小微企业融资难问题分析及对策研究应用.docx

改革开放30多年来，中国小微企业快速发展，在经济社会发展中起到了越来越关键作用，小微企业发展促进了就业、丰富了商品供给、促进了中国外贸易平衡。据统计，末中国中小企业占比超出了99%，对GDP贡献率超出了50%，并提供了80%城镇就业岗位。不过，这些遍布在各行各业、数量庞大、融资种类不一样、需求不一样小微企业，长久以来面临着融资难问题。受国际金融危机冲击，多年来中国经济形势下行压力较大，小微企业融资难问题尤为突出，甚至有企业陷入了因资金连断裂面临破产倒闭困境。什么原因造成小微企业融资难？为缓解这一社会问题，需要我们做些什么？值得我们深入思索。一、小微企业融资难已发展成为引发多方关注社会问题1.国家已开启相关方法缓解小微企业融资难。多年来，国务院、各部委相继出台了一系列相关文件，采取有力方法助力企业融资发展。在监管部门推进下，小微企业贷款增速回升。截止末，关键金融机构及小型农村金融机构、外资银行人民币小微企业贷款余额15.46万亿元，同比增加15.5%，增速比上年末高1.3个百分点，小微企业贷款余额占企业贷款余额30.4%，占比比上年末高1个百分点。整年小微企业贷款增加2.13万亿元，增量占企业贷款增量41.9%，比上年占比水平低1.6个百分点。2.小微企业贷款需求仍然得不到满足。即使中央和相关部门高度重视，金融机构也加大了扶持力度，但伴随经济发展和贷款需求不停增加，小微企业甚至规模相对较大小型企业经过资本市场或从商业银行贷款难度仍然很大，且取得贷款实际负担利率水平也显著更高。以浙江为例，经过银行和农信社等传统金融机构融到资只占21%，而49%小企业主经过亲友和民间借贷融资，经过小额贷款企业和典当行融资占7%和1%（其它22%无借贷行为）。而这些企业中63%企业贷款利率高于基准利率，远高于大型、中型企业，且需支付较多额外费用。长江三角洲地域，不少小微企业融资成本在15%到25%之间。贷款难、贷款贵问题成为制约小微企业发展瓶颈。较高融资成本大于了企业利润率，造成了企业生存危机，甚至温州出现“老板跑路”现象。二、小微企业融资难社会根源1. 小微企业经营特点和银行机构以“做大做强”为目标经营战略不匹配。即使多年来股票市场有了一定发展，债券市场开始推进，但现在中国融资结构仍然是以银行间借融资为主，而中国银行从经济成份和股权机构上看以国有主。绝大多数小微企业是民营企业，国有银行在对小微企业信用风险认定上格外谨慎。首先。近些年银行业在发展过程中把“做大做强”作为首要战略目标，部分中型银行、小银行也由此动向，甚至整合起来组建地方城市商业银行，但她们并没有坚持在区域内做精做强，而是仍然优先选择和大中企业对接，造成地域金融缺位。其次，小微企业规模小、承受能力较弱，一旦货币政策收紧，小微企业感受压力更为显著。银行在信贷紧缩、可用资金降低时，从本身盈利最大化、风险最小化标准出发，优先支持大型优质用户，对小微企业放贷设置重重关卡，条件苛刻，耗时耗力，隐性成本极高，加剧了小微企业贷款难。2.小微企业本身特点一定程度上不利于信贷融资。关键表现在三方面：一是小微企业财务制度不规范、财务报表缺乏可信性。小微企业因为专业人才不足，造成财务会计制度不规范，不健全，缺乏系统、连续、全方面财务汇报，使得金融机构对其对经营情况和未来发展前景不易正确判定，增加了贷款难度。二是小微企业规模小，抵押物有限。贷款机构利用贷款担保是确保贷款安全性，小微企业因为缺乏足够实物资产作抵押，商业银行对之放贷比大中型企业愈加谨慎。三是小微企业贷款资金需求“短、频、快、急”，各家企业情况各异，增加了程序复杂性，增加了成本，所以商业银行对小微企业信贷主动性偏弱。3. 小微企业信用体系建设滞后，信用担保机制不健全。造成和银行和担保机构信息不对称，即使信用情况好企业也极难经过银行及资本市场融到足够资金。同时，现在担保机构相对于小微企业崛起，数量还是偏少且运作不够规范，造成在协作银行方面还有不少困难。4.小微企业银行信贷以外融资渠道较窄。相比大企业能够发行股票、债券及融资租赁、信托等多个方法融资来讲，小微企业信贷不能满足。三、缓解小微企业贷款难提议和思索1.加紧信用平台建设，改善投融资环境。加紧小微企业信用体系建设现有利于金融机构和其它企业了解企业信用情况，改善融资环境，又能为信用统计良好企业发明更多发展机会，降低交易成本，为企业连续健康发展打下坚实基础。建立小微企业信用档案时小微企业信用体系建设关键步骤。提议借鉴发达国家经验，明确给予人民银行采集企业信用信息法律地位，细化各级政府相关职能部门配合信息采集和更新义务，激励小微企业定时上报真实财务信息，同时保护这些信息安全，提升查询使用标准；加强部门间协调，促进银行系统和各政府职能部门信息整合，在加强行业内部管理基础上建立和完善信息库，统一信用信息服务平台，规范小微企业信用披露、征集、比对、共享和利用等活动；加大信息推介和使用，培养小微企业信用意识，发挥信用信息在小微企业金融服务中支撑作用 。 2.拓宽融资服务市场，规范发展小额贷款企业。在法律规范健全前提下，大力发展以民间资本为主小额贷款企业，引导规模庞大民间借贷，遏制地下非法融资，是把处于灰色地带影子银行、地下钱庄等变为正当化和正规化有效路径。在制度方面，小额贷款中借贷行为和利率基础上全部是处于市场化运作，即使贷款利率略高于银行，但显著低于民间借贷利率。在效率方面，小额贷款企业贷款手续简便，担保条件相对较低，交易过程快捷，能使小微企业快速、方便地筹到所需资金。在风险防控方面，因为小额贷款企业贷出资金中自有资金百分比较大，对贷款项目审查谨慎，而且借贷当事人取得和贷款相关信息透明度高，所以小额贷款企业贷款违约率较低，风险比较小。相比那些大型金融机构，中国小额贷款企业一样在稳增加、调结构宏观调控政策中发挥着主动作用，提议经过对运行情况良好、风险防控能力强优质小额贷款企业，能够增加资本金，扩大经营规模，并合适放宽融资百分比，支持其从银行取得相对优惠利率同时，经营中遵照市场化标准放松贷款利率管制，另外，减轻税收负担，建立健全评级体系，加强外部监管和监测。3.以金融改革为契机，主动引导稳步发展民营金融。民营金融指是由政府和国有企业之外其它主体参与金融活动，狭义上指民间资本参与并主导金融活动。相比国营金融，有更主动性和发明性市场化特征。所以对处理小微企业融资难有十分关键作用。即使多年来小额贷款企业、担保企业、典当行等民营为主金融形式大量出现，但参与借贷市场地位相对偏弱，且民营控股关键金融机构不多，民间资本进入银行、证券、保险等关键金融业隐性障碍普遍存在。这就需要加紧推进以利率市场化和汇率市场化为代表金融改革，非正规民营金融受到更多监管，淘汰落后金融形式和机构，优化业态格局，同时支持民间资本取得更公平机会参与银行、证券、保险、信托、基金等关键金融行业，在利率市场上增加参与度，取得更多定价权。4.民营银行将为小微企业融资开辟新天地。处理小微企业融资问题根本需要从银行制度入手，中国迄今没有专门扶持小微企业政策性银行，而在德国、日本、美国等发达国家，早已设有一批用心做小微企业、个人融资银行，称作小区银行、零售银行等。十八届三中全会明确提出“在加强监管前提下，许可含有条件民间资本依法提议设置中小型银行等金融机构”，这对于中国也来说是含有里程碑意义，民营企业创建银行主动性空前高涨，因为民营资本和小微企业先天同质性，这对于小微企业是重大利好。同时民营企业兴办银行业将推进中国银行业差异化、特色化经营，有利于银行更多地发展市场化和商业化经营。5. 发展互联网金融，用好网贷平台优化资源配置。互联网金融就是将传统金融行业支付、投融资、风险管理等业务模式搬到网上，由互联网提供银行之外新通道。多年来网贷平台就是经典模式之一，它在帮助小微企业贷款方面发挥着越来越关键作用。网贷平台本质是线上金融信息中介。 以“陆金所”、“河北信投在线”为例，这个网贷平台线下完成项目帅选、调研、审核、风控、担保，利用现代信息技术在线上完成项目公布、资金募集、利息发放，让资金提供方和需求方在网贷平台上直接对接，大大提升了融资效率，大幅降低了信息不对称和融资成本。网贷平台相比传统银行贷款和民间借贷，关键有三大优势：一是网贷平台线上引入了担保企业和第三方支付平台最大程度地降低了风险。担保企业负责项目担保，第三方支付就是部分和产品所在国家和国外各大银行签约、并含有一定实力和信誉保障第三方独立机构提供交易支持平台。投资双方资金经过第三方支付平台完成在融资企业和投资者账户之间直接流转，平台不触碰资金，降低了操作风险。二是经过云计算大量信息处理，取得可靠地资金供需双方信息，建立小微企业信用共享服务平台。这些信息经过社交网络公布和传输，最终形成时间连续、动态改变一系列信息。任何资金需求者（机构）风险定价或动态违约概率就能够被揭示，有利于为信誉好、资质优小微企业快速融来所需资金。三是在资源配置方面高效双赢。在供需信息几乎完全对称、交易成本极低条件下，互联网金融模式促成了资金充足利用和交易，诸如中小微企业融资难问题得到缓解、个人投资渠道也愈加安全可靠。6.政府应采多措并举主动引导，为小微企业发展助力。国务院下发了相关扶持小微企业健康发展指导意见，现在多地正在主动政府设置创业投资引导基金支持小微企业发展。提议激励政府出资筹建担保机构，增加已经有担保企业注册资本金，或建立有国资背景再担保企业，加大对小微型企业融资担保风险赔偿，为担保企业降低后顾之忧；同时金融部门、银行监管部门应引导大型银行建立服务小微企业金融服务专营机构，引导中小型银行将改善为小微企业服务和战略转型相结合，科学调整信贷结构；对达成一定标准小微企业（比如吸纳就业能力大劳动密集型企业）提升贷款额度，对增加小微企业信贷投放有突出业绩金融机构给奖励等。30 years of reform and opening up, the rapid development of Chinas small and micro enterprises, in the economic and social development plays a more and more important role, the development of small and micro enterprises to promote the employment, enrich the supply of goods, promote the balance of trade at home and abroad. According to statistics, at the end of , Chinas SMEs accounted for more than 99%, the contribution rate of more than 50% GDP, and provides 80% of urban jobs.However, these are all in all walks of life, a large number of different types of financing, different needs of small and micro enterprises, has long been faced with the problem of financing. Affected by the international financial crisis, in recent years, the domestic economic situation downward pressure on the larger, small and micro enterprises financing difficult problem is particularly prominent, and even some enterprises in the face of financial crisis due to the collapse of the plight of. What causes small and micro enterprises financing difficulties? To alleviate this social problem, what do we need to do? Worthy of our deep thinking.One, small and micro enterprises financing difficulties have become a social issue of concern to the community1 countries have started related measures to ease the financing difficulties of small and micro enterprises.In recent years, the State Council, the ministries have issued a series of relevant documents, to take effective measures to help the development of corporate finance. Under the supervision of the regulatory authorities, small and micro enterprises loan growth picked up. Until the end of , the major financial institutions and small rural financial institutions, foreign banks RMB small micro enterprise loan balance of 15.46 trillion yuan, an increase of 15.5%, increasing ratio last year end of 1.3 percentage points higher, small micro enterprise loan balance accounted for 30.4% of business loans, accounting for Bibi last year at the end of a percentage point higher. Annual small and micro enterprise loans increased by more than two billion yuan, accounting for 41.9% of incremental corporate loans, accounting for 1.6 percentage points lower than the previous year.2 small and micro enterprises loan demand is still not satisfied.Although the central and relevant departments attach great importance to, financial institutions also increased the support, but along with the continuous increase of economic development and demand for loans, small and micro enterprises even scale relatively larger small businesses through the capital market or from the difficulty of commercial bank loans is still large, and obtain loans bear the actual interest rates significantly higher. Taking Zhejiang as an example, through the traditional banks and rural credit cooperatives and other financial institutions to finance capital accounted for only 21% and 49% of small business owners by friends and family and private loan financing, by small loan companies and pawn financing accounted for 7% and 1% (22% of lending behavior) .com And these enterprises in 63% of corporate lending rates higher than the benchmark interest rate, much higher than large and medium-sized enterprises, and the need to pay more of the additional costs. Yangtze River Delta region, a lot of small and micro enterprises financing costs between 15% to 25%. Difficult loans, loans to become a bottleneck restricting the development of small and micro enterprises. Higher financing costs than the profit margins of the enterprise, leading to the survival of the enterprise crisis, and even Wenzhou boss on foot phenomenon.Two, small and micro enterprises financing difficult social roots1 small and micro enterprises operating characteristics and banking institutions to bigger and stronger as the goal of the business strategy does not match. Although in recent years the stock market have a certain development, the bond market began to promote, but the financing structure of our country is still in the inter-bank loan financing, and Bank of China from the economic composition and ownership structure see to state-owned advocate. The vast majority of small and micro enterprises are private enterprises, state-owned banks in the credit risk of small and micro enterprises are particularly cautious. one side。 Banking industry in recent years in the development process to bigger and stronger as the primary strategic objectives, a number of medium-sized banks, small banks also from this trend, and even the integration set up local city commercial banks, but they did not adhere to doing fine and stronger in the region, but still preferred choice and large and medium-sized enterprises docking, cause of regional financial vacancy. On the other hand, small and micro enterprises are small, weak capacity, once the tightening of monetary policy, small and micro enterprises feel the pressure is more obvious. Banks in the credit crunch, reduce funds available, from their own profit maximization, risk minimization principle of priority to support large, high-quality customers, set up barriers to small and micro enterprise lending, harsh conditions, time-consuming, high implicit costs, exacerbated by the small micro enterprise loans difficult.2 small and micro enterprises themselves to some extent is not conducive to the characteristics of credit financing. Mainly reflected in three aspects: first, small and micro enterprises financial system is not standardized, the lack of credibility of the financial statements. Small and micro enterprises because of the lack of professionals, resulting in financial accounting system is not standard, .com not perfect, lack of systematic, continuous and comprehensive financial report, the financial institutions of the operating conditions and the future development prospect is not easy to accurately judge, increased the difficulty of the loan. Two is small and micro enterprises, small size, limited collateral. Lending institutions to ensure that the use of loan guarantees security, small and micro enterprises because of the lack of adequate physical assets as collateral, commercial banks to lend more cautious than large and medium enterprises. Third, small and micro enterprise loan demand for funds in the short, frequency, fast and urgent, each enterprise is different, an increase of the complexity of the procedure, increase the cost, so the commercial bank credit to small and micro enterprises positive weak.3 small and micro enterprises credit system construction is lagging behind, the credit guarantee mechanism is not perfect. Lead to asymmetric information between banks and guarantee agencies, even if the credit status of the enterprise is also very difficult to finance through banks and capital markets. At the same time, the present guarantee institutions relative to the rise of small and micro enterprises, the volume is still too few and the operation is not standardized, resulting in cooperative banks there are still quite a few difficulties.