RM自学重点笔记专业资料.doc

一 The nature of business and management research and structure of this book c11. The definition of research：as something that people undertake in order to find out things in a systematic way，thereby increasing their knowledge. Systematic research suggests that research is based on logical relationships and not just beliefs. As part of this，your research will involve an explanation of the methods used to collect the data，will argue why the results obtained are meaningful，and will explain any limitations that are associated with them. “to find out things” suggests there are a multiplicity of possible purposes for your research.these may include describing，explaining，understanding，criticizing and analyzing 2. the nature of business and management research Basic/ fundamental research Applied researchPurposeExpand knowledge of processes of business and management Results in universal principles relating to the process and its relationship to outcomes Findings of significance and value to society in general Improve understanding of particular business or management problemresults in solution to problem new knowledge limited to problem finding of practical relevance and value to managers in organizations Context Undertaken by people based in universities choice of topic and objectives determined by the researcher flexible time non commercial theoretical beginning of scienceundertaken by people based in a variety of settings，including organizations/company and universitiesobjectives negotiated with originator tight timescales continuum 持续统一体rigour严格，精准 3. the research process formulating and clarifying a topic a) critically reviewing the literature b) designing the researchresearch strategy c) collecting datad) analyzing data e) 4. the purpose and structure of this book5. summaryBusiness and management research involves undertaking systematic research to find out things. It is Trandisciplinary 规律 and engage吸引 with both theory and practice.All business and management research projects can be a basic-applied continuum according to their purpose and context.Wherever your research project lies on this continuum，you should undertake your research with vigour. To do this you will need to pay careful attention to the entire research process.In this book，research is represented as a multi-stage process；however，this process is rarely straightforward and will involve both reflecting on and revising stages already undertaken and forward planning.二 Formulating and clarifying the research topic c21. attributes of a good research topic l topic should be something that you really fascinated l be reasonably certain of gaining access to any data you are likely to require for the topic l the topic must be something that you are capable of undertaking and one that excites your imagination l your ability to find the financial and time resources to undertake research on the topic will also affect your capabilityl the issues within the research are capable of being linked to theoryl clearly define research questions and objectives l proposed research be able to provide fresh insights into this topic l topic relate to the idea you have been given by an organizationl the findings of the research topic are likely to be symmetrical l research topic match your career goals2. techniques for generating ideasRational thinking 理性思维Creative thinking 创造性思维l examining your own strengths and interestsl looking at past project titles l discussion l searching the literature l keeping a notebook of ideas l exploring personal preferences using past projects l relevance tree l brainstorming 3. refining research ideasDelphi technique l present & classify the general idea l each generates related to specific idea l discuss & adapt these and choose the wing one The preliminary study初步研究Integrating ideas 4. turning research ideas to research projects l problem：sketch素描 of the problemresearch question/sub questiongoal/objective specific research idea question：not too difficult and easy，leading to new information，if big questionsub questionsTheory l the thing you find in university text books l any personal logic reasoning can also be considered theory (ex：conceptual model)5. research proposal6. summaryGenerating and refining research ideas makes use of a variety of techniques. It is important that you use a variety of techniques，including those that involve rational thinking and those that involve creative thinking. The ideas generated can be integrated subsequently using a technique such as working up and narrowing down.Clear research questions，based on the relevant literature，will act as a focus for the research that follows.Research can be distinguished from intelligence gathering. Research is theory dependent.Writing a research proposal helps you to organize your ideas，and can be thought of as a contract between you and the reader.The content of research proposal should tell the reader what you want to do，why you want to do it，what you are trying to achieve，and how you to plan to achieve it.三 Critically reviewing the literature c3Summary A critical review of the literature is necessary to help you to develop a thorough understanding of，and insight into，previous research that related to your research questions and objectives. Your view will set you research in context by critically discussing and referencing work that has already been undertaken，drawing out key points and presenting them in a logically argued way，and highlighting those areas where you will provide fresh insights. It will lead the reader into subsequent sections of your projects report.Literature sources can be divided into three categories：primary，secondary and tertiary. Overlap四 Understanding research philosophies and approaches c4There are three major ways of thinking about research philosophy：epistemology，ontology and axiology. Each contains important differences which will influence the way in which you think about the research process.Epistemology知识论 concerns what constitutes acceptable knowledge in a field of study.Positivism实证主义 relates to the philosophical stance of the natural scientist，this entails working with an observable social reality and the end product can be law-like generalizations similar to those in the physical and natural sciences.realism 现实主义：The essence of realism is that what the senses show us is reality，is the truth：that objects have an existence independent of the human mind.Interpretivism解释主义 is an epistemology that advocates that it is necessary for the researcher to understand the differences between humans in our role as social actors.Ontology存在论 is a branch of philosophy which is concerned with the nature of social phenomena as entities.Objectivism is the ontological position which holds that social entities exist in reality external to social actors whereas the subjectivist view is that social phenomena are created from the perceptions and consequent actions of social actors.Pragmatism实用主义 holds that the most important determinant of the research philosophy adopted is the research question.Axiology价值论 is a branch of philosophy that studies judgments about value.Social science paradigms can be used in management and business research to generate fresh insights into real-life issues and problems. The four paradigms explained in the chapter are：functionalist；interpretive；radical humanist；and radical structuralist.4. There are two main research approaches：deduction and induction. 、演绎/推论归纳With deduction a theory and hypothesis (or hypotheses) are developed and a research strategy designed to test the hypothesis. Testing a theory：theoryproductiontestQuantitative dataWith induction，data are collected and a theory developed as a result of the data analysis.Creating a theory：observationtheoryQualitative data五 Formulating the research design c5 1. Three purpose of research Research projects are undertaken for different purpose. l exploratory l descriptive l explanatory 2. Research design focuses upon turning a research question and objectives into a research project. It considers research strategies，choices and time horizons.3. main research strategies l Experiment :test a predicationl Survey questionnaire，interview，observationl Case study in depth investigationl Grounded theory扎根理论cycle inductive l Ethnography人种史 interpret social world of different culturesl Action research：行动研究the searcher becomes the part of system and tries to influence it l Archival research:文献研究法 using solely/only historical information You should not think of these as discrete entities. They may be used in combination in the same research project.4. research choice 5. time horizons-research projects may be cross-sectional or longitudinall cross sectional横向：looking at one time across different situation l longitudinal纵向：studying developments overviews at several different moments6. credibility of research findings l threats to reliability:l threats to validity l generalisability/ external validity六 Negotiating access and research ethics c6Research ethics：privacy Not harming your participants l voluntary participation 自愿参加l consent 赞同l confidentiality/ anonymity 保密匿名l data use 数据使用七 Selecting抽样Samples c7 -sample 样本 population 总体1. Why Sampling?l less work l costly l can work pretty well2. Two way of sampling dependent on your research questions and objectives to choice the sampling techniquesl Probability sampling：随机抽样quantitative data research questions and objectives need you to estimate statisticallyl Non-probability sampling：非随机抽样qualitative data Sampling size is a function of l confidence level 置信水平95%l margin of error 3%l population size Do not take samples 30 for require statistical analysesPerfect representative sample Perfectly represents the population Response rate = total responses/ sample sizeNon response：people in the sample that dont respond weighting your sample 3. An overview of sampling techniques E.g. Sample selection Probability sampling p217each case in population has an equal chance selected into the samplel Sample random 简朴随机抽样l Systematic 等距随机抽样、系统抽样 l Stratified random 分层随机抽样l Cluster 整群随机抽样l Multistage sampling 分段随机抽样Non probability sampling p228 probability for selection in the sample is not know a) quota sampling:配额抽样l define groupsl determine the required quota b) purposive sampling：立意取样l extreme case/ deviantl maximum variation /heterogeneous l homogeneous l critical case l typical casec) Snowball sampling滚雪球抽样：ask a few and ask them to ask more peopled) Self selection sampling：ask publicly for participation e.g. internet survey e) Convenience sampling偶遇抽样、以便抽样：ask the people closest by 抽样类型 依照概率论原理惯用抽样形式重要分为随机抽样和非随机抽样两大类。两者区别在于：前者按照随机原则来抽取样本，而后者不按随机原则抽取样本。 （一）随机抽样 随机抽样又称概率抽样，是指严格按照随机原则来抽取样本，规定总体中每个单位均有被抽取同等机会。由随机抽样所抽取样本称为随机样本，此类样本具备较高代表性。随机抽样法又分为下列五种不同抽样办法： 1、简朴随机抽样 简朴随机抽样，也称纯随机抽样，是指按照随机原则从总体单位中直接抽取若干单位构成样本。它是最基本概率抽样形式，也是其她几种随机抽样办法基本。 2、等距随机抽样 等距随机抽样也称机械随机抽样或系统随机抽样，是指按照一定间隔，从依照一定顺序排列起来总体单位中抽取样本一种办法。详细做法是：一方面将总体各单位按照一定顺序排列起来，编上序号；然后用总体单位数除以样本单位数得出抽样间隔；最后采用简朴随机抽样方式在第一种抽样间隔内随机抽取一种单位作为第一种样本，再依次按抽样间隔做等距抽样，直到抽取最后一种样本为止。 3、分层随机抽样 分层随机抽样，也称类型随机抽样，是指一方面将调核对象总体单位按照一定原则提成各种不同类别(或组)，然后依照各类别(或组)单位数与总体单位数比例拟定从各类别(或组)中抽取样本数量，最后按照随机原则从各类(或组)中抽取样本。 4、整群随机抽样 整群随机抽样，又称聚类抽样，是先把总体分为若干个子群，然后一群一群地抽取作为样本单位。它普通比简朴随机抽样和分层随机抽样更实用，像后者那样，它也需要将总体提成类群，所不同是，这些分类原则往往是特殊。详细做法是：先将各子群体编码，随机抽取分群数码，然后对所抽样本群或组实行调查。因而，整群抽样单位不是单个分子，而是成群成组。凡是被抽到群或组，其中所有成员都是被调核对象。这些群或组可以是一种家庭、一种班级，也可以是一种街道、一种村庄。 5、分段随机抽样 分段随机抽样，也称多段随机抽样或阶段随机抽样，是一种分阶段从调核对象总体中抽取样本进行调查办法。它一方面要将总体单位按照一定原则划分为若干群体，作为抽样第一级单位；再将第一级单位分为若干小群体，作为抽样第二级单位；以此类推，可依照需要分为第三级或第四级单位。然后，按照随机原则从第一级单位中随机抽取若干单位作为第一级单位样本，再从第一级单位样本中随机抽取若干单位作为第二级单位样本，以此类推，直至获得所需要样本。 （二）非随机抽样 在实际调查过程中，尚有一类抽样办法，称之为非随机抽样，即它不是严格按照随机原则抽取样本，而是依照调查者主观经验和主观判断选取样本。 与随机抽样相比，虽然此类非随机动抽样代表性差，提供资料信息较零散，难以从样本调查结论中对总体做出精确推断。但是，由于它非常简便易行，并能通过对样本调查而大体理解总体某些状况，对调查研究工作很有启发性。因而，它合用于那种调核对象总体难以详细界定，以及不需要精确推断总体状况调查。惯用非随机抽样办法重要有如下几种： 1、偶遇抽样 偶遇抽样，也称以便抽样，是指调查者将自己在特定场合下偶尔遇到对象作为样本一种办法。如在商店门口、街头路口、车站码头、公园广场等公共场合，随便选用某些顾客、行人、旅客、观众等作为样本进行调查研究.这种办法比较简朴以便，合用于摸索性研究，但样本代表性较差，具备很大偶尔性。 2、立意抽样 立意抽样，也称主观抽样，它是调查者依照自己主观印象、以往经验和对调核对象理解来选用样本一种办法；这种抽样合用于那些总体范畴较小、总体单位之间差别较大调查。 这种主观抽样所抽取样本与否具备代表性、所得出结论与否精确，完全取决于调查者本人判断能力，以及对调核对象理解限度。因而这种办法具备很大主观随意性。但是当对总体状况较为熟悉时，用这一抽样法所选取样本也有较高代表性。例如当在们对某一群体作调查时，就可以依照咱们所理解群体状况选用某些样本做研究。 3、配额抽样 配额抽样，也称定额抽样，即调查者一方面拟定所要抽取样本数量，再按照一定原则和比例分派样本，然后从符合原则对象中任意地抽取样本。其办法类似于分层随机抽样，但它不是按照随机原则抽取样本。例如，咱们可以依照研究目，把总体按性别、民族等变量进行分组，然后分派相应样本数选用样本。 这种配额抽样比前两种办法所抽取样本更有代表性，并且简便易行，在民意调查中经常使用。但这种办法也具备很大主观随意性和局限性，如盖洛普采用此抽样法曾几次成功地预测了美国总统大选，但在1948年总统选举民意调查中却失败了。当前，人们有时把这一办法与随机抽样法结合起来使用，其效果会更好些。 4、滚雪球抽样 滚雪球抽样，即以少量样本为基本，逐渐扩大样本规模，直至找出足够样本。此法合用于对调查总体不甚清晰状况，惯用于摸索性实地研究，特别合用于对小群体关系研究。例如咱们要理解某个人经常交往社会圈子，就可以通过这个人提供线索找到更多与她关于联人。 其详细做法是，先找到一种或几种符合研究目对象，然后再依照这些对象所提供线索找此外有关对象，依次进行，直至达到研究目。但滚雪球抽样法所选取样本有时会有很大随意性和特殊性，因而代表性不高。八 Using secondary data c8Secondary data：data from somebody else. E.g. books，articles，organizations Data that have already been collected for some other purpose，perhaps processed and subsequently stored，are termed secondary data. 1. Types l documentary l survey-basedl multiple sourceAdvantages:l compare，easily shared l save time/money l longitudinal studies 纵向研究Disadvantages:l copy mistakes，data quality could be lowl copyright could be very expensivel purpose may not match，variables are slightly different 2. Locating secondary data l step 1：assess likely availability e.g. industry journals l step 2：locate it exactly，contact informants/representativesAccording to the in book l Are the right variables true?l What is the source，what is the data quality、l Is it useful，fecssible?九 Collecting primary data through observation c9One way to get the information /data yourself A） participant observation 参加观测1. typology类型 of participant observation researcher roles Researcher takes part in activityResearchers identity Participant as observer Complete participant Researchers identity Is revealed Observer as participant Complete observer Is concealed Researcher observes activity2. factors that will determine the choice of participant observer rolel purpose of research l time available l ethical consideration l organizational accessl degree to which you feel suited to participant observation3. data collection and analysis Primary observation:Secondary observation：Analytic induction a prevalent form of data