英语议论文开头段的写法市公开课一等奖百校联赛获奖课件.pptx

Questions in Task Two1.Discuss(advantage&disadvantage)2.Your opinion(agree or disagree)3.Problems+reasons+solution第1页Five Types of Questions in Task TwoDiscussionProblems+Reasons+RecommendationsYour opinionAgree or DisagreeAdvantages and disadvantages第2页1.Discussion这类文章写作任务是要求考生对某一观点进行这类文章写作任务是要求考生对某一观点进行讨论讨论,其标志性语言就是通常会出现其标志性语言就是通常会出现discuss这这个词个词.列如列如:1.Some people think that using animals for experimentation purpose is cruel,but other people think that it is necessary for the development of science.Discuss both views and give your opinion.Some people think that good health is a basic human need,so the medical service should not be run by profit-making companies.Do you think the disadvantages of private health care outweigh the advantages?第3页Discussion解题思路:这种题型可以参考以下两种写法A.一边倒明确表明赞同一方+论证支持B.两方面作者可以从两个方面来论述,结尾段可认为正,反或者折中,不过建议结尾观点与主体末段观点一致.这么使文章浑然一体比较有说服力.第4页Discussion写作策略写作策略:首段:情景介绍，说明写作意图主题段落：必须要有两个以上分支观点,每段对一个分支观点进行叙述,主题句应该是每段第一句话.尽可能采取平衡结构.结论:一个是走向折中，并不表态另一个是一边倒第5页Discussion文章主题段落能够以下安排文章主题段落能够以下安排:a.正反正反 反反(结尾结尾)b.反正反正 正正(结尾结尾)c.正反正反 折中折中(结尾结尾)d.反正反正 折中折中(结尾结尾)第6页温馨提醒:1.不用猜测考官喜欢什么观点,主要是考生能够自圆其说.2.结尾段提出论点即可.第7页2.Problems+reasons+recommendations该类题型目标是解释原因并提出处理办法该类题型目标是解释原因并提出处理办法.比如比如:1.Inmostpartsofheworld,thevolumeoftrafficisgrowingatanalarmingrate.Discussmaintrafficproblemsinyourcountry,theircausesandpossiblesolutions.2.In many cities and all over the world,there is a serious shortage of water supplies.What are the causes and solutions to the scarcity of water resource?第8页2.Problems+reasons+recommendations题目特点:A.giveyouropinionsandgivesomerecommendationsB.givesomereasonsandmakesomesuggestions.解题思绪:在分析事情原因基础上,提出处理方案或提议段落安排段落安排首段:现象描述主题段落：说明出现这一现象理由或者该现象详细表达形式结论:提出提议和办法第9页2.Problems+reasons+recommendations温馨提醒:最终提出提议和办法不能是写一点，提议和办法是针对主体段落来展开，主题段落中通常不会只陈说一个理由或说明一个表达形式，对应结尾段也不可能只有一点提议，最少两点第10页2.Problems+reasons+recommendations1.Manydriversdonotobeyregulation2.Thereisairpollutionandnoisepollution3.Everydaytherearemanytrafficjamsa.toissuestrictertrafficlawsandregulationsb.toraisethepublicawarenessofthetrafficregulationsc.toencouragemorepeopletousetransportationMORETHANONEProblems of trafficsolutions第11页3.Youropinion这类文章是要求考生对某一现象或观点表明这类文章是要求考生对某一现象或观点表明自己自己看法和观看法和观点点.比如比如:1.Many people think that nowadays people are being subjected to more and more pressure in their work,and thus are having less and less time to relax.To what extent do you agree or disagree?2.Some people think that the animals should be treated as pets;others think that animals are sources of food and clothing.What is your opinion?第12页3.Youropinion1.题目特点题目特点:ExpressyouropinionaboutHowdoyouthinkaboutWhatsyouropinionabout（你观点）（你观点）2.写作策略写作策略首段:明确表态，让阅卷人知道你赞同观点是什么主题段落：一边倒写法,从单方面叙述,用详细理由支持所提出观点.结尾段:重申首段观点，最好换一个表示方式，不要对伎俩进行机械重复第13页3.Youropinion温馨提醒:1.开门一定要见山开门一定要见山2.尽可能采取两个方面去写，做到有主有次；最好不要一边倒。3.假如有让步段假如有让步段,在篇幅上在篇幅上,你支持观点要你支持观点要显著多于你让步观点显著多于你让步观点.第14页How to write introductory part?第15页第16页in-classexercise(2)It is to the benefit of the society for family units to live together,including the older generation.What is your view on this matter?Youropinion?类Youwillbegiven10minstoaccomplishtheintroductorypartaboutthetopicabove.第17页in-classexercise(2)Discusswithyourpartnerabouttheintroductoryparagraphyouhavewrittenjustnow.Youcanrefertothefollowing第18页in-classexercise(2)Discusswithyourpartnerabouttheintroductoryparagraphyouhavewrittenjustnow.Youcanrefertothefollowing第19页IntroductoryParagraphChecklist1.Doestheintroductoryparagraphconsistoftwoparts:thegeneralstatementsandthethesisstatement?2.Dothegeneralstatementsgivebackgroundinformationonthesubjectandgraduallyleadthereaderintothemostspecificinformationthethesisstatement?3.Arethegeneralstatementsandthethesisstatementcohesive?4.Doesthethesisstatementcontaincontrollingideasthatwillbeusedinthetopicsentencesofthebodyparagraphsoftheessay?(结构引导信息)第20页Manygenerationsliveunderthesameroofinchinawiththeincreasingpriceofproperty.Youngpeopleneednotworryaboutthemeals,children-caringandfamilychores.Actuallyitisacommonphenomenon.InthispaperIwillattempttoanalyzethebenefitthattheextendedfamilybringtofamilies.第21页Howshouldtheoldpeopleliveisahotissueinoursociety.Somepeoplebelievethatextendedfamilywillbenefitthesociety,butotherpeopleholdtheopinionthatnuclearfamilyshouldbepopularizedincurrentsituation.Iamnotsureaboutthis,buttheextendedfamilyshouldabsolutelybeencouragedinthecomingyears.第22页Whethertheextendedfamilywillbenefitthesocietyornothasbeenaverycontroversialissueatpresenttime.Considerabledebatesarefoundinthemedia.Someadvocatetheadvantagethattheextendedfamilybringstothesociety,whilemanymoreopposethispolicy,holdingtheviewthatsmallerfamilyismoresuitableforthissocietyinmorethanoneaspect.第23页sampleforin-classexercise(2)There has been talk in some political circles that some responsibility for social welfare should be shifted from government to families.This would involve a reversal of the current trend towards increasingly smaller families and would encourage several generations to live together in extended families.However,this is a dangerous policy that could lead to a variety of social problems,not only for the elderly people themselves,but also for the families that would have to look after them.There has been talk in some political circles that some responsibility for social welfare should be shifted from government to families.This would involve a reversal of the current trend towards increasingly smaller families and would encourage several generations to live together in extended families.However,this is a dangerous policy that could lead to a variety of social problems,not only for the elderly people themselves,but also for the families that would have to look after them.第24页in-classexercise(1)Introductory paragraph 1(1)This traditional Chinese method of treatment might help you.(2)Of course you have,and perhaps you have taken aspirin,gone to see a doctor,or visited your chiropractor(按摩师按摩师),but have you ever considered acupuncture?(3)However,you should know something about the philosophy,background,and methodology of acupuncture before you begin any treatment.(4)Have you ever had a headache,backache,or sore muscles?第25页in-classexercise(1)Introductory paragraph 2(1)Therefore,workaholics lifestyles can affect their families,social lives,and health.(2)In addition,those who are called workaholics may not spend enough time on leisure activities.(3)Nowadays,many men and women work in law,accounting,real estate,and business.(4)These people are serious about becoming successful;they work long hours during the week and even on weekends,so they are called workaholics.第26页ThesisstatementGeneral statementsLeading sentencesmandatorymandatoryoptionalMorespecific第27页We are becoming increasingly dependent on computers.They are used in businesses,hospitals,crime detection and even to fly planes.Is this dependence on computers a good thing or should we be more suspicious of their benefits?Whats your opinion?第28页Although no one can deny the fact that computers are transforming our world and our lives in an astonishing way and that we rely on them for our daily existence,(general statement)we should be aware of their potentially damaging impacts on many aspects of our social life and remain skeptical of the over-computerization of our world which is ardently advocated by some scientist.(thesis statement)In my opinion,computers may jeopardize the overall wellbeing of humans in three fundamental ways if we misuse them.(leading sentences)General statement+thesis statement+leading sentences第29页开头段写法开头段写法Sentence1:Background(背景介绍)Sentence2:Rephrasethetopic(点明论题)Sentence3:thesisstatement(opinion类)orbriefdescriptionofthemainbody(讨论类)Sentence4:preview/essaymap(opinion类)第30页开头段写法开头段写法1.1.怎样写背景句怎样写背景句(第一句第一句)确定讨论内容确定讨论内容,以该问题为中心以该问题为中心,写一句介绍性写一句介绍性话语话语Example1Some people who have been successful in the society do not contribute their success to the theoretical knowledge they learn from university.Do agree or disagree?A:people have long been interested in identifying the forces that contribute to personal achievement.B:The importance of theoretical knowledge to ones success is a matter for debate.第31页开头段写法开头段写法1.1.怎样写背景句怎样写背景句(第一句第一句)Example2 Topic:the advertising is discouraging people from being different individuals and makes people to be or seem to be the same.Do you agree or disagree?A:Much more attention than ever before has been paid to the influence of advertising on our buying behaviors.：Perhaps no subject in the world is as likely to cause so much controversy as advertising does.提议选择三四个句子背诵使用提议选择三四个句子背诵使用第32页开头段写法开头段写法2.2.怎样点明论题怎样点明论题(第二句第二句)第二句话是改写题目第二句话是改写题目,点明论题点明论题Example1:Do you think it is better to send criminals to jails or let them receive education or job training?Sentence1:thetreatmentofcriminalshasbeenopentodebateinrecentyears.(第一句话)Sentence2:Somepeoplethinkthatitisbettertosendcriminalstojailsthantosendthemreceiveeducationorjobtraining.(简单剽窃,效果不佳)第33页开头段写法开头段写法2.2.怎样改写题目怎样改写题目(第二句第二句)A.加上惯用句型Thereismuchcontroversyoverwhethertosendcriminalstojailsorletthemreceiveeducationorjobtraining.B.改变句子成份Somepeoplethinkthatimprisonmentisbetterthaneducationorjobtrainingintreatingcriminals.第34页开头段写法开头段写法2.2.怎样改写题目怎样改写题目(第二句第二句)Example2Police in Britain do not carry guns.Some people believe that it will make citizens unprotected,but some suggest that it would reduce violence in society.Discuss these two views.Sentence1:In some countries such as Britain,it is a convention that police do not carry guns.(第一句话)Sentence2(a):There is a perception that it will make citizens unprotected,while a counterargument is that it would reduce violence in society.(加上惯用句型)Sentence2(b):Some people think that it fails to protect citizens while some suggest that it would minimize violence in society.(改变句子成份)第35页开头段写法开头段写法3.3.怎样点明论点怎样点明论点(第二句第二句)对观点类文章对观点类文章,第三句话需要说明自己立场第三句话需要说明自己立场(详细支持或者反对详细支持或者反对)1.My personal view is that studying international news is of benefits to the students.2.I agree with their recommendation that maintaining a nations cultural identity is a priority.第36页开头段写法开头段写法3.3.怎样点明论点怎样点明论点(第二句第二句)对对讨论类讨论类文章文章,不明确表示自己支持哪一个不明确表示自己支持哪一个方面方面,而是指明文章会讨论两个方面而是指明文章会讨论两个方面.Examples:A.This essay will elaborate on both positive and negative effects of tourism from a cultural perspective.B.I would like to discuss this issue from both aspects.第37页开头段写法开头段写法 写作练习写作练习:Somepeoplebelievethatairtravelshouldberestrictedbecauseitcausesseriouspollutionandusesuptheworldsrecourses.Doyouagreeordisagree?第38页开头段写法开头段写法飞机浪费资源造成污染飞机浪费资源造成污染,是否应该受限是否应该受限?背景句背景句:There is little room for doubt about the convenience brought by air travel.点明论题点明论题:However,when it comes to its impact on the environment,no conclusion has been arrived at.论点句论点句:A.As far as I know,its benefits are far more overt than its downsides.(支持支持)B.my personal view is that its benefits can not justify its harmful effects.(反对反对)C.this essay will compare and contrast its benefits and downsides.(双边双边)第39页开头段写法开头段写法观点类和讨论类观点类和讨论类(三句话三句话)第一句第一句,背景句背景句,确定讨论内容确定讨论内容,以该以该问题为中心问题为中心,写一句介绍性话语写一句介绍性话语,写作提议写作提议:记句型记句型,第二句第二句,点题句点题句,指出争议问题指出争议问题.写作提议写作提议:改写题目改写题目,第三句第三句,观点句观点句/引导句引导句,说明立场说明立场或者明确讨论一个事物两个方面或者明确讨论一个事物两个方面.写作提议写作提议:记句型记句型第40页开头段写法开头段写法问题类三句话问题类三句话问题类题目不是针对问题争议性问题类题目不是针对问题争议性,而是针对问而是针对问题产生题产生原因和处理问题原因和处理问题方法方法.第一句第一句,背景句背景句,确定讨论内容确定讨论内容,以该以该问题为中心问题为中心,写一句介绍性话语写一句介绍性话语,写作提议写作提议:记句型记句型,第二句第二句,点题句点题句,直接关注原因直接关注原因.写作提议写作提议:记句型记句型,第三句第三句,信息引导句信息引导句,明确文章要讨明确文章要讨论内容论内容,原因和处理方法原因和处理方法.写作提议写作提议:记句型记句型第41页开头段写法开头段写法问题类问题类三句话三句话题目题目What are the causes and solutions of the problem of scarcity of water resource?第一句背景句第一句背景句Watershortageisoneofthemostchallengingissuestoaddressinmanycountries.第二句关注原因句第二句关注原因句Therearesomefactorsleadingtothisproblem./Diversecontributingfactorscanbeidentified.第三句引导信息第三句引导信息Someofthemostcommonfactorswillbediscussedbelow,followedbysomeresponsiblesolutions.第42页开头段写法开头段写法问题类问题类三句话三句话写作练习写作练习It is generally acknowledged that families are not as close as they used to be.Give possible reasons and your recommendations.Thereismuchdiscussionnowadaysastowhetherornottherelationshipbetweenfamilymembersisascloseasbefore.Diversecontributingfactorscanbeidentified.Inthefollowing,Iwouldliketopresentmypointofview.end第43页Recently therise inphenomenon ofproblem ofquestion ofhas1)draw/aroused public/popular/grave/world-wideattention 2)caused/aroused wide/general/considerable/International concern3)arisen/loomed up/cropped up as controversial/as noteworthy/more distinctly for settlement.第44页最近最近,相关把遗传技术用于人类本身而产生问题相关把遗传技术用于人类本身而产生问题警示已引发了了公众广泛关注警示已引发了了公众广泛关注.这是能够理这是能够理解解.Recently,the alarm about the problem of the use of genetic technologies on human beings have caused wide public concern,and understandably so.第45页Recently the issueproblemquestionofhas beenin the limelight.brought into focus.brought to public attention.posed among the general public.第46页现在发展与环境问题已成为人们议论中心现在发展与环境问题已成为人们议论中心.在中国这对矛盾表现尤为显著。这世界上人口在中国这对矛盾表现尤为显著。这世界上人口最多国家正面临着环境污染、森林降低及大最多国家正面临着环境污染、森林降低及大范围酸雨侵袭。范围酸雨侵袭。The problem of development vs.environment hasnow been in the limelight.Nowhere is the clash more visible than in China,where the worlds largest population faces pollution,deforestation and acid on a large scale.第47页In recentthe past5 years,manycitiesnationspeoplehavebeen faced/plagued/troubled withexperienced/witnessed/undergonethea(n)serious problem ofacute shortage ofalarming increase in第48页最近几年，中国青少年犯罪率急剧上升。我们社会最近几年，中国青少年犯罪率急剧上升。我们社会 传统做法是把传统做法是把这些青少年当成一个特殊罪犯处理，尽管他们罪行和成年人一样，这些青少年当成一个特殊罪犯处理，尽管他们罪行和成年人一样，但所给处罚和成年人不一样。现在我们该是问一问我们自己时候了：但所给处罚和成年人不一样。现在我们该是问一问我们自己时候了：这种做法是否有效？这种做法是否有效？In recent years,China has experienced an alarming increase in juvenile crime-that is,crime committed by individuals who havent come of age.Our society has traditionally treated the juvenile as a special kind of offender,one who warrants punishment different from that given to an adult,even though the crime may be the same.Now it is time we asked ourselves:Does the treatment work?第49页One of thesearchingburningpressinginterestingquestionsproblemsfacingconfrontingournationsocietyworldtoday is第50页当今社见面临基本问题之一是：新技术会给世界未来带来什么样当今社见面临基本问题之一是：新技术会给世界未来带来什么样希望或威胁？因为我们社会所作出关于技术发展决定会毫无疑问希望或威胁？因为我们社会所作出关于技术发展决定会毫无疑问对未来产生巨大影响，所以探索这个问题，尤其是经过检验科学对未来产生巨大影响，所以探索这个问题，尤其是经过检验科学技术与人类发展关系来这么做就变得非常紧迫和必要了。技术与人类发展关系来这么做就变得非常紧迫和必要了。One of the basic questions facing our society today is:What promise or threat does new technology hold for our global future?Since the decisions our society makes about technological development will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in the years to come,it is urgently necessary to explore this question,especially by examining science and technology in their relationship to the development of humanity.第51页NowadaysCurrentlyRecentlythere is a1)growing/unhealthy tendency to/in/that2)general/deep-seated belief in/that3)general/uneasy feeling of/against/that4)growing/nation-wide recognition of/that5)growing/general awareness of/that6)deep/serious concern over/for/that7)deep/keen interest in8)growing/great enthusiasm for/among people第52页如今人们越来越关注我们孩子所承受沉重学习负担和精神压