英语选修八第一单元笔记整理及补充.doc

英语选修八第一单元复习指南
1.关于likely、possible、probable的用法辨析

probable

possible

侧重“表面看起来颇有也许”，与possible较接近, 有时可互换, 但它暗示从表面迹象来判断, 而probable则通过权衡正反两方面的理由后而相信某事是真实的或大约会发生
likely

作表语，一般为“事”，少有“物”作主语，更不也许是人
不同 不同

用来指有根据、逻辑上合情理、值得相信的事，带有“大约, 很也许”的意味，语气比possible强,是most likely之意, 反义词为improbable

作“或许”解, 有“也许如此, 也许不如此”之意, 表达客观上潜在的也许性，但常带有“实际也许性很小”的暗示, 反义词为impossible

作表语，一般为“事”,少有“物”作主语，一般不用表达人的词作主语。 但若真要用表达人的词作主语, possible后接不定式, 这个不定式动作的逻辑宾语是句子的主语, 但此时的possible 已转意为“容易的”

作表语，其主语可为人、事、物

相同 不同

可作定语，修饰一个名词
eg. ① a probable winner 极有也许的获胜者
② the probable cause of the accident.
一次事故极有也许的成因
③ every possible moment 一有时间
④ possible side effect of a new drug
一种新药的也许的副作用
⑤ the most likely result 最有也许的结局
⑥ a likely winner 很有也许的获胜者

相同 不同

用法
Ӂ
① it is possible/probable/likely that ...
② it is possible/probable( for sb )to do sth

likely 一般无此用法， probable 作表语时一般不后接不定式
③ sb/sth be likely to
do sth
be in sp
④ sth is probable
⑤ think/feel/consider it likely that...

注:
在考察时也许还会涉及到另一个词组, 即be capable of, 它除了表达 “有能力, 才干” 外, 尚有一个意思是 “有也许”。表达“有也许”时, be capable of 后常接被动语态动名词或有动作意义的名词
eg. The car is capable of being repaired.
这辆汽车是有也许修好的.

2. declare
⑴ declare war on/against
① 对……宣战
② (=officially stated its intention to stop)
⑵ declare sb/sth to be + n./adj.宣布某人/事
eg. ① His actions declared him to be an honest man.他的行为表白他是个诚实的人。
② I declared his story to be false.
我声明他的话不是真的。
⑶ declare for sb/sth 声明支持;表达赞成
⑷ declare against sb/sth 声明反对;表达不赞成
eg. The boys declared themselves against cheating.男孩子们宣布考试不作弊。
⑸ declare sth open/closed 宣布……开始/结束
eg. ① The manager declared the meeting open.
经理宣布会议开始。
② At 6:00 pm the chairman declared the meeting closed. 下午六点，大会主席宣布闭会。
⑹ declare that... 声称﹑宣布、公布……
eg. He declared that he was in love with her.
他声称爱她。
⑺ declare sth
eg. ①The government has declared a state of emergency.政府宣布进入紧急状态。
② Jones was declared the winner of the fight. 琼斯被宣布为这场竞赛的优胜者。
⑻申报(所购之物、收入等)

3. rather than
⑴释义：“宁愿……而不愿”;；“而不是……”；“与其……　　倒不如……”
⑵用法：常用作并列连词，连接两个并列的成分，表达对后者的否认。比如：
① 连接两个名词或代词
eg. ◎ He is a explorer rather than a sailor.
= He is more a explorer than a sailor.
与其说他是一个海员，不如说他是一个探险者。
◎ You rather than I are going to camping.
是你而不是我要去野营。
注:
rather than连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与rather than前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致，由于句子在意义上重点说明前者的情况

② 连接两个形容词或副词
eg. ◎ The sweater that she bought was beautiful rather than cheap. 与其说她买的这件羊毛衫便宜，不如说它美丽。
　 ◎The ship sank quickly rather than slowly.
船沉得不久，而不是很慢。
③连接两个介词（短语）或动名词
eg. ◎We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall. 我们是在教室开会，而不是在大厅里。
◎ She enjoys singing rather than dancing.
　　她喜欢唱歌，而不喜欢跳舞。
◎ I prefer getting up early rather than going to school without breakfast.我宁愿早起，也不想空着肚子上学。
　④连接两个分句
　　eg. ◎ We should help him rather than he should help us.我们应当帮助他，而不是他应当帮助某人。
　⑤连接两个不定式
　　eg. I decided to write to him rather than (to)
telephone.我决定写信，而不打电话。
注:
Rather than 后接不定式时，不定式可带to，也可以不带to，如上句。但是rather than位于句首时，则只能接不带to的不定式
eg. Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad, he sold 　　them at half price. 他唯恐蔬菜烂掉，把它们以半价卖了。

　⑥连接两个动词
　　eg. ◎ He ran rather than walked. 他是跑来的，而不是走来的。
注:
这里rather than 后用了walked，而没有用walk，表达客观事实，而不是主观愿望。假如换成walk，则作“宁愿……而不愿 ……”解。

⑶相近词辨析：
★other than 表达“除了……”、“除了……之外”常用　　于否认句中，相称于except﹑but等
★ or rather 意思是“更确切地说”
⑷关于“would rather”
①意思是“宁愿、宁可、更、最佳、还是为好”，后接动词原形,常省略为’d rather，表达优先选择的一种方式
其否认形式是would rather not do sth。would rather没有人称和数的变化，所有的人称一律用would rather。
“would rather+动词原形”是英语中常见的一个惯用句式，美国英语中多用had rather。would (had)在此决无“过去”之意，它是一个情态助动词，且无词性、时态变化。 常用固定搭配为would do ...rather than do = would rather do ...than do
eg. ◎Mr Li would rather not listen to rock music. 李先生不乐意听摇滚音乐。
◎If you’d rather be alone, we’ll all leave here. 假如你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。
◎He’d rather work in the countryside. 她宁可到农村去工作。
◎You would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening. 今晚你最佳呆在家中读点书。
②假如在两者中进行取舍，表达“宁愿……而不愿……，与其……宁可……”的意思时，则可用would rather…than…或would…rather than…的句型
eg. ◎I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema. 我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。
◎The children would walk there rather than take a bus. 孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽车。
注意
1） would rather…than…/would…rather than…也可以颠倒为：rather than…would…。Would(rather)和than后都接不带to的动词不定式，若选用的动词相同，那么than 后的动词可以省略。
eg. ◎ I would rather have noodles than rice. 我宁愿吃面条也不吃米饭。
◎He would rather drink wine than beer． 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。
◎Rather than work in such bad condition, he would give up. 与其在这样差的条件下工作，他宁愿放弃。
2)使用would rather…than…句型时要注意“平行结构”，即在than 的前后要用两个同类的词或词组，如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介词短语等。
eg. ◎I would rather go to work by bike than by bus.我宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘公共汽车去上班。
◎I would rather talk with his mother than with his father. 我宁愿和他妈说话而不愿和他爸说话。
③在疑问句式中，would rather 与would rather…than中的would要放在主语之前
eg. ◎ Would you rather stay here or go home? 你乐意呆在这里，还是回家？
◎Which would you rather have, apples or bananas? 你喜欢吃苹果还是香蕉？
◎Would you rather read a novel than read a poem?你宁愿看小说而不愿朗读诗歌吗？
④would rather+宾语从句，是一个常用的虚拟语气句型 would rather+宾语从句,谓语一般用过去时来表达现在或将来。其意为“宁愿……,还是…… 好些”“一个人宁愿另一个人做某事”。引导从句的that常省略。在谈到过去的动作时，谓语则用过去完毕时。
eg. ◎John wants to see me today. I would rather he came to tomorrow than today. 约翰今天想去看我。我宁愿他明天来看我而不是今天。(句中came不是表达过去而是表达将来)
◎We’d rather he paid us the money tomorrow. 我们宁愿他明天付给我们那笔钱。
◎Don’t come tomorrow. I’d rather you came next weekend. 明天别来。我希望你下周末来。
请注意
1） 假如谈到过去的动作，也就是表达过去已经发生的事情在选择上不恰当。此时，主句一般为I had rather ,其（that）从句则用过去完毕时。
eg. Would rather you had not done that. 我真希望你没有做那件事。
2）假如只涉及主语本人而不涉及另一个人，则would rather之后不接that从句而接have done结构。
eg. ◎I would rather have gone to the theatre than　stayed home night. 我真希望昨天晚上去看了戏而不是呆在家里。
　　◎He would rather be poor than have got money by dishonest methods． 他宁可穷也不乐意用不诚实的手段获取金钱。
　　　◎Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked 　in the same department as he does．亨利希望他的女朋友和他在一个部门工作。
⑤would rather/sooner和prefer/would prefer的区别 would rather和would sooner之间一般没有区别，但经常接触到的是would rather。
eg. ◎Tom would rather/sooner read than talk． 汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。
◎Tom prefers reading to talking．汤姆喜欢读书而不喜欢谈天。
请注意
1）would rather后跟不带to的不定式+than+不带 to的不定式，而prefer后跟动名词+to+动名词。有时prefer后面也可跟名词，而在would rather之后规定只带动词原形。
eg. ◎ He prefers wine to beer．= He would rather drink wine than beer． 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。
◎ I prefer tennis to golf．= I’d rather play tennis than golf． 我喜欢打网球而不喜欢打高尔夫球。
2）某些 prefer+名词的情况不能用 would rather完全确切地表达出来：He prefers dogs to cats．（他喜欢狗而不喜欢猫。）和 He would rather have dogs than cats．（他宁可养狗而不愿养猫。）很明显，这两句的意思并不完全相同。
3）would rather+不带to的不定式有时可代替 would prefer+带 to的不定式。
eg. I’d rather fly than go by sea．=I’d prefer to fly． 我宁愿乘飞机也不愿乘船。
这两个结构后面带名词时情况也同样：
eg. —Would you like some gin？
—I’d prefer a coffee．=I’d rather have coffee than gin．
—您想喝点杜松子酒吗？
—我想喝点咖啡。/我想喝点咖啡，不想喝杜松子酒。
4）would rather/sooner和would prefer后面都可跟完毕式，但后者带to。
eg. We went by sea but I’d rather have gone by air=I’d prefer to have gone by air． 我们是乘船去的，可我本想乘飞机去。（我乐意乘飞机去，可我的愿望未能实现。这和 would like+不定式的完毕式有点相似，would like+带to 的不定式的完毕式也表达未能实现的愿望。）
⑸ prefer to do rather than do 宁愿……而不愿
4. 《复习指导》P292的1,2；Ｐ294 的6,7,8。
5. 田老师笔记Ｐ100－Ｐ106 除declare外所有