12年语言学复习题.doc

Revision Exercises for LinguisticsDirections: Fill in the following blanks with appropriate words.1. C_ analysis, is the way to analyze lexical meaning.2. Vowels can be nasalized. The vowel nasalization rule is an a_ rule, which, for the most part, is caused by articulation or physiological process in which successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another. 3. According to Austins new model of speech act theory, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking : locutionary act, illocutionary act and p_ act.4. In Searles classification of illocutionary acts, d_ are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something.5. - Do you know where Mr. Brown is? - Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city.This conversation flouted the maxim of q_.6. Dorm is formed through c_.7. Sometimes, two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role t play. This phenomenon is d_.8. S_ dialect is designated as the official or national language of a country.9. The children know the taboo words, the polite forms of address during p_ development.10. Generally four types of motivations have been identified in the second language learning. “Learners learn the second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.” Is called i_ motivation. 11. Language is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some g_ theory of language structure. 12. Language is a system of a_ vocal symbols used for human communication.13. When pitch, stress and length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_.14. M_ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.15. Saussure took a s_ view of language and his notion of language is a matter of social conventions.16. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the d_.17. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed d_ structure.18. Words that are close in meaning are called s_. 19. The information about a words complement is included in the head and termed s_.20. In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are the content words of a language, which are sometimes called “o_ class words”. 21. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a s_ study.22. Chomsky looks at language from a p_ point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 23. According to its position in a new word, a _ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.24. C_ refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.25. The final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations is called s_ structure.26. When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are c_ homonyms.27. Some bound morphemes which are for most part purely grammatical markers, signifying concepts as tense, number, case and so on, they are referred to as i_ morphemes.28. T_, a special type of rule that can move an element of a sentence from one position to another.29. S_ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.30. According to the number of a_ contained in a predication, we classify the predications into two-place predication, one-place predication and no-place predication.31. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the C_ Principle proposed by J.Grice.32. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a_ the grammatical rules of the adult language.33. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.34. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a_ the grammatical rules of the adult language.Directions: The following statements may be true or false. Put “T” in the bracket before the statement which is true, and “F” in the bracket before that which is false.( F) 1. Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted. ( T ) 2. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.( F ) 3. We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meaning of its parts.( T ) 4. The relationship between the embodied clause and its matrix clause is one of the part to the whole. ( T ) 5. The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.( F ) 6. According to Searles classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of direction. ( T ) 7. New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus “peddle” was derived from “peddler” on mistaken assumption that “-er” was the agentive suffix. ( F ) 8. When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge. ( F ) 9. In first language acquisition childrens grammar models are exactly after the grammar of adult language.( T )10. A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence. ( T ) 1. The written system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in todays world that can only be spoken, but not written.( T ) 2. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.( T ) 3. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.( F ) 4. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with same reference always have the same sense.( T) 5. An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. ( T ) 6. Searles classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs. ( F ) 7. One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal borrowingthat is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.( T ) 8. Culture is the total set of beliefs, attitudes, customs, behavior, social habits, etc, of the number of a particular society. ( F ) 9. In first language acquisition childrens grammar models are exactly after the grammar of adult language.( F )10. When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. I. Choose the most appropriate answer from A,B,C and D for each blank.1. The famous quotation from Shakespeares play “Romeo and Juliet” “a rose by any name would smell as sweet ” well illustrates_. A. the arbitrary nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal communication2.Linguistic is the scientific study of _.A. a particular language B. the English languageC.human languages in general D. the system of a particular language3. The description of a language as it changes through time is a _study.A. comparative B. diachronic C. up-to-date D. descriptive 4. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “-ed” in the word “learned ” is known as a(n) _.A. derivational morpheme B. free morphemeC. inflectional morpheme D. free form5.What the element “-es” indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element “-ed” past tense, and “-ing” progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also_.A. phonemes B. morphemes C. allophones d. phones6. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the _.A. phrase structure B. surface structure C. syntactic structure D. deep structure 7. In the phrase structure rule “S NP VP”, the arrow can be read _.A. is equal to B. consist of C. has D. generates8. Predication analysis is the way to analyze _ meaning.A. phoneme B. word C. phrase D. sentence9. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called_.A. polysemy B. hyponymy C. antonymy D. homonymy10.Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl” and “lass” belong is called _ synonyms.A. stylistic B. dialectal C. emotive D. collocational 11.According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called_.A. commisives B. directives C. expressives D. declaratives12.The utterance “Were already working 25 hours a day, eightdays a week” obviously violates the maxim of_.A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner13.Ys utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of _. X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner15. The illocutionary point of _ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. representatives B. commissives C. expressives D. declaratives16.Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the _ because this kind of speech act is identical with the speakers intention.A. locutionary act B. illocutionary act C. perlocutionary act D. constative act 17.Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, _, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.A. phrases B. sentences C. morphemes D. utterances18. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.19. In the first language acquisition children usually _ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear.A. use B. accept C. generalize D. reconstruct20. In general, the _ stage begins roughly in the second half of the childs second year.A. babbling B, one-word C. two-word D. multiword21. Natural languages are viewed to vary according to _ set on UG principles to particular values.A. Adjacent Condition B. parametersC. Case Condition D. Case requirement22. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the _ theory.A. speech act B. TG C. principles-and-parameters D. minimalist program23. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around _.A. 7800 B. 6800 C. 5800 D. 480024. Motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language._.A. Instrumental B. Functional C. Integrative D. Social25. A bilingual speaker often use two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker , a speech situation known as _. A. discourse role-switching B. activity role-switchingC. social role-switching D. code-switching26. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners _.A. second language B. first languageC. foreign language D. interlanguage27.The study of _ does NOT form the core of linguistics.A. syntax B. pragmatics C. morphology D. sociolinguistics28. If the study of meaning is conducted in the context of language use, a branch of linguistic study called _ comes into being.A. syntax B. semantics C. pragmatics D. morphology 29. Which of the following words is the entire arbitrary one?A. crash B. book C. newspaper D. beautiful30. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?A. competence B. arbitrariness C. displacement D. productivity31._ is regarded as the “father of modernlinguistics”?A. Chomsky B. Saussure C.Halliday D. Whorf32.Children can speak before they can read or write shows that_.A. language is basically vocalB. language is arbitraryC. language is used for communicationD language is productive33. Language has the feature of _ in the sense that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.A. duality B. productivity C. displacement D, interchangeability34. N. Chomsky is a great _ linguist.A. Swiss B. French C. Canadian D. American35. Phonetics is the study of _.A. all the sounds that occur in the worlds languagesB. speech sounds used by human languages to representC. the differences between sounds used in human languages and sounds in natureD. how phonological differences can lead to misunderstanding36.In the fie