学位论文-从心理语言学角度分析中式英语成因.pdf

哈尔滨理工大学 硕士学位论文从心理语言学角度分析中式英语成因哈尔滨理工大学文学硕I:学位论文从心理语言学角度分析中式英语成因摘要中式英语是中国的英语学习者普遍存在的问题，也是第二语言习得中大家 广为探讨的问题。长期以来，它不仅是中国的英语学习者语言习得中的障碍，而且也给与英语本族语者的交流带来了许多困难。如不认识它的形成原因，就 很难加以注意并纠正。针对这一现象，本文从心理语言学角度提出中式英语应 该由二语心理词汇的不完整，语义联系不完善所造成。本文指出了长期以来困扰中国英语学习者的“中式英语”问题；通过对心 理语言学中心理词汇理论及联结主义理论的阐述，为对中式英语成因的分析提 供了坚实的理论基础。通过简要回顾“中式英语”的历史，介绍了它的主要特 点及与“中国英语”的区别；指出“中式英语”是深受汉语影响并且有损于交 际有效性的中国的英语学习者在学习过程中生成的语言，它表现为一种典型的“不地道”现象，是由于母语的影响所造成的学习者不符合外语表达规范的外 语产出现象，是不同于语法句法等方面的错误的不符合英语规范的表达方式。通过对英语专业学生进行有声思维实验，对实验结果进行了归类分析，指出了 中式英语的成因，并针对其成因提出了在教学中应注意的方面，以期减少和避 免“中式英语”的现象。本文以心理语言学中心理词汇，及联结主义理论为理论框架，通过对英语 专业学生进行有声思维作文，并将有声思维中受试者的思维过程转录为文字记 录下来，经本族语外籍教师帮助指出中式英语的表达。进而进一步对所发现的 中式英语加以分类，分析。结果显示中式英语是由于二语心理词汇不完善，进而从一语词汇中寻找翻 译对等词而形成的；即使能提取正确的二语词汇，也会因为二语心理词汇连接 不强，最终才用一语借用二语的类推表达法的。本文从联结主义理论和心理语 言学中的心理词汇理论角度分析了其成因，以期找到解决中式英语问题的新途 径，进而帮助英语学习者生成地道的英语。进一步研究似应在此基础上加以细 化。关键词中式英语；心理词汇；联结主义理论哈尔滨理工大学文学硕上学位论文Psycholinguistic Analysis of the Causes of ChinglishAbstractNowa d a ys,of th e over fi ve ti i ousa nd la ng ua g es i n th e world,Eng li sh i s th e most wi d ely used la ng ua g e.Th ere i s a g rowi ng a wa reness th a t Eng li sh h a s become a n i nterna ti ona l la ng ua g e.Th erefore,th ere a re more a nd more Ch i nese lea rni ng Eng li sh a s th ei r second la ng ua g e for va ri ous rea sons,most frequently for fa ci li ta ti ng th emselves i n i nterna ti ona l communi ca ti on.However,a fter severa l yea rs stud y,Ch i nese Lea rners of Eng li sh(CLE)noti ce th a t th e output of th ei r lea rni ng i s sti ll i n a questi on,i.e.i t i s sti ll qui te d i fferent from Eng li sh-na ti ve spea kers i n ma ny wa ys a nd even ca n not be und erstood or ma y be mi sund erstood by th e na ti ve spea kers.Th e prod ucti on of Ch i nese lea rners most frequently i s Ch i ng li sh.Ch i ng li sh a s a ba rri er for la ng ua g e a cqui si ti on a nd i nterna ti ona l communi ca ti on presents ma ny d i ffi culti es.Th erefore,th e recog ni ti on a nd th e remova l of th e g rotesque ph enomenon rema i n of pa ra mount i mporta nce.Th i s th esi s presents th e problem of Ch i ng li sh a nd a n i ntrod ucti on of th e releva nt th eori es,th e Th eory of Menta l lexi con i n P sych oli ng ui sti cs a nd th e P DP th eory i n pa rti cula r.Th en a bri ef revi ew of Ch i ng li sh wi th i ts d efi ni ti on a nd i ts d i sti ncti ons from Ch i na Eng li sh a nd va ri eti es of Eng li sh a re presented.Instea d of trea ti ng i t a s g ra mma ti ca l errors,th e a uth or beli eves th a t Ch i ng li sh sh ould be trea ted a s nonna ti ve-li keness or i na ppropri a teness.Actua lly;Ch i ng li sh ma i nly refers to th e expressi on wh i ch i s correct g ra mma ti ca lly but i na ppropri a te sema nti ca lly;A th i nk-a loud experi ment i s cond ucted a nd th e results a re cla ssi fi ed,a na lyzed a nd d i scussed on th e ped a g og i ca l i mpli ca ti ons of Ch i ng li sh wi th a n a i m to red uce or era d i ca te.Va ri ous stud i es of Ch i ng li sh a re sca ttered i n books or a rti cles i n th e fi eld of Eng li sh tea ch i ng a nd lea rni ng,wh i le th ere h a s never formed th e sa me voi ce towa rd s th e problem.Hold i ng a d i fferent und ersta nd i ng a bout th e ca uses of Ch i ng li sh,th i s pa per d a res to use th e menta l lexi con th eory of psych oli ng ui sti cs a nd P DP(P a ra llel Di stri buted P rocessi ng)th eory to expla i n th e forma ti on of Ch i ng li sh.Th e th i nk-a loud experi ment i s cond ucted to expla i n th a t i t i s d ue to th e d i fferences 哈尔滨理工大学文学硕士学位论文between LI a nd L2 menta l lexi con org a ni za ti ons,pa rti cula rly poor or la ck of sema nti c connecti ons i n L2 menta l lexi con,th a t Ch i ng li sh i s prod uced a s th e d i rect li tera l tra nsla ti on or a n i ntra-li ng ua l a na log y by CLE.B y probi ng th e d eep-rooted ca uses of Ch i ng li sh,th e a uth or h opes to fi nd some soluti ons for i t i n ord er to fa ci li ta te second la ng ua g e a cqui si ti on i n th e future,a nd h opes future resea rch wi ll be d one a long th i s li ne i n d eta i l.Keyword s Ch i ng li sh,th e menta l lexi con th eory,th e pa ra llel d i stri buted processi ng th eoryIII哈尔滨理工大学文学硕I:学位论文Chapter 1 IntroductionNowa d a ys,of th e over fi ve th ousa nd la ng ua g es i n th e world,Eng li sh i s th e most wi d ely used la ng ua g e.Th ere i s a g rowi ng a wa reness th a t Eng li sh h a s become a n i nterna ti ona l la ng ua g e.As a ma tter of fa ct,th ere a re more a nd more Ch i nese lea rni ng Eng li sh a s th ei r second la ng ua g e i n ord er to fa ci li ta te th emselves i n i nterna ti ona l communi ca ti on.However,a fter severa l yea rs stud y Ch i nese lea rners of Eng li sh(CLE)noti ce th a t th e output of th ei r lea rni ng i s sti ll i n a questi on,i.e.wh i ch i s sti ll qui te d i fferent from Eng li sh-na ti ve spea kers i n ma ny wa ys a nd even ca nnot be und erstood or ma y be mi sund erstood by th e na ti ve spea kers.Th e prod ucti on of CLE most frequently i s Ch i ng li sh.Ch i ng li sh i s a perva si ve ph enomenon i n present-d a y Ch i na.After fi ve yea rs of tea ch i ng i n Ch i na,Alla nson,a forei g n tea ch er of Eng li sh h a s found th a t a lth oug h ma ny CLE a s well a s tea ch ers i n Ch i na a re stri vi ng to spea k a nd wri te Eng li sh a s na ti ve-li ke a s th ey ca n,th e problem of Ch i ng li sh sti ll persi sts,wh i ch ma kes Ch i na a Ch i ng li sh Wond erla nd“.In th i s Wond erla nd,Ch i ng li sh i s ubi qui tous.It a ppea rs i n a lmost every a spect of i nterna ti ona l communi ca ti on i n Ch i na.It ca n be found i n newspa pers,menus,street si g ns,offi ci a l noti ces,TVs,a nd more on th e ca mpus.And th e constructors of th e Ch i ng li sh Wond erla nd a re found not only i n th e beg i nners but a lso i n a d va nced CLE.A forei g n tea ch er of Zh qi a ng Uni versi ty h a s menti oned th a t th e loung e wa s enti tled“th e rest-room for forei g n tea ch ers i n th a t uni versi ty,wh i ch lea d s to th e a wkwa rd si tua ti on to th e forei g n tea ch ers a s well a s to our Eng li sh lea rners a s“rest-rooms“i n forei g n countri es mea ns toi lets.Wh a ts more,Ch i ng li sh not only h i nd ers cross-cultura l communi ca ti on but a lso ca uses a h ea d a ch e for Ch i nese tea ch ers of Eng li sh.Most Ch i nese Lea rners of Eng li sh fa i l to use Eng li sh i d i oma ti ca lly even a fter yea rs of Eng li sh lea rni ng.To express th ei r i d ea s,th ey overwh elmi ng ly prod uce li tera l tra nsla ti on of Ch i nese i nto Eng li sh a ccord i ng to g ra mma ti ca l rules,wh i ch result i n expressi ons th a t a re seld om used by na ti ve spea kers.As i s known,la ng ua g e i s used to crea te a nd org a ni ze th e i nforma ti on system a nd knowled g e system i n h uma ns mi nd.It h a s become th e most powerful veh i cle for h uma n speci es to express th ei r i d ea s a bout th ei r world.It i s essenti a l for h uma n bei ng s to possess th e la ng ua g e ca pa ci ty so a s to exi st i n th i s world.Th erefore,h ow to 哈尔滨理T大学文学硕I.学位论文ma ke la ng ua g e lea rners possess th i s ca pa ci ty i s a centra l a nd perma nent topi c for li ng ui sts to ca rry out resea rch es on.Th oug h th ey fi nd th ere exi sts a menta l lexi con i n h uma ns mi nd,li ng ui sts a re sti ll puzzled a bout h ow la ng ua g e works i n our mi nd,si nce la ng ua g e works a s a n a bstra ct forma l system of g rea t complexi ty.Wh a t li ng ui sts ca n d o i s to d i rectly observe,pred i ct a nd esti ma te our menta l sta te th roug h our la ng ua g e org a ni za ti on.B eca use th e stud y of th e la ng ua g e ca n provi d e th em wi th th e most d i rect evi d ence to percei ve wh a t i s g oi ng on i n our mi nd,ma ny li ng ui sts i ntensely d evote th emselves to d oi ng multi fa ri ous experi ments i n ord er to explore our i nterna l world a nd fi i rth er expla i n th e mystery of our la ng ua g e.Th ei r experi ments a re concerned wi th our percepti on,rea soni ng,a nd cog ni ti on.B ut h uma n la ng ua g e i s so a mbi g uous a nd sch ema ti c th a t i t i s d i ffi cult for i nvesti g a tors to g et exa ct fi g ures servi ng a s va lua ble evi d ence d i rectly.Th erefore i nstea d of relyi ng on certa i n sci enti fi c meth od s,li ng ui sts tend to pursue th ei r concerns a bout la ng ua g e a ccord i ng to some fbnn of ra ti ona l i nqui ry found i n ph i losoph y a nd psych olog y.Th e d a ta th ey g et from th ese rela ted fi eld s a re h elpful to expla i n th e mystery of la ng ua g e.So psych oli ng ui sts,by combi ni ng th e two sepa ra ted subj ects-li ng ui sti cs a nd psych olog y,h a ve ma d e useful a ttempts to expla i n ma ny la ng ua g e ph enomena expli ci tly,a nd th ei r stud i es a s well a s th ei r stud y meth od s h a ve a ttra cted more a nd more a ttenti on.Ma ny th eori es reg a rd i ng la ng ua g e d evelopment h a ve been proposed,a nd th ey h a ve g enera lly a ri sen out of ma j or d i sci pli nes such a s psych olog y a nd li ng ui sti cs.P sych olog i ca l a nd li ng ui sti c stud i es h a ve profound ly i nfluenced ea ch oth er.B eca use no one i nd i vi d ua l subj ect ca n expla i n th e mystery of la ng ua g e,both li ng ui sts a nd psych olog i sts need to g et enli g h tenment from th e oth er.Hence a va ri ety of th eori es a bout la ng ua g e a cqui si ti on a re esta bli sh ed.In th e ea rly d eca d es of th e la st century,pri nci pa lly i n Europe,li ng ui sts turned to psych olog i sts for i nsi g h ts i nto h ow h uma n bei ng s use la ng ua g e.Th i s peri od wa s d omi na ted by Wund t,wh o presented a cog ni ti ve vi ew of la ng ua g e.It wa s for th e fi rst ti me th a t th e stud y of psych oli ng ui sti cs flouri sh ed.Th en wi th th e upsurg e of beh a vi ori sm,i nvesti g a tors tend ed to ch a ng e wei g h ts on d i fferent fa ctors i n a pproa ch i ng th e a cqui si ti on process.B eh a vi ori st vi ew of la ng ua g e a cqui si ti on cla i ms th a t la ng ua g e d evelopment i s th e result of a set of h a bi ts.Knowled g e i s reg a rd ed a s th e prod uct of i ntera cti on wi th th e envi ronment th roug h sti mulus-response 哈尔滨理工大学文学硕I:学位论文cond i ti oni ng.Th a t ma y be th e most ri sky pa rt of th i s vi ew.Accord i ng to th i s vi ew,th e lea rni ng,wh eth er verba l(la ng ua g e)or non-verba l(g enera l lea rni ng),ta kes pla ce by mea ns of th e sa me und erlyi ng process,formi ng h a bi ts.Wh en la ng ua g e a cqui si ti on i s ta ken i nto consi d era ti on,th e beh a vi ori st th eory cla i ms th a t both LI a nd L2 lea rners recei ve li ng ui sti c i nput from th e spea kers i n th ei r envi ronment a nd posi ti ve rei nforcement for th ei r correct repeti ti ons a nd i mi ta ti ons.Th a t i s to sa y,wh en la ng ua g e lea rners responses a re rei nforced posi ti vely,th ey a cqui re th e la ng ua g e rela ti vely ea si ly.Th e beh a vi ori sts see errors a s fi rst la ng ua g e h a bi ts i nterferi ng wi th th e a cqui si ti on of second la ng ua g e h a bi ts.Lea rni ng becomes h a rd wh en h a bi ts of LI a re not li ke th a t of L2.If th ere a re si mi la ri ti es between th e two la ng ua g es,posi ti ve tra nsfer wi ll occur a nd la ng ua g e lea rners wi ll a cqui re ta rg et structures ea si ly.If th ere a re d i fferences,neg a ti ve tra nsfer or i nterference wi ll occur a nd a cqui si ti on wi ll be more d i ffi cult Th i s a pproa ch i s known a s th e contra sti ve a na lysi s h ypoth esi s(CAH).Accord i ng to th i s h ypoth esi s;d i fferences between la ng ua g es ca n be used to revea l a nd pred i ct a ll errors i n second la ng ua g e tea ch i ng.Th oug h th i s vi ew i s too pa rti a l to expla i n a ll th e d i ffi culti es th a t L2 lea rners ma y fa ce,i t i s true th a t th ere a re some i nfluences resulti ng from LI.Th e vi ew of beh a vi ori sm wa s cri ti ci zed by Ch omsky,wh o i s g enera lly reg a rd ed a s th e most i nfluenti a l fi g ure i n th e twenti eth-century li ng ui sti cs.Ch omsky h a s a rg ued th a t la ng ua g e a cqui si ti on ca nnot be expla i ned i n terms of ch i ld rens la ng ua g e experi ence.Hi s pri ma ry a rg ument i s ca lled th e 4poverty of sti mulus a rg ument.Th i s a rg ument sta tes th a t th ere i s not enoug h i nforma ti on i n th e la ng ua g e sa mples g i ven to ch i ld ren to fully a ccount for th e ri ch ness a nd complexi ty of ch i ld rens la ng ua g e.Th erefore,a lth oug h pa rents ma y a ssi st th e ch i ld s la ng ua g e d evelopment i n some wa y a nd i nfluence th e ra te of d evelopment somewh a t,th e pa ttern of d evelopment i s ba sed not on pa renta l speech but on i nna te la ng ua g e knowled g e.It i s th e ori g i na l i d ea of Ch omskys tra nsforma ti ona l g ra mma r.Th oug h Ch omsky seems pa rti a l i n bei ng i ncli ned to focus on synta x,yet,most li ng ui sts h a ve followed h i s enli g h tenment a nd a na lyzed la ng ua g e d evelopment th eoreti ca lly wi th a n emph a si s on th e role of th e i nna te fa ctors.B ut th i s ti me,th ei r resea rch of la ng ua g e i s not li mi ted to th e ph enomena of la ng ua g e,but focuses on i ts na ture.Wh en th e na ture of la ng ua g e i s exa mi ned,i t i s i nevi ta ble to uti li ze some psych olog i ca l th eory a s reference to expla i n i t.Or a t lea st li ng ui sts rea li ze th e 哈尔滨理T大学文学硕I:学位论文si g ni fi ca nce of h uma ns i nner world,th oug h i t seems j ust a s wi ld a nd uncontrolla ble a s th e wea th er.Norma lly obj ecti ve mea sures a re used to explore a resea rch d oma i n.Th ese conventi ona lly a ccepted mea sures a re sta nd a rd i zed to see wh eth er th i s na ture or ph enomenon i s publi cly observa ble,th a t i s to sa y;wh eth er i t ca n be counted,mea sured,or record ed.B ut th ese mea sures ca nnot be completely a ppli ed to th e resea rch of la ng ua g e pa rti a lly d ue to th e complexi ty of our i nner world.Si nce nobod y ca n ma ke d i rect observa ti ons of h uma n bra i n i ntelli g ence to g et va lua ble d a ta li ng ui sts h a ve to use th ei r extra ord i na ry va ri ous experi ments a nd ma ke rea sona ble conclusi ons.Th a t i s th e vi ta l poi nt of la ng ua g e resea rch.1.1 The ProblemG e Ch ua ng ui i s th e fi rst sch ola r wh o d i scusses Ch i nese Eng li sh(Ch i ng li sh)a nd coi ns th e term Ch i na Eng li sh”i n 1980.In h i s a rti cle A Talk in Chinese-English Translation,h e sug g ests th a t much a ttenti on sh ould be d ra wn to d i sti ng ui sh i ng Ch i na Eng li sh from Ch i ng li sh.Th en B ri ti sh sch ola r Tod d a nd Ameri ca n sch ola r Ha ncock 网 expound s Ch i ng li sh Eng li sh i n th e a spects of ph onolog y,lexi con a nd g ra mma r wi th i nclusi on of Ch i na Eng li sh a nd Ch i nese Eng li sh.Joa n P i nkh a m15,a n Eng li sh na ti ve spea ker,tra nsla tor a nd sch ola r,g a ve us th e followi ng a ccount i n 2000：Reading anything that has been published in English for foreign readersa magazine article,a news story,an advertisement,a government report-and you are likely to find superfl