2023年职称英语等级考试试题及答案解析理工类B级.doc

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2023年职称英语等级考试试题及答案解析理工类(B级) 第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为靠近旳选项。 1 Would you please call my husband as soon as possible? A phone B visit C consult D invite 2 We had along conversation about herparents A speech B question C debate D taIk 3 The chairman proposed that we stop the meeting A stated B announced C suggested D demanded 4 Obviouslythese people can be relied on in a crisis. A depended on B lived on C believed in D joined in 5 There is always excitement at the Olympic Games when an athlete—breaks a record A maintains B beats C matches D tries 6 All the pupils seem to be very cheerful. A healthy B happy C naughty D busy 7 The traditional paintings are exhibited on the second floor A displayed B laid C kept D stored 8 She stood there，shaking with fury. A misery B laughter C cry D anger 9 Mary evidently is the most diligent student among US A intelligent B beautiful C hardworking D talkative 10 Persistent attempts to interview Garbo were fruitless． A Forceful B Reasonable C Fjml D Continuous 11 Why can’t you stop your eternal complaining? A long B everlasting C temporary D boring 12 Hundreds of buildings were wrecked by the eadhquake A danlaged B shaken c fallen D jumped 13 These paintings are considered by many to be authentic. A faithful B royal C sincere D genuine 14 Many economists have given in to the fatal lure of mathematics A simp]icity B attraction C power D rigor 15 Ten years after the event, her death still remains a puzzle A mist B fog C secret D mystery 第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分) 下面旳短文后列出了7个句于，请根据短文旳内容对每个句子做出判断：假如该句提供旳是对旳信息，请选择A：假如该句提供旳是错误信息，请选择B：假如该句旳信息文中没有提及，请选择C。 Radiocarbon Dating Nowadays scientists can answer many questions about the past through a techniquecalled radiocarbon(放射性碳)，or carbon-14；dating One key to understanding how and why something happened is to discover when it happened Radiocarbon dating was developed in the late 1940s by physicist Willard F. Libby at the University of Chicago An atom of ordinary carbon，called carbon-12，has six protons (质子) and six neutrons (中子) in its nucleus. Carbon-14，or C-14．is a radioaclive unstable form of carbon that has two extra neutrons(原子核) it returns to a more stable from of carbon through a process called decay(衰减)This process involves the loss of the extra neutrons and energy from the nucleus In Libby’s radiocarbon dating technique，the weak radioactive emissions(放射) from this decay process ere counted by instruments such as a radiation detector and counter the decay rate is used to determine the proportion of C-14 atoms in the sample being dated. Carbon-14 is produced in the Earth’s atmosphere when nitrogen(氮)-14,or N-14, interacts with cosmic rays(宇宙射线). Scientists believe since the Earth was formed the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere has remained constant. Consequently C-14 formation is thought to occur at a constant rate. Now the ratio of C-14 to other carbon atoms in the atmosphere is known. Most scientists agree that this radio is useful for dating items back to at least 50.000 years. All life on Earth is made of organic molecules(分子)that contain carbon atoms coming from the atmosphere . So aIl living things have about the same ratio of C-14 atoms to other carbon atoms in their tissues(组织). Once an organism(有机体)dies it stops taking in carbon in any form，and the C-14 already present begins to decay．Over time the amount of C-14 in the material decreases，and the ratio of C-14 to other carbon atoms goes down. In terms of radio carbon dating，the fewer C-14 atoms in a sample the older that sample is 16 Nowadays many scientists depend 013 radiocarbon for dating age-old objects A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 17 The radiocarbon dating technique is only about 40 years old A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 18 An atom of ordinary carbon has six protons and eight neutrons A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 19 Radar is used to determine the characteristics of radiocarbon A Right B Wrong c Not mentioned 20 Radiocarbon is reliable in dating an object back to at least 50．000 years A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 21 The C-14 in an organism begins to decay when it dies A Right 日Wrong C Not mentioned 22 The half-life of C-14 is about 25．000 years A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned 第3部分：概括大意与完毕句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分) Chimpanzees 1 Chimpanzees(黑猩猩)will soon be extinct(灭绝). If the present rate of hunting and habitat(栖息地)destruction continues，then within 20 years，there will be no chimpanzees living in the wild But this is more than an environmental or moral tragedy (悲剧)Chimpanzee extinction may also have profound implications(含意)for the survival of their distant relatives—human beings 2 ln l975 the biologist Made-Claire King and Allan Wilson discovered that the human and chimpanzee genomes(基因组) match by over 98％ Compare this to the mouse．used as model for human disease in lab tests，which shares only 60％ of its DNA with us in fact chimpanzees are far more similar to humans than they are to any other species of monkey As well as resembling us genetically,chimps are highly intelligent and able to use toots These facts alone should be enough to make protection of chimps an urgent priority(优先). But there is another，more selfish reason to preserve the chimp 3 The chimpanzees’trump card (王牌) comes in the field of medical research. Chimpanzees are so similar to humans that vetednarians(兽医)often refer to human medical textbooks when treating them. Yet chimpanzees do show differences in several key areas. In particular, chimps are much more resistant to a number of major diseases It is this ability that is so interesting. 4 For example，chimps seem to show a much higher resistance than humans to HIV, the vires that causes AIDS. Indeed，their use as experimental animals in AIDS research has declined because they are so resistant. 5 By sequencing the chimp genome and pinpointing(找到) the place where the chimpanzee DNA sequence differs from that of humans, scientists hope to be able to discover which part of the genetic code gives chimps their increased resistance to some diseases. This，they hope，will allow them to develop new and more effective treatments for the human forms of these diseases. Such treatments could include the production of new drugs or even the alteration(变化) of the human genetic sequence. The recently completed human genome sequencing project has shown that such an effort is now well within our reach. 23 Paragraph l ________ 24 Paragraph 2 ________ 25 Paragraph 3 ________ 26 Paragraph 4 ________ A Genetic differences between chimps and humans B Reasons for HIV resistance C Implications of chimpanzee extinction for humans D Effective AIDS treatment E Genetic similarities between chimps and humans F Chimps’ resistance to HIV 27 Chimpanzee extinction may affect________ 28 There is a difference of less than 2％ between the chimp and ________ 29 Scientists suspect that genes play a significant role in protecting chimps from getting ________ 30 The discovery of the genetic code of chimps will be helpful to ________ A healthier lifestyle B some human disease treatments C some diseases D human survival E human genomes F key areas 第4部分：阅读理解(第31～45题，每题3分，共45分) 下面有3篇短文．每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项第一篇 Water The secondmostimportantconstituent(构成成分)ofthe biosphere(生物圈)isliquid water This can onlyexistin a very narrow range oftemperatures，sincewaterfreezes at 100C and boils at 100C Life as we know it would only be possible on the surface of a planet which had temperatures somewhere within this narrow range. The earth’s supply of water probably remains fairly constant in quantity．The totalquantity of water is not known very accurately,but it is about enough to cover the surface of the globe to a depth of about two and three-quarter kilometers Most of it is in the form of the salt water of the oceans—about 97 percent. The rest is fresh．But three-quarters of this is in the fom of ice at the Poles and on mountains and cannot be used by living systems until melted. Of the remaining fraction，which is somewhat less than one percent of the whole．there is 10—20 times as much stored underground water as there is actually on the surface There is also a tiny,but extremely important fraction of the water supply which is present as water vapour in the atmosphere Water vapour in the atmosphere is the channel through which the whole water circulation(循环)ofthe biosphere has to pass Water evaporated(蒸发)from the surface of the oceans，from lakes and rivers and from moist(潮湿旳)earth is added to it. From it the water comes out again as rain or snow，falling on either the sea or the land. There is，as might be expecte, a more intensive evaporation per unit area over the sea and oceans than over the Iand，but there Is more rainfall over the Iand than over the oceans and the balanceis restored by the run off from the land in the form of rivers 31 Liquid water only exists A in the center of the earth B on the surface of our planet C in the coastal areas of the earth D in a very narrow range of temperatures 32 Thetotal quantity of water on Earth A has greatly increased in recent years B remains almost unchanged C is decreasing constantly D is affected by global warming 33 Most of the fresh water on Earth A is in the form ofice at the Poles and on mountains B is stored underground C is found in rivers and lakes D comes from the rain 34 The word“fraction”in the second paragraph means A alarge area B a very small amount C an important system D a major source of informatien 35 There is more of rainfall A over the mountains than over the dyers B over the rivers than over the mountains C over the land than over the oceans D over the oceaas than over the land 第二篇 Mind-reading1 Machine 　　 A team of researchers in California has developed a way to predict what kinds of objects people are looking at by scanning what's happening in their brains. 　　When you look at something, your eyes send a signal about that object to your brain. Different regions of the brain process the information your eyes send. Cells in your brain called neurons are responsible for this processing. 　　The fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) 2 brain scans could generally match electrical activity in the brain to the basic shape of a picture that someone was looking at. Like cells anywhere else in your body, active neurons use oxygen. Blood brings oxygen to the neurons, and the more active a neuron is, the more oxygen it will consume. The more active a region of the brain, the more active its neurons, and in turn, the more blood will travel to that region. And by using fMRI, scientists can visualize3 which parts of the brain receive more oxygen-rich blood--and therefore, which parts are working to process information. An fMRI machine is a device that scans the brain and measures changes in blood flow to the brain. The technology shows researchers how brain activity changes when a person thinks, looks at something, or carries out an activity like speaking or reading. By highlighting the areas of the brain at work when a person looks at different images, fMRI may help scientists determine specific patterns of brain activity associated with different kinds of images. 　　The California researchers tested brain activity by having two volunteers view hundreds of pictures of everyday objects, like people, animals, and fruits. The scientists used an fMRI machine to record the volunteers' brain activity with each photograph they looked at. Different objects caused different regions of the volunteers' brains to light up on the scan, indicating activity. The scientists used this information to build a model to predict how the brain might respond to any image the eyes see. 　　In a second test, the scientists asked the volunteers to look at 120 new pictures. Like before, their brains were scanned every time they looked at a new image. This time, the scientists used their model to match the fMRI scans to the image. For example, if a scan in the second test showed the same pattern of brain activity that was strongly related to pictures of apples in the first test, their model would have predicted the volunteers were looking at apples. 36 What is responsible for processing the information sent by your eyes? A The magnetic system in the brain B The central partofthe heart C Neurons in the brain D Oxygen—rich blood 37 The function of an fMRI machine is A to show how neutrons take in oxygen—rich blood B to measure how dense the blood is in the brain C to identify which parts of the brain are processing information D to record how much oxygen the brain consumes 38 The expression “highlighting the areas of the brain at work" in paragraph 5 means A marking the parts of the brain that ere processing information B giving light to the parts ofthe brain that are processing information C putting the parts of the brain to work D preventing the parts of the brain from working 39 The researchers expedmented on A animals and objects B fMRI machines C thousands of pictures D two volunteers 40 Which of the following can best replace the title of the passage? A Your Thoughts Can Be Scanned B Recent Development in Science and Technology． C A Technological Dream D An Intelligent Robot 第三篇 youth emancipation in Spain 　　 The Spanish Government is so worried about the number of young adults still living with their parents that it has decided to help them leave the nest. 　　Around 55 percent of people aged 18-34 in Spain still sleep in their parents’ home, says the latest report from the country’s state-run Institute of Youth. 　　To coax young people from their homes, the Institute started a “Youth Emancipation” programme this month. The programme offers guidance in finding rooms and jobs. 　　Economists blame young people’s family dependence on the precarious labour market and increasing housing prices. Housing prices have risen 17 percent a year since 2023. 　　Cultural reasons also contribute to the problem, say sociologists. Family ties in south Europe – Italy, Portugal and Greece – are stronger than those in middle and north Europe, said Spanish sociologist Almudena Moreno Minguez in her report “The Late Emancipation of Spanish Youth Key for Understanding”. 　　“In general, young people in Spain firmly believe in the family as the main body around which their private life is organized,” said Minguez. 　　In Spain – especially in the countrysi

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