汉译英句子基本译法综述和段落篇章的翻译方法课件省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

句子基本译法综述句子基本译法综述 第1页句子翻译一、句型对应法一、句型对应法二、改译法二、改译法三、扩充法三、扩充法四、缩省法四、缩省法五、语序调整法五、语序调整法六、反译法六、反译法七、分译与合译七、分译与合译八、语态转换法八、语态转换法九、注意选词九、注意选词第2页一、句型对应法原文什么句型，译文什么句型。比如：他们像迷失羔羊一样背离了正道。他们像迷失羔羊一样背离了正道。They have erred from the right path like lost sheep猜猜谁在会上露面了？猜猜谁在会上露面了？Guess who turned up at the meeting?第3页二、改译法改变原文某句子成份词类，以符合英语表示习惯。比如：她美貌非言语所能形容。她美貌非言语所能形容。She is too beautiful for the words.体育竞争意识十分强烈，所以有些赛事，尤其体育竞争意识十分强烈，所以有些赛事，尤其是职业足球赛，经常以失利一方支持者挑起争是职业足球赛，经常以失利一方支持者挑起争斗告终。斗告终。The idea of competition is so strong that very often some sports events，especially football matches，end up with fights that are provoked by the supporters of the losing side第4页 三、扩充法因为英汉两种语言语法差异及其语言文化差异，汉译英时需要(一)语法形式扩充(二)语义表示补充第5页(一)语法形式扩充(一)语法形式扩充，包含补充汉语不惯用连词和介词以及汉语语言没有冠词和系词，有时还要补出主语或者利用形式主语及形式宾语。比如：愿意为您效劳。愿意为您效劳。I am only too willing to serve you.中国正在发生日新月异改变。中国正在发生日新月异改变。China crackles with the dynamics of change第6页(二)语义表示补充(二)语义表示补充，是指补充汉语文化所独有，不易为外国人所了解事物，多采取加解释性文字方法。比如：这人真是杞人忧天。这人真是杞人忧天。He is really like the man of Qi who was haunted by the fear that the sky might fallunnecessary anxiety第7页四、缩省法(一)省去汉语主语(多见于谚语、俗语等)、语气助词、连词(多见于文言文)。比如：司马昭之心，路人皆知。司马昭之心，路人皆知。This Sima Zhao trick is obvious to everyone.人非圣贤，孰能无过。过而能改，善莫人非圣贤，孰能无过。过而能改，善莫大焉。大焉。To err is human and to mend is a supreme merit第8页四、缩省法(二)汉语叠字和复句缩略。比如：安平静静地坐在那儿。安平静静地坐在那儿。Sit there quietly，please 因为她突然出言不逊，我感到透不过气因为她突然出言不逊，我感到透不过气来。来。Her unexpected rudeness made me gasp for breath.第9页四、缩省法(三)名词由代词代替，动词由do代替。比如：他穿白衬衣比穿蓝衬衣好看。他穿白衬衣比穿蓝衬衣好看。He looks more handsome in a white shirt than in a blue one(四)英译多个重复动词或名词时，为防止重复，只使用一次该动词和名词。比如：我们不后退，我们不曾后退，我们永远也不后我们不后退，我们不曾后退，我们永远也不后退。退。We dont retreat,we never have and never will第10页四、缩省法(五)一些汉语词词义大于英语词词义，英译时，可略去部分内容。比如：我洗耳恭听。我洗耳恭听。Im all ears to you(六)一些句型英译时省去原主语，已是习惯处理方法了。比如：大家都知道他和上司关系很好。大家都知道他和上司关系很好。It is known that he gets along quite well with his superior第11页 五、语序调整法(一)英译时，一些句子倒装处理。比如：在库房角落里散放着几只汽油桶。在库房角落里散放着几只汽油桶。Lying about in the corner of the storage room are several gasoline tanks(二)汉、英句子状语位置不一样及表示习惯差异，英语后置定语利用，形式主语(或宾语)位置以及外位语位置调整。比如；我把这事原原本当地告诉了他。我把这事原原本当地告诉了他。True to type I told him this matter第12页 五、语序调整法(三)一些短语表示习惯不一样。比如：不论晴天还是下雨，比赛按时进行。不论晴天还是下雨，比赛按时进行。Rain or shine，the match will go on time(四)对整个句子语序调整。比如：他突然想起了一个好主意。他突然想起了一个好主意。A great idea occurred to him suddenly第13页六、反译法六、反译法通常所说“正说”和“反说”，在翻译中称之为“反译法”。请看例句：好好看着这些孩子，让他们规规矩矩。好好看着这些孩子，让他们规规矩矩。Watch the children，to see that none of them will get out of line.刘胡兰宁死不屈。刘胡兰宁死不屈。Liu Hulan would rather die than surrender.第14页七、分译与合译七、分译与合译决定分译和合译主要原因还取决于句中各个成份之间意思上关联，以及该句与上下文之间含义连贯，同时还要符合英语表示习惯。第15页(一)分译(二)合译助之长者，揠苗者也。助之长者，揠苗者也。(孟子孟子)They who assist it to grow long pull out their corn shoots(TrJames Legge)第16页句子分译与合译（一）句子分译。需要分译句子，多数是长句，或者是结构复杂复句。分译会使原文内容层次分明，译文易于了解，更简练。第17页第一，按内容层次分译比如：少年是一去不复返，等到精力衰时，要做学问也少年是一去不复返，等到精力衰时，要做学问也来不及了。（胡适不要抛弃学问）来不及了。（胡适不要抛弃学问）Youth will soon be gone never to returnAnd it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years（Tr Zhang Peiji）父亲毕竟比她多吃了几年成盐，她男朋友是什么父亲毕竟比她多吃了几年成盐，她男朋友是什么样人，他一看就知道。样人，他一看就知道。After all,Father is worldly-wiseHe is able to tell at a glance whether his daughter has got a boyfriend of character.第18页 第二，从主语变换处罚译比如：她隔窗望去，突然发觉有只小船停泊她隔窗望去，突然发觉有只小船停泊在河边，船里有位船夫睡得正香。在河边，船里有位船夫睡得正香。Looking through the window，she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bankIn it there was a boatman fast asleep第19页第三，从关联词（如转折）处罚译比如：声速随温度升降会有轻微增减，但不声速随温度升降会有轻微增减，但不受气压影响。受气压影响。The speed of sound increases slightly with a rise in temperature and falls slightly with a decrease in temperature.It is not affected by the pressure of the air.第20页第四，原文出现总说或分述时要分译比如：不不晓晓得得季季节节与与结结婚婚有有什什么么关关系系，不不过过从从初初冬冬到到春春天天结结婚婚人人数数比比其其它它季季节节多多了了很很多多，可可能能就是所谓结婚季节吧。就是所谓结婚季节吧。Dont know what relation exists between the season and marriage，but the number of marriages is much greater from early winter to spring than in other seasons.Maybe this is the season of marriage people usually call.第21页第五，为了强调语气而采取分译比如：我我们们主主张张对对我我国国神神圣圣领领土土台台湾湾实实施施和和平平统统一一，相相关关政政策策，也也是是众众所所周周知知和和不不会会改改变变，而而且且正正在在深深入入全全中中华华民民族族心心坎坎。（邓邓小小平平文文选选第第三卷）三卷）We want peaceful reunification with Taiwan which is part of our sacred territory.Our policy in this regard is also known to all and will not change.The desire for peaceful reunification of the motherland is taking hold in the hearts of the entire Chinese nation.第22页（二）汉语句子合译 第一，在关联词处合译第一，在关联词处合译。比如：挤到沙滩边，澌啵挤到沙滩边，澌啵!队伍解散，喷着忿队伍解散，喷着忿怒白沫。然而后一排又赶着扑上来。怒白沫。然而后一排又赶着扑上来。（黄昏）（黄昏）They crowded forward to break against the beachThen their troop scattered，spraying angry white foam，while the file behind caught up and charged in its turn（Tr Gladys Yang）第23页第二，按内容连贯合译比如：他眼睛疲惫地闭着，不过有时又突然大睁开他眼睛疲惫地闭着，不过有时又突然大睁开看看岸上路，看看水面。没有什么动静。他看看岸上路，看看水面。没有什么动静。他含糊地哼了一声，又静下去了。（月夜）含糊地哼了一声，又静下去了。（月夜）His eyes were closed wearily，but once in a while he would open them suddenly and stare at the path along the shore，or look at the waterWhen he saw that nothing was stirring,he would mutter something to himself and again doze off.（TrSidney Shapiro）第24页第三，从主语变换处合译，常出现主从句比如：萧丽帮我拿起电报，她手在微微颤萧丽帮我拿起电报，她手在微微颤动着。动着。Xiao Li helped me to pick up the telegram，her hands slightly trembling.第25页八、语态转换法八、语态转换法遵照汉、英两种语言表示习惯，为使行文通顺、连贯，需改变原文语态。比如：请全系教师和干部于星期三下午二时在会请全系教师和干部于星期三下午二时在会议室集合听汇报。议室集合听汇报。All teachers and cadres of the Department are requested to meet in the conference room at 2:00 p.m.on Wednesday to hear a speech.第26页九、注意选词九、注意选词译者切忌望文生义、硬译、死译。比如：A别泡蘑菇了，快干活吧。别泡蘑菇了，快干活吧。Dont waste timeMind your own workB泡好蘑菇，中午用。泡好蘑菇，中午用。Steep the mushroom for lunch第27页Translation of the Natural ParagraphThe sentence:the biggest unit of grammatical study,the paragraph:a much bigger(second only to the text/discourse)independent semantic unit that is complete in meaning.Features of a natural paragraph1、Cohesive衔接、粘连（结构上粘着性）2、Coherent连贯（意义上连贯性）第28页Comparison between Chinese and English paragraphs1.Similarities-语篇功效（语篇功效（textual functions）:In both English and Chinese,some paragraphs are independent and complete while some others are relevant.In a paragraph,relations among the sentences can be general and particular,be progressive,be contrasting,be matching.第29页2.Differences-段落组成方式（pattern）English:（1）主题句-阐述句-总结句 （2）以某个中心统领形散神不散结构Chinese：虽有主题句-阐述句-总结句结构，通常都围绕一个较为含蓄中心思想，表述方式多是迂回式、流散式，重意合(parataxis)轻形合（hypotaxis）。第30页Walking through the woods with two toddlers is an experience in observation.Each insect along the path is noted for size,shape,sound,and means of mobility.Texture of the path itself is important to the small people who are very close to it.Animal holes and ant hills are of great interest,and are thoroughly investigated.Ducks in the pond are greeted as old friends,and their variously colored feathers are catalogued.Nature is a most interesting view from close to the ground.The first sentence is the topic sentence,the following sentences are illustrated ones,and the last sentence is the conclusion sentence.第31页语言学家周祖谟教授最考究这么去广积学问，语言学家周祖谟教授最考究这么去广积学问，他曾经对学生们说，治学要有根基，要有普他曾经对学生们说，治学要有根基，要有普通基本知识与专科基本知识。先读基础书，通基本知识与专科基本知识。先读基础书，然后兼及其它。而且，要读全部，不能止于然后兼及其它。而且，要读全部，不能止于选本。要这么做，自然得有决心和毅力，在选本。要这么做，自然得有决心和毅力，在这点上，著名词学家夏承焘先生有一席恳切这点上，著名词学家夏承焘先生有一席恳切经验之谈，他说：经验之谈，他说：“六十余年间，假如说在六十余年间，假如说在学问方面取得了一些成绩话，那就是依靠一学问方面取得了一些成绩话，那就是依靠一个个笨笨字，字，笨笨字从本。字从本。”学生们按照学生们按照师辈指点去做，治学路子是正确。师辈指点去做，治学路子是正确。这段话中心思想是，大学问家经验告诉我们，这段话中心思想是，大学问家经验告诉我们，广积学问要考下决心和有毅力读书。广积学问要考下决心和有毅力读书。汉语形散神聚，词句随汉语形散神聚，词句随“意意”自然流动。自然流动。第32页段落翻译基本标准和技巧译者首先进行段落大意分析译者首先进行段落大意分析再进行句群再进行句群分析，句子分析分析，句子分析最终以句子为单位进行最终以句子为单位进行翻译翻译译者要关注还是句子内部调整、句子层次译者要关注还是句子内部调整、句子层次意义译文重组。意义译文重组。段落翻译焦点仍是句子翻译，这个过程中，段落翻译焦点仍是句子翻译，这个过程中，译者要重视句际关系分析，从段落视野把译者要重视句际关系分析，从段落视野把握每个句子处理方式。握每个句子处理方式。第33页Translation of the Text:Textual Consciouness语篇意识语篇意识第34页Textual consciousness in translation 语篇意识Its common to use text as a unit for the analysis of translation as it enables the translator to appreciate the linguistic form,meaning and spirit of the original.翻译中应该大处着眼翻译中应该大处着眼(top-down)，小处着，小处着手手(bottom-up)，小单位、低层次服从于大，小单位、低层次服从于大单位、高层次。单位、高层次。第35页How to grow oldby Bertrand RussellThe man who,in old age,can see his life in this way,will not suffer from the fear of death,since the things he cares for will continue.And if,with the decay of vitality,weariness increases,the thought of rest will be not unwelcome.I should wish to die while still at work,knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do,and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.第36页老年人若能如此对待人生，将不会遭受老年人若能如此对待人生，将不会遭受怕死痛苦。因为，他所关心事物将继续怕死痛苦。因为，他所关心事物将继续下去，假如伴随精力衰竭，疲惫之感日下去，假如伴随精力衰竭，疲惫之感日渐增加，就会以为长眠并非是不受欢迎渐增加，就会以为长眠并非是不受欢迎念头。当我在一直工作时，我希望会死念头。当我在一直工作时，我希望会死亡，因为我知道他人会继续我未完成事亡，因为我知道他人会继续我未完成事业，而且想到凡是我可能做事情都已做业，而且想到凡是我可能做事情都已做了，而感到心满意足。了，而感到心满意足。第37页Text is not a mere aggregation of sentences;rather,it is a semantic unity.Cohesion 衔接、粘连 Coherence 连贯第38页COHESIONM.A.K.Halliday(:4):cohesion is a semantic concept,referring to relations of meaning that exist within the text,and it occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another.第39页Cohesive Devices Commonly Used in English and ChineseHalliday&Hasan(1976，1985/1994)五大类:照应(reference),替换(substitution),省略(ellipsis),连接(conjunction)及词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)。其中前四类属于语法衔接伎俩,后一类属于词汇衔接伎俩。语法衔接是语篇含有经典特征之一。第40页Susan was upset.She yelled,“I am banging my head against the wall.Why?Why did you do that to me?”(reference)A:We have no average students.B:Sure,you have only good ones.(substitution)Which player will you sent to play in the match tonight?Of course,the best.(ellipsis)It is probably going to rain.So,we take umbrellas with us.(conjuction)第41页Cohesion and translation quality翻译活动中,在解读原文时,译者若善于在联结潜能中追索语篇衔接关系,则这些连句成篇外形伎俩对于帮助我们把握作者整体逻辑思绪,引导我们从结构表层走向意义深层将起着不可忽略指示作用;第42页在生成译文时,自觉地利用顺应译语衔接规范成篇伎俩,并能扬长避短,对原文衔接方式作必要转换与变通,则能够帮助我们到达对等成篇效果。这一思绪即衔接意识。衔接意识形成除了有赖于译者对语篇整体把握外,还有赖于其对衔接伎俩衔接伎俩了解。第43页译文和原文一样,是一个完整语篇,译文能否为读者接收,正如原文能否为读者所接收一样,在很大程度上依赖于全文连贯是否;连贯又在很大程度上依赖于各种衔接伎俩利用。我们应该认识到许多衔接伎俩是汉语和英语共有,然而,英语使用频率高于汉语。合理使用衔接伎俩能够非常有效地提升汉译英译文质量。第44页Coherenceconsistent to the situational context.E.g.At the ball,while I had the honour of dancing with you,I was first made acquainted,by Sir William Lucas accidental information,that Bingleys attention to your sister had given rise to a general expectation of their marriage.第45页在那次舞会上，我有幸跟你跳舞时，才偶然从威廉卢卡斯爵士那里得知，宾利向令姐献殷勤已经弄得满城风雨，大家都认为他们要结婚。（沸沸扬扬）第46页Consistent in style“Hes been in his room all day,”the landlady said downstairs.“I guess he dont feel well.I said to him,Mr.Anderson,you ought to go out and take a walk on a nice fall day like this,but he didnt feel like it.”第47页“他整日在房间内，”房东太太在楼下说。“我预计他感到不适。我对他说：安德森先生，你理应出去散步，这么大好秋光是很宜于散步，可他就是不想出去。”“他整天呆在屋里，”房东太太在楼下说。“我估摸他不舒适。我跟他说：安德森先生，这么好秋天天气，你应该出去散散步。可他就是不想出去。”第48页