2021考研知识点总结归纳英语二强化讲义.pdf

中业考研中业考研 英语二英语二强化阶段强化阶段主编：中业考研教研中心主编：中业考研教研中心（内部资料，翻印必究）（内部资料，翻印必究）前前 言言亲爱的同学们：亲爱的同学们：【精力放在真题上】研究历年真题发现，考研文章基本上可以分为社会科学、自然科学、人文科学三大类，其中较常考的是社会科学类。无论何种文章，都应该首先从整体上把握。文章整体的把握在做阅读理解当中的作用不容忽视，在具体阅读过程中要把握文章的主旨和行文逻辑。考研英语存在一定的出题思路，而市面上的任何一种模拟题，在规范性及一致性上，都是无法与历年真题相比。在“一寸光阴一寸金”的备考阶段，更不应把精力放在模拟题上。如果为了保持阅读状态，不妨将模拟题的文章作为日常泛读材料，而不要在其题目上投入精力，以免偏离真题的出题思路。【横向对比作总结】将历年真题横向比较，总结并归纳，不难发现：考研英语已相当成熟，考查点相对稳定，故题型及其所对应的解题思路也相对固定。【精读文章为写作】精读历年阅读真题，不仅有利于熟悉考研阅读文章的篇章结构、段落组织及遣词造句的特点，加强阅读语感，还可将其中的优美词句整理收录，作为写作资源库，达到一石二鸟的复习效果。最后，预祝大家金榜题名！中业考研英语教研组目目 录录第一部分 完型填空.1第二部分 阅读理解.5第三部分 新题型.15第四部分 翻译.21第五部分 小作文.26第六部分 大作文.30第 1 页 共 35 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座第一部分第一部分 完型填空完型填空真题例句：真题例句：It is often defined_6_body mass index,or BMI.BMI_7_body mass divided by thesquare of height.6.Ain terms ofB in case ofC in favor ofD in respect of7.AmeasuresB determinesC equalsD modifiesGiven the advantages of electronic money,you might think that we would move quickly tothe cashless society in which all payments are made electronically._1_,a true cashlesssociety is probably not around the corner.1.A HoweverB MoreoverC ThereforeD OtherwiseBut you wouldnt know it,_3_into your phone.This universal protection sends the_4_:Please dont approach me.3A beatenB guidedC pluggedD brought4A messageB codeC noticeD signThinner isnt always better.A number of studies have _1_ that normal-weight people arein fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.And there arehealth conditions for which being overweight is actually _2_.For example,heavier womenare less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women._3_,among the elderly,beingsomewhat overweight is often an_4_of good health.1.AdeniedB concludedC doubtedD ensured2.AprotectiveB dangerousC sufficientDtroublesome3.AInsteadBHoweverC LikewiseD Therefore4.AindicatorB objectiveC originD example2015 年真题年真题In our contemporary culture,the prospect of communicating with or even looking at a stranger is virtually unbearable.Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they cling totheir phones,even without a_1_on a subway.Its a sad reality our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings becausetheres_2_to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you.But you wouldnt knowit,_3_into your phone.This universal protection sends the _4_:Please dont approach第 2 页 共 35 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座me.What is it that makes us feel we need to hide_5_our screens?One answer is fear,according to Jon Wortmann,executive mental coach.We fear rejection,or that our innocent social advances will be_6_as“weird”.We fear well be_7_.We fearwell be disruptive.Strangersareinherently_8_tous,sowearemorelikelytofeel_9_whencommunicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances.To avoid thisuneasiness,we_10_to our phones.Phones become our security blanket,Wortmann says.They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more_11_.But once we rip off the band aid,tuck our smart phones in our pockets and look up,itdoesnt_12_so bad.In one 2011 experiment,behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and JulianaSchroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable:Start a_13_.They had Chicago traincommuters talk to their fellow_14_.When Dr.Epley and Ms.Schroeder asked other peoplein the same train station to_15_how they would feel after talking to a stranger,thecommuters thought their_16_would be more pleasant if they sat on their own,The NewYork Times summarizes.Though the participants didnt expect a positive experience,after they_17_with the experiment,not a single person reported having been embarrassed._18_,these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those withoutcommunication,which makes absolute sense,_19_human beings thrive off of socialconnections.Its that_20_:Talking to strangers can make you feel connected.1.A ticketB permitC signalD record2.A nothingB linkC anotherD much3.A beatenB guidedC pluggedD brought4.A messageB cedeC noticeD sign5.A underB beyondC behindD from6.A misinterpretedB misappliedC misadjustedD mismatched7.A firedB judgedC replacedD delayed8.A unreasonableB ungratefulC unconventionalD unfamiliar9.A comfortableB anxiousC confidentD angry10.A attendB pointC takeD turn11.A dangerousB mysteriousC violentD boring第 3 页 共 35 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座12.A hurtB resistC bendD decay13.A lectureB conversationC debateD negotiation14.A traineesB employeesC researchersD passengers15.A revealB chooseC predictD design16.A voyageB flightC walkD ride17.A went throughB did awayC caught upD put up18.A In turnB In particularCIn consequenceDIn fact19.A unlessB sinceC ifD whereas20.A funnyB simpleC logicalD rare2018 年真题年真题Why do people read negative Internet comments and do other things that will obviously bepainful?Because humans have an inherent need to_1_uncertainty,according to a recentstudy in Psychological Science.The new research reveals that the need to know is so strongthat people will_2_to satisfy their curiosity even when it is clear the answer will _3_.In a series of four experiments,behavioral scientists at the University of Chicago BoothSchool of Business and the Wisconsin School of Business tested students willingness to_4_themselves to unpleasant stimuli in an effort to satisfy curiosity.For one_5_,each participantwas shown a pile of pens that the researcher claimed were from a previous experiment.Thetwist?Half of the pens would_6_an electric shock when clicked.Twenty-seven students were told which pens were electrified;another twenty-seven weretold only that some were electrified._7_left alone in the room,the students who did notknow which ones would shock them clicked more pens and incurred more shocks than thestudents who knew what would_8_.Subsequent experiments replicated this effect with otherstimuli,_9_the sound of fingernails on a chalkboard and photographs of disgusting insects.The drive to_10_is deeply rooted in humans,much the same as the basic drivesfor_11_or shelter,says Christopher Hsee of the University of Chicago,a co-author of thepaper.Curiosity is often considered a good instinctit can_12_new scientific advances,forinstancebut sometimes such_13_can backfire.The insight that curiosity can drive you todo_14_things is a profound one.Unhealthy curiosity is possible to_15_,however.In a final experiment,participants who第 4 页 共 35 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座were encouraged to_16_how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were lesslikely to_17_to see such an image.These results suggest that imagining the_18_offollowing through on ones curiosity ahead of time can help determine_19_it is worth theendeavor.“Thinking about long-term_20_is key to reducing the possible negative effects ofcuriosity,”Hsee says.In other words,dont read online comments.1.A protectB resolveC discussD ignore2.A refuseB waitC regretD seek3.A hurtB lastC misleadD rise4.A alertB tieC treatD expose5.A messageB reviewC trialD concept6.A removeB weakenC interruptD deliver7.A whenB ifC thoughD unless8.A continueB happenC disappearD change9.A rather thanB regardless ofC such asD owing to10.A discoverB forgiveC forgetD disagree11.A payB marriageC schoolingD food12.A lead toB rest onC learn fromD begin with13.A withdrawalB persistenceC inquiryD diligence14.A self-reliantB self-destructiveC self-evidentD self-deceptive15.A defineB resistC replaceD trace16.A overlookB predictC designD conceal17.A rememberB promiseC chooseD pretend18.A reliefB planC dutyD outcome19.A whyB whetherC whereD how20.A consequencesB investmentsC strategiesD limitations参考答案：参考答案：2015 年：年：1-5 CDCAC6-10 ABDBD11-15AABDC16-20 DACBB2018 年：年：1-5 BDADC6-10 DABCA11-15 DACBB16-20 BCDBA第 5 页 共 35 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座第二部分第二部分 阅读理解阅读理解文章题型及解题步骤文章题型及解题步骤例 1Compared with their American counterparts,Japanese newspapers are much more stablebecause they.A have more sources of revenueB have more balanced newsroomsC are less dependent on advertisingD are less affected by readership美好事物：Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses,with a healthier mix of revenuesfrom readers and advertisers.American papers have long been highly unusual in their relianceon ads.Fully 87%of their revenues came from advertising in 2008,according to theOrganization for Economic Cooperation&Development(OECD).In Japan the proportion is35%.Not surprisingly,Japanese newspapers are much more stable.例 2Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create peoples habits?A TideB CrestC ColgateD Unilver美好事物：“There are fundamental public health problems,like hand washing with soap,that remainkillers only because we cant figure out how to change peoples habits,”Dr.Curtis said.“Wewanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr.Curtis turned to Procter&Gamble,Colgate-Palmolive andUnileverhad invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumerslives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough,youll find that many of the products we use every day chewing gums,skin moisturizers,disinfecting wipes,air fresheners,water purifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teeth whiteners,fabric softeners,vitaminsare results ofmanufactured habits.A century ago,few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times aday.Today,because of canny advertising and public health campaigns,many Americans第 6 页 共 35 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day,often with Colgate,Crest or one of the other brands.例 3According to Paragraph 2,which of the following is true of colours?A Colours are encoded in girls DNA.B Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.C Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.D White is prefered by babies.美好事物：Girls attraction to pink may seem unavoidable,somehow encoded in their DNA,butaccording to Jo Paoletti,an associate professor of American Studies,it is not.Children were notcolour-coded at all until the early 20th century:in the era before domestic washing machines allbabies wore white as a practical matter,since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boilthem.Whats more,both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutraldresses.When nursery colours were introduced,pink was actually considered the moremasculine colour,a pastel version of red,which was associated with strength.Blue,with itsintimations of the Virgin Mary,constancy and faithfulness,symbolized femininity.It was notuntil the mid-1980s,when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant childrensmarketing strategy,that pink fully came into its own,when it began to seem inherentlyattractive to girls,part of what defined them as female,at least for the first few critical years.例 4To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree?AA set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.BA reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.CA common principle should be followed by all companies.DAn inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.美好事物：Before the law was proposed,about 7%of board members in Norway were female,according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity.The number has since jumped to 36%.That isfar higher than the average of 9%for big companies across Europe or Americas 15%for the第 7 页 共 35 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座Fortune 500.Norways stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law,as do manybusinessmen.“I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle,”says SverreMunck,head of international operations at a media firm.“Board members of public companiesshould be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,”he says.Several firms have evengiven up their public status in order to escape the new law.例 5Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_.A impose a heavier burden on immigrantsB bring out more evils of human natureC promote the advance of rights and freedomsD ease conflicts between races and classes美好事物：But for the most part,these benefits seem thin,uncertain,and far off.In The MoralConsequences of Economic Growth,the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues thatboth inside and outside the U.S.,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almostalways left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive,and have usually stopped or reversedthe advance of rights and freedoms.Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases,as doesconflict between races and classes.例 6According to the first paragraph,social psychologists have found that_.A our self-ratings are unrealistically highB illusory superiority is a baseless effectC our need for leadership is unnaturalD self-enhancing strategies are ineffective美好事物：An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research says that,actually,you think youre more beautiful than you are.We have a deep-seated need to feel good aboutourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this.Socialpsychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the“above average effect”,or“illusory superiority”,and shown that,for example,70%of us rate ourselves as above第 8 页 共 35 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座average in leadership,93%in driving and 85%at getting on well with othersall obviouslystatistical impossibilities.例 7The postwarAmerican housing style largely reflected the Americans.A prosperity and growthB efficiency and practicalityC restraint and confidenceD pride and faithfulness美好事物：We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time ofprosperity and growth,with soldiers returning home by the millions,going off to college on theG.I.Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses,it was a time of common sense and a belief that lesscould truly be more.During the Depression and the war,Americans had learned to live withless,and that restraint,in combination with the postwar confidence in the future,made small,efficient housing positively stylish.例 8It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.A may stay for the attractive offers from the firmB have often had records of wrongdoings in the firmC are accustomed to stress-free work in the firmD will decline incentives from the firm美好事物：But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow totheir reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks,even if a review of history showsthey were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.Firms who want to keep theiroutside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.Otherwise outsidedirectors will follow the example of Ms.Simmons,once again very popular on campus.例 9第 9 页 共 35 页总部地址：北京市西城区西直门南大街 2 号成铭大厦 C 座It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_.A is receiving more criticismB is no longer an educational ritualC is not required for advanced coursesD is gaining more preferences美好事物：Homework has never been terribly popular