英语从句用法总结省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

第1页英语各种从句使用方法吴诗君 曹璐 杨青慧 李双 蒋亚萍 王搏怀第2页表语从句同位语从句主语从句宾语从句状语从句从句定语从句第3页定义：在句中作主语句子叫主语从句1.由隶属连词that，whether，if引导；That the plates are moving is beyond dispute.Whether he will come or not is still a question.2.由连接代词who,that引导;What we lack is experience.Who will go to the energy conference is not important.Subject Clause(主语从句)第4页3.由连接副词when,how,where,why引导;How he manages to finish the job is of interest to us.Why he failed the english exam wasnt clear.注意：that在从句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当成份。4.当主语过长时，为了符合英语语言习惯和防止出现头重脚轻现象惯用it 代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末；It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.第5页It was a great achievement to complete a 24-story building in 10 months.固定使用方法和译法:(1)It is+名词+从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is good news that 是好消息 It is a question that 是个问题 It is common knowledge that 是常识 类似名词还有：a pity,a wonder,surprise,no wonder等.第6页(2)It is+形容词+从句It is+形容词+从句 It is necessary that 有必要 It is clear that 很清楚 It is likely that 很可能 It is important that 主要是 类似形容词还有：strange;natural;obvious;true;good;wonderful;possible;unlikely;quite;unusual;certain;evident;worth-while;surprising;interesting;astonishing,etc.注意:在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”，如strange，natural第7页(3)It is+过去分词+从句 It is said that 听说 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 It must be proved that 必须指出 类似过去分词还有：known;estimated;expected;believed;thought;hoped;noted;discussed;required;decided;suggested;demanded;made clear;found out,etc.(4)It+不及物动词+从句 It seems that 好像是 It happened that 恰巧 第8页It follows that 由此可见 It has turned out that 结果是 类似不及物动词还有：seem,appear,occur,follow,happen,turn out,etc.(由it作形式主语和it引导强调句比较：it作形式主语结构It is+名词/形容词/过去分词+主语从句；而强调句则不一样，它结构是：It+be+被强调部分+that+从句 判断是否是强调句有一个方法，就是将that以后“句子其余部分”拿出来单独看，看有没有缺成份，缺是什么成份，再把谓语动词后面that前面那部分，带到你认为缺成份地方，假如放进去是一句完整句子了，那就说明是强调句。）第9页It was how the young man had learned five foreign languages _attracted the audiences interest.A.so that B.that C.what D.in which 解析：what做连接词时候永远等于“the thing(s)that”，it作形式主语是只能代名词性结构，代不了“名词+定语从句”结构。单个主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；假如是两个或两个以上主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。Where and when he was born has not been found.When the person was murdered and why he was murdered are still unknown.B第10页定义：指在复合句中做主句表语从句。表语从句和主语指同一内容，它对主语进行解释、说明，使主句内容详细化。The problem is when we can get a pay rise.结构：主语 +连系动词(be,seem,look)+句子作表语(1)隶属连词that，whether,as,as if 等；The trouble is that I have lost his address.The question is whether they will be able to help us.注：隶属连词if普通不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句All this was over twenty years ago,but its as if it was only yesterday.Predicative Clause(表语从句)第11页(2)连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever 连接副词 where,when,how,why.The question is how he did it.That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.(3)A is to B what C is to D.目标在于突出A对于B主要Water is to fish what air is to man.What she wants to know is which dress she should buy.(此处which和what句子成份是一样)第12页重点疑难 1“That is because/why.”意为“这就是为何/因为,所以。二者之间不一样在于“That is because.”指原因或理由，“That is why.”则指因为各种原因所造成后果He did not see the film last night.That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.（前面结果，后面原因）He had seen the film before.That is why he did not see it last night.（前面原因，后面结果）2.在一些表示“提议、劝说、命令”名词后面表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略;My suggestion is that we(should)start early tomorrow.第13页定义：指在复合句中做及物动词宾语从句，也能够做介词和一些形容词宾语。宾语从句普通用于及物动词之后，或用于介词之后。1.由连接词that引导宾语从句；由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成份，在口语或非正式文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前that不可省。He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.注意:在demand,order,suggest,advise,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、提议、决定等意义动词后，宾语从句惯用“should+动词原形”。I insist that she(should)do her work alone.Object Clause(宾语从句)第14页The commander ordered that troops(should)set off at once.不过,假如suggest作“表明、暗示”讲,insist作“坚持说、坚持认为”讲，则其后宾语从句中应该用陈说语气。The smile on his face suggested that he had passed the examination.I want to know what he has told you(2)由whether或if引导宾语句;whether和if均可引导动词后宾语从句，常可交换。但从句中有or not时或介词宾语从句中只能用whether连接。介词后宾语从句普通不用which和if引导，要用whether和what；that也极少引导介词宾语从句，只在except,but,besides等之后才用。第15页(3)许多带复合宾语句子，宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it做形式宾语。结构常是：主语+动词+it+形容词/名词等宾语补足语+宾语从句 Bad:I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.Good:I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.it作形式主语和形式宾语区分：I find it necessary to take exercise every day.(形式宾语)I find it is necessary to take exercise every day.(形式主语)第16页They found very hard to work out the problem.A.it B.its C.this D.that 解析：假如选B 就成了宾语从句 而宾语从句中，假如主句是普通过去时，从句要用对应过去某个时态。这么时态不对，所以不能选B，只能选A。宾语从句中需要注意重点：当主句是I/We think(suppose,expect,believe,guess,imagine)时，其后宾语从句假如是否定形式，常把否定词not从从句中转移到主句中成为否定转移。I dont think he will do so.A第17页宾语从句中时态呼应主句用普通现在时，从句可用任意时态(主现从不限);主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态(主过从句过),不过从句是科学真理、客观常识、名人格言时用普通现在时;情态动词could/would用于，“请求”，表示委婉、客气语气时，从句不受主句约束。I hear he is here tody/he was here yesterday/he will be here tomorrow.He said he was watching TV/he had swept the floor/he would play football after school.Everyone answered there are sixty minutes in an hour.第18页定义：在句中做定语，修饰名词或代词，被修饰名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。限制性定语从句限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom,whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替换先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.Attributive Clause(定语从句)第19页1)当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。Hes the first person that Im going to interview this afternoon.2)关系代词省略 在从句中作宾语关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，而且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。This is one of those things with which we have to put up.This is one of those things(whichthat)we have to put up with.第20页3)引导定语从句关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”结构。Even in comic books where(=in which)there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.第21页1.“介词+whichwhomwhose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词选择取决于从句谓语动词固定搭配，或先行词习惯搭配。This is the computer on which he spent all his savings It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.2.as引导定语从句,主要用于“such.as”及“the same.as”结构中，代替先行词是人或物名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。These are not such problems as can be easily solvedAs is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.第22页定义：在复合句中用作同位语从句叫同位语从句。它普通跟在一些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示详细内容。1.能够跟同位语从句名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等抽象名词；（suggestion,order,adivce等词后同位语从句谓语要用（should）do形式）Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon.有时同位语从句能够不紧跟在说明名词后面，而被别词隔开;The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city Appositive Clause(同位语从句)第23页2.英语中引导同位语从句词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how,when,where等。（注：if 不能引导同位语从句。)l have no idea When he will be backHe must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.同位语从句与定语从句区分1同位语从句与前面名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词内容；而定语从句与前面名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面名词范围，或补充一些情况；The news that l have passed the exam is true（同位语从句表示The news that he told me just now is true 是前面名词内 容，定语从句则是对前面名词起修饰作用）第24页2引导同位语从句that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.（that在从句中不充当任何成份。）The idea that he gave surprises many people（that在从句中作gave宾语。）第25页定义：用作状语从句叫作状语从句，其关联词是一些隶属连词。修饰主句中动词、形容词和副词，通常由隶属连词引导，按其意义和作用可分为时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目标、结果、方式、比较状语从句等。1、时间状语从句：惯用引导词：when,as,while,as soon as,before,after,since,till,until等；特殊引导词：the minute,the moment,the second,every time,the day，the instant,immediately,directly,no sooner than,hardly when,scarcely when等；Adverbial Clause(状语从句)第26页I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.While John was watching TV,his wife was cooking.No sooner had I arrived home,then it began to rain.2.地点状语从句惯用引导词：where;特殊引导词：wherever,anywhere,everywhere;Generally,air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go,you should work hard.地点状语从句普通由连接副词where,wherever等引导，已经形成了固定句型：第27页句型1：Where地点从句，（there）主句。【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里哪里就”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；假如主句在从句前面时，普通都不用there。Where there is no rain,farming is difficult or impossible.They were good persons.Where they went,there they were warmly welcomed.句型2：Anywhere/wherever地点从句，主句。【注意】anywhere本身是个副词，不过常能够引导从句，相当于连词意思相同于wherever,anywhere引导从句可位于主句之前，也能够位于主句之后.而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，不论何处。Wherever the sea is,you will find seamen.第28页3.原因状语从句常用引导词：because,since,as,for；特殊引导词：seeing that,now that,in that,considering that,given that.My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come,lets begin our conference.4.目状语从句常用引导词：so that,in order that特殊引导词：lest,in case,for fear that，in the hope that,for the purpose that,to the end that第29页The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly5.结果状语从句惯用引导词：so that,such that,特殊引导词：such that,to the degree that,to the extent that,to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.第30页6.条件状语从句惯用引导词：if,unless,特殊引导词：as/so long as,only if,providing/provided that,supposing that,in case that,on condition thatWell start our project if the president agrees.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.7.让步状语从句惯用引导词：though,although,even if,even though特殊引导词：as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while(普通用在句首)，no matter，in spite of the fact that,while,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever第31页Much as I respect him,I cant agree to his proposal.No matter how hard he tried,she could not change her mind.8.比较状语从句惯用引导词：as(同级比较),than(不一样程度比较)特殊引导词：the more the more ;just as，so;A is to B as X is to Y;no more than;not A so much as BShe is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise,the healthier you will be.9.方式状语从句第32页惯用引导词：as,as if,how特殊引导词：the wayWhen in Rome,do as the Roman do.She behaved as if she were the boss.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.whether和if都能够引导宾语从句表示“是否”意，（即引导宾语从句时if和whether能够交换）但以下几个名词从句要用whether（不用if）引导：(1)引导主语从句，且在句首时;第33页Whether he has won the tennis is not known.(但It is not known whether/if he has won the tennis).(2)引导表语从句时;The problem is whether he can get a job.(3)引导同位语从句时;I have no idea whether he will come.(4)介词后whether从句;I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.第34页第35页