形填空中考查，包括实义动词词义的语境辨析和近义词辨析。2动词语境辨析1.实义动词词义辨析中考对实义动词的考查主要涉及单项填空和完形填空两种题型，考查特点主要为语境辨析。根据上下文考查其在语境中的辨析。解答语境辨析类试题时，首先要确定四个动词的含义，然后分析语境，找出关键词或前后的逻辑关系，确定正确答案。因此考生在平时的学习过程中，需要重点积累并掌握实义动词的用法。如：-I _ the school bus this morning.-Luckily, Toms father gave me a ride.A. tookB. caughtC. sawD. missed方法点拨第1步：四个选项的含义分别是：带走，乘（交通工具）；抓住；看见；错过。第2步：分析语境“我今天早上校车。幸运地是,汤姆的爸爸载了我一程。”从句中的关键词“Luckily”和“gave me a ride”可知“我”今天早上应该是“没搭上（错过了）校车”，故选D。2.近义动词词义辨析中考对近义动词的辨析涉及，主要考查学生对近义词的辨析应用，此类试题要求学生掌握各近义词的不同用法、固定搭配及句型，注重细节的考查。三个“借”borrow非延续性动词，表示主语“借入”，常用搭配borrow sth. from sb.lend非延续性动词，表示主语“借出”，常用搭配lend sth. to sb.或lend sb. sth.keep延续性动词，表示“长时间地借”三个“到达”get get to+地点名词reach及物动词，后面可直接跟地点名词reach 及物动词，后面可直接跟地点名词arrive in+大地点（名词）at+小地点（名词）三个“穿”dress dress sb. 给某人穿衣服 dress sb. up 打扮某人put on 穿上，戴上，表示动作wear 穿着，戴着，表示状态四个“花费”spend 人作主语，表示花费时间或金钱，后接on sth. 或（in） doing sth.cost 物作主语，表示“某物花费多少钱”take 可用于固定句型，表示“花费一段时间做某事”，其结构为：It+takes/took+一段时间+to do sth.pay 常与介词for连用，表示“支付”四个“看”see “看见”，表示结果look “看”，表示动作，是不及物动词，后面需加介词at才能跟宾语watch “观看（比赛、电视等）”read “看（书、报等）”，表示阅读四个“说”speak 作及物动词时后接表示语言的名词，表示“说，讲述”say 常跟直接引语或间接引语，表示说的内容talk 是不及物动词，常跟介词to和with，意为“同谈话”，也表示具有说话能力tell 意为“告诉”，与story连用，意为“讲故事”四个“拿”bring “带来，拿来”，表示拿到靠近说话人的地方take “拿去，带走”，表示拿到远离说话人的地方carry “扛，搬，用力移动”，没有方向fetch “去取，去拿”，表示往返拿东西四个“赢，输”lose 意为“输给”某人，固定搭配为lose to sb.fail 意为“失败”或“未做成某事”beat 意为“打败”，后接人或某支队伍win 意为“赢得，荣誉，地位，比赛等”四个“参加”join 一般指加入“党派”或“组织”并成为其中一员，如参军，入党，入团等join in 指参加竞赛、娱乐、游戏等活动take part in 指参加聚会或群众性活动attend 一般指出席会议、典礼、婚礼等四个“变化”turn 一般用于颜色的变化get 天变黑、变长或变短become 天气变暖或变冷等，表示渐变grow 形状变大或变小3.感官动词词义辨析sound 意为“听起来”指听觉。good, wonderful, interesting, boringlook 意为“看起来”表示相貌，外观。指视觉。beautiful, ugly, young, oldtaste 意为“尝起来”表示味道。指味觉。delicious, salty, sweet, sour。smell 意为“闻起来”表示气味。指嗅觉 sweet, nice, freshfeel 意为“感觉，摸起来”指触觉。soft, smooth, comfortable3动词短语中考试练1.National Day is coming. Im _ visiting Tiananmen Square.（期待）【答案】looking forward to【解析】句意：国庆节即将来临。我期待参观天安门广场。期待look forward to。分析句子结构可知为现在进行时。故填looking forward to。2. Tom always _ his teacher in class, so he is making progress.(注意)【答案】pays attention to【解析】句意：汤姆经常在课堂上集中注意力于老师，因此他正在取得进步。pay attention to集中注意力，主语为第三人称，且根据always可知为一般现在时。故填pays attention to。3.If you _ in the city, youd better ask the police for help.（走失）【答案】get lost【解析】句意：如果你在这个城市里走失，你最好向警察求助。走失get lost。4.Kate decided to _ Beijing next week.（前往）【答案】leave for【解析】句意：凯特决定下周前往北京。前往，leave for。decide to do sth.决定做某事。故填leave for。5.This book _ Mary because J.K. Rowling is her favorite writer.(属于)【答案】belongs to【解析】句意：这本书属于玛丽，因为J.K罗琳是她最喜爱的作家。属于belong to。主语为单三形式，谓语动词应用单三形式，故填belongs to。总结：动词短语是中考的必考点，在单项填空和完形填空中考查短语辨析，在词组翻译中考查词义和拼写。这就需要学生在平时学习中多积累不同动词短语的意思和用法，也要能准确地拼写出来。动词短语辨析试题旨在通过题干或微型语境考查考生对上下文的理解、动词短语的不同搭配识别与记忆。动词短语1【知识梳理】come up走近；发生；上升come up withcome down 下来；落下come true(希望、梦想等)实现come out出版；发表；开花；发芽come back 回来come in进来come across (偶然)遇见(或发现)come on 快点；加油come from来自come over顺便来访试一试1. I _ an old friend when I took a walk in the park.（偶遇）【答案】came across【解析】句意：我在公园散步的时候偶遇了我的老朋友。偶遇come across；该动作发生在过去，应用一般过去时。故填came across。2. Study harder, and youll make your dream _ one day.A. come outB. come fromC. come trueD. come on【答案】C【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：努力学习，你的梦想有一天就会_。come out出版，发表；come from来自；come true实现；come on加油。根据句意可知表示梦想实现。故选C。3. The famous writer introduced us his new book that will _ next month.A. come downB. come outC. come backD. come over【答案】B【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：这位著名的作家向我们介绍他将在下个月_的新书。come down下降，下来；come out出版；come back回来；come over 顺便来访。根据题意可知此处指，新书即将出版,故选B。2.【知识梳理】put on穿上;上演；增加put up 张贴；搭建put down写下;放下put off推迟;拖延put out扑灭；熄灭(火)put away把收起来put into把放进试一试1. Its cold outside, Sandy. Youd better _ your coat to keep warm.（穿上）【答案】put on【解析】句意：桑迪，外面冷。你最好穿上外套保暖。put on穿上，had better do sth.最好做某事。故填put on。2. Lily, you should _ your gloves when you dont use them.（收起来）【答案】put away【解析】句意：莉莉，当你不用手套的时候，你应该把它们收起来。收起来put away。should后用动词原形。3. The fire fighters _ the fire successfully in the neighborhood.(扑灭)【答案】put up【解析】句意：消防员们成功地扑灭了小区的火。put out扑灭。根据语境可知此处应用一般过去式put的过去式为put。故填put up。4. We cant _ making a plan. Clean-up Day is only two weeks from now.Yes, I think so.A. put downB. put upC. put outD. put off【答案】D【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意“我们不能_制定计划。清洁日距现在只有两周时间了。”“是的，我也这么认为。”put on穿上；put up张贴；put out扑灭；put off推迟。根据句意可知是不能推迟制定计划了。故选D。3.【知识梳理】look after 照顾;照看look at看;朝看look for寻找;寻求look like看起来像look through 浏览look up（词典书中等)查阅;查找look around 环顾四周look out当心look over (仔细)检查look out of往外面看look forward to 盼望；期待试一试1._ the sign. Its not allowed to park here.（看）【答案】look at【解析】句意：看标志。这里不允许停车。看look at，分析句子可知此句子为祈使句，应用动词原形。注意句首单词首字母大写。2. I need to _ my watch. Its lost.（寻找）【答案】look for【解析】句意：我需要寻找我的手表。它不见了。寻找look for，need to do sth.需要做某事。故填look for。3. Dont _ anyone. Everyone has his or her advantages.（看不起）【答案】look down upon【解析】句意：不要看不起任何人。每个人都有他或她的优点。看不起look down upon。4. Almost every university now has awebsite which allows us to _ the information about it.A. look atB. look afterC. look aroundD. look through【答案】D【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：现在几乎每所大学都有一个允许我们_关于它的信息的网站。look at看；look after照顾；look around环顾；look through，浏览。根据句意可知是浏览网站信息，故选D。4.【知识梳理】get to到达get over 克服get back返回get on上车get off下车get away from逃离get up起床；起来试一试1. You are not a kid any more, you need to _ the difficulty by yourself.（克服）【答案】get over【解析】句意：你不再是一个孩子了，你需要自己克服困难。克服get over；再根据need to do sth.可知应填动词原形。2. We should spend our time on schoolworkin order to get good grades and _ a good high school.A. get over B. get on C. get off D. get into【答案】D【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：我们应该把时间花费在学业上，以便能取得好成绩_一所好高中。get over克服；get on上车；get off下车；get into进入。根据句意可知表示进入高中。故选D。3. Its too dangerous here. Lets _ the place as soon as we can.A. get used to B. get ready forC. get along with D. get away from【答案】D【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：这里太危险了。让我们尽快_这个地方吧。get used to 习惯于；get ready for 准备；get along with与相处；get away from远离。根据句意可知表示离开此地。故选D。5.【知识梳理】go away走开;离开go back回到go by（时间）流逝go down下降go up上升; 增长go off熄灭; 离开go on继续go over仔细检查go through通过试一试1. I got up late because my clock didnt _.（响）【答案】go off【解析】句意：我今天早上起晚了，因为我的闹钟没有响。go off闹钟发出响声。故填go off。2. As time _, some dreams are forgotten by us.（流逝）【答案】goes by【解析】句意：随着时间的流逝，一些梦想被我们遗忘了。流逝go by；本句时态为一般现在时，主语为单数名词，故填goes by。3. When the man _ the forest alone, he lost his way and felt very afraid.A. went aheadB. went throughC. went out D. went on【答案】B【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意:当这位男士独自一人 _森林时，他迷路了，感到非常害怕。went ahead 向前,继续；went through穿过，经历；went out出去；went on继续。根据句意可知表示独自穿过森林。故选B。4. _ doing your own job and never give up. You will succeed sooner or later.A. Go offB. Go onC. Go awayD. Go up【答案】B【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：_你自己的工作并且从不放弃。你迟早会成功。根据句意可知此处指继续，故选B。6.【知识梳理】give out分发，发出give in 投降；屈服give up 放弃give away赠送;分发give back还给;归还;恢复(健康)give birth to 生(孩子);产生试一试1. My friend decided to _ her job and go to America for further study.（放弃）【答案】give up【解析】句意：我朋友决定放弃她的工作，然后去美国深造。give up放弃，decide to do sth.决定做某事。故填give up。2. Gina, remember to _ the book to Ann.（归还）【答案】give back【解析】句意:吉娜，记得把书还给安。归还give back；再根据空前的不定式符号to可知应填动词原形。3. Would you please help me _ the invitations to all my friends?Sure. Youd better let me know their phone numbers.A. give upB. give inC. give out D. give back【答案】C【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意“你愿意帮我_邀请函给我的所有朋友吗？”“当然。你最好让我知道他们的电话号码。”根据语境可知“分发邀请函”。故选C。4. I think we should _ all the toys to the local children who are in need of them.A. give backB. give birth toC. give away D. give in【答案】C【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：我认为我们应该_所有的玩具给当地需要它们的儿童。give back还给，归还；give birth to生产；give away捐赠；give in屈服。根据句意可知是捐赠玩具。故选C。7.【知识梳理】take part in参加take after (在外貌、性格等方面)与(父母等)相像take care of照顾,照料take out取出take off 脱下（衣服），（飞机等）起飞take place 发生take up占据(时间、空间)；开始从事；拿起take exercise 做运动 take notes做笔记take down取下 take away拿走；带走take in吸入;吞入(体内) take a rest休息take pride in以为傲试一试1. Thank you very much for _ my pet dog while Im away.(照顾)【答案】taking care of【解析】句意：非常感谢你在我不在的时候照顾我的宠物狗。take care of照顾，介词for后跟v.ing。故填taking care of。2. The club needs to _ some new members.（招入）【答案】take in【解析】句意为：这个俱乐部需要招入一些新成员。take in招入、吸收。动词不定式的后跟动词原形。3. _ the rubbish before you leave the library, please.（带走）【答案】take away【解析】句意为：请在离开图书馆之前带走垃圾。带走take away；分析句子结构可知为祈使句，需用动词原形。注意句首单词首字母大写。4. What are you going to do during the summer vacation?I am going to _ a new hobby like swimming or dancing.A. take downB. take upC. take over D. take in【答案】B【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意“暑假期间你打算做什么？”“我打算_一个新的爱好，例如游泳或者跳舞。”take down 记下，取下；take up 开始从事，占据；take over 接收，接管；take in吸收。分析句意可知，此处指开始某种爱好，用take up。故选B。8.【知识梳理】turn up开大, 调高,出现turn on 打开turn off 关闭turn out结果是turn down调小；拒绝试一试1. Would you like to attend the farewell party next week?Sure, Id love to. I have no reason to _