高考英语一轮复习学案专题11名词性从句.doc

2013年高考英语一轮复习学案专题11：名词性从句【备考策略】一、概念 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等, 因此可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。主要考查语序问题、连接词选用、时态的 呼应等Who will win the match is still unknown. I want to know what he has told you. The fact is that we have lost the game. The news that we won the game is exciting. 2. 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 从属连词： that, whether, if不充当从句的任何成分 连接代词: what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which, whichever. （作主、宾、表、补） 连接副词: when,where,how,why, however, wherever（状）主语从句的用法一、主语从句在复合句中作主语, 它可 以位于句首, 但常见的主语从句多放在句末,句首则用形式主语it。1That the earth is round is true. = It is true that the earth is round2. Whether he will come hasnt been decided. = It hasnt been decided whether he will come. 注意: 连词that, whether在从句中不担任句子成分,只起连接作用,不能省略 (注: if不可用来引导主语从句）When he will go to America is not yet fixed. (It is not yet fixed when he will go to America.) Whoever leaves the room last should close the door. Whatever we do must be in the interests of the people.3.常见的it作形式主语的结构1）It is a fact that he won the match.2）It is necessary that we do study the English.3）It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.4）It seemed that he would come here基本句型结构常用词语It is + 名词 + that从句It is a fact/a shame/a pity/no wonder/good news/thatIt is + 形容词 + that从句It is necessary/strange/important/possible/likely/that这类主语从句中,谓语动词常为(should)+动词原形It is + 过去分词 + that从句It is said/reported/decided/known/thatIt + 不及物动词 + that从句It seemed/happened/doesnt matter/has turned out/that二、it 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 it 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构, 主语从句的连接词有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如:u It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.u It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.u It is in the morning that the murder took place.u It is John that broke the window.宾语从句的用法句子结构：主句 + 连接词(引导词) + 宾语从句1.We believe (that) he is honest.2.Do you know what he said just now?3.I dont remember when we arrived4.Lily wanted to know if /whether her grandma liked the handbag .5.we should think of how we can do more for others在think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词之后,宾语从句中谓语的否定常转移到主句的谓语上。 I dont believe he will go. We dont expect he is coming. I dont think he can do it, can he? You /They dont think he can do it ,do they?在接复合宾语的句子中, 为了保持句子平衡, 用it 作形式宾语,将从句放于句尾, 常接复合宾语的动词有: make, find, see, hear, feel, think. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day. Ithinkitapitytowastethefood表语从句的用法在复合句中用作表语的从句是表语从句, 引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。 Thats what we should do. Thats why I want to see you. The reason for my absence was that I was ill. 1. be, seem, look等动词后均可跟表语从句： My suggestion is that we should go shopping. It seems that it is going to rain2. as if, because 也可引导表语从句。 It looks as if its going to rain. It was because I got up late. 3. 在非正式文体中,引导表语从句的that可以省略。如: The trouble is (that) he is ill注意:在表语从句中,当reason做主语时,引导词只能用that,不能用because,如:他迟到的原因是因为他没有赶上早班车。 The reason why he was late was that he didnt catch the early bus. 同位语从句的用法 在句中起同位语的作用.一般放在名词 fact , news , idea , promise, thought , suggestion,truth , hope , problem, information, belief, doubt, question dream advice, proof decision等之后,用以说明或解释前面的名词.1.The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been discussed.2.I have no idea when they will go. 3.The suggestion that the plan (should) be delayed will be discussed tomorrow. 名词suggestion,advice.order等词后的同位语从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形,should可省略.同位语从句有时被别的词把它和名词隔开：The story goes that William Tell killed the king with an arrow. Word came that their team had won九大热点问题1.同位语从句与定语从句的区别1）.The news that the plane would take off on time made everybody happy.2）.The news that is spreading around the airport is that a heavy storm is coming.3）.The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering.4).The suggestion that they are considering is that students should learn something practical同位语从句与定语 从句的不同之处从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步 说明前面名词的内容；定语从句用来修饰、 限定前面的名词（相当于一个定语）。 e.g. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. （从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。）The news that you told us is really encouraging.（从句对“消息”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知。）引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。e.g.1) Dad made a promise that he would buy me CD player if I passed the English test. （that 不充当任何成分） 2) Dad made a promise that excited all his children.（that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语。）Choose the best answer2.语序问题（名词性从句用陈述语序）3.whetherif的区别 I. Please tell me if/whether you will go to the lectures tomorrow. II. It all depends on whether the sky will clear up. III. The question is whether the film is well worth seeing. IV. Can you tell me whether or not the train has left? V. Whether it is true remains a problem. VI. He doesnt know whether to stay. A.引导宾语从句，位于及物动词后 B.引导宾语从句，位于介词后 C.引导主语从句，放句首 D.引导表语从句，主语从句或同位语从句 E. 可与or not 直接连用4.Whatthat的区别（在名词性从句中） I. I think that it is unnecessary for me to speak louder. II. His mother is satisfied with what he has done. III. That he was able to come made us happy. IV. This is what makes us interested. V. The reason was that Tod had never seen the million-pound note before. 所引导的从句中是否缺主语、表语或宾语 汉语意义 能否省略 What 缺 什么；所的 东西、事情 否 that 不缺 无意义 宾语从句中能省略 5.that引导名词性从句的省略情况1)that引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时，不能省略。e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.2)宾语从句中的连接词that有时可省有时又不可省，在以下几种情况中that不能省略：（A）当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入词语或者从句主语之间有插入语时，that不可省略；I think ,he said,that Tom will come.（B）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时(或带两个以上宾语从句)，that不能省；（C）当that作介词宾语时，that不可省掉（很少在介词后引导宾从，只在except,but ,beside ,in 后才用。介词后一般用what,whether连接，不用 which， if连接）如：Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.6.Who / whoever, what / whatever等的用法区别。一般说来，what/who等含特指意义，而whatever/whoever等含泛指意义，意为“无论什么/无论谁”。7.Where, when, why等连接副词引导的名词性从句。Where, when, why等连接副词也可以引导名词性从句，使用的关键是：这个词必须符合句子的逻辑意义要求。8.“介词+who(m)引导的宾语从句”与“介词+ whom”引导的定语从句的区别。介词后面的引导词用主格还是宾格，决定于它在宾语从句中作主语还是宾语。例如：It was a matter of _ would take the position.A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever9疑问词 + ever和no matter + 疑问词的区别。疑问词 + ever可引导名词性从句，在主从句中要充当一定的部分。如：Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.You can choose whatever you like in the shop.疑问词 + ever还可引导让步状语从句。如：Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished,Whatever you do, you must do it well.no matter + 疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。如：No matter what you do, you must do it well.No matter who breaks the rule, he must be punished.w考点解析【考点1】名词性从句中引导词that与what的使用场合。that 引导名从时，无意义不当句子成分，只是引导词；而what引导名从时，在从句中要充当主宾表等句子成分，what表“什么”=all that或sth. that1.The mountain is no longer _ it used to be.A. which B. that C. what D. as 2.There is much chance _ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race. A. that B. which C. until D. if3.The thought of going back home was _kept him happy while he was working abroad.A.that B.all that C.all what D.which4.You can only be sure of_ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future. 2007 安徽卷A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; thatTips：定语从句引导词中，有that没有what。【考点2】名词性从句中引导词whether与if 的用法区别。If 在名从中可以用在：1.引导及物动词或形容词后的宾语从句2. 当与or not分开使用时He wondered if / whether we will attend the meeting or not.Whether所有名从都可以 1 _ the flight to New York will be delayed is _ Im especially worried about. A. If ; whatB. Whether ; thatC. When ; thatD. Whether ; what【考点3】“(should) + do”在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等,谓语动词用虚拟语气,常用句型有: （1） It is necessary, (important, natural, strange, etc.) that. （2） It is suggested,(requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that. （3）一坚持（insist）、二命令（order，command）、三建议（suggest，advise，propose）、四要求（demand，desire, require，request）。 （4） 主语是suggestion, proposal, request, decision等表 “建议、请求、要求、决定”等意思的词时,表语从句,同位语中谓语动词要用虚拟语气 “(should) + do”。如: His suggestion is that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the question. 1. I advised that he _ to the hospital at once, but he insisted that he _ quite well then.A. be sent; was feelingB. was sent; sentC. be sent; feelD. should be sent; should feel 【考点4】名词性从句的语序只能是陈述句语序，宾语从句的时态应该与主句的谓语动词的时态保持一致。Eg. They are teachers and dont realize _ to start and run a company. A. what takes itB. what they takeC. what takes themD. what it takes【考点5】whoever，whichever，whatever，whenever，wherever和however可以引导名从和让步状从；no matter who / which / what/ when/ where / how只能引导让步主语从句。 Have a nice trip! Thanks. Ill telephone you from _ I get to by tomorrow evening. A. wherever B. every place C. whenever D. no matter where【考点6】that的用法1.that 引导从句小结1.A modern city has been set up in _ was a wasteland ten years ago.A. what B. which C. that D. where2.Because of my poor memory, all _ you told me has been forgotten.A. that B. which C. what D. as3.With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased _ he was a man of action.A. which B. that C. what D. whether4.It is what you do rather than what you say _ matters.A. that B. what C. which D. this5.His plan was such a good one _ we all agreed to accept it.A. so B.what C. that D. as6 _ made the school proud was _ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. A. What / because B. What / that C. That / what D. That / because2that在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中不可省略, 但当有两个和两个以上的宾语从句并列时，第二个从句以下的that不可省略。如：She said (that) she had left school and that her parents would find her a job.3介词后的宾语从句常用what，whether引导，不用that，which引导。但在介词besides，except，in，but后可用that引导宾语从句。The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at _ I thought was a dangerous speed. A. as B. which C. what D. that 4. 定语从句与同位语从句中that的区别，主要看that在从句中有没有语法作用。定语从句中的关系代词that在句中做宾语或主语，有时可以与 which 互换。同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不担当任何句子成分；而如果句子是同位语从句，就应用连词that而不能用which。同位语从句一般放在表具体含义的名词如：fact、suggestion、truth、possibility、idea等后面，解释名词的含义或内容，而定语从句只是对先行词的限定和修饰。例如：The football star Henry expressed the hope that he would come to visit China again in 2008.同位语从句，从句就是hope的内容；The hope the football star Henry expressed is that he would come to visit China again in 2008. 定语从句，从句修饰hope，是“表达的”愿望。1. Its thirty years since we last met.But I still remember the story, believe it or not, _ we got lost on a rainy night.A. which B. that C. what D. when2. I still remember the big names in the stories _ my mother told me when I was young. A. when B. that C. what D. where 五年高考 A组 2012年全国高考题组1.【2012浙江卷,4】I made a promise to myself_this year, my first year in high school, would be different.A. whetherB. whatC. thatD. how【考点】名词性从句同位语从句【答案】C【解析】that引导同位语从句，在从句中不做句子成分，补充说明同位语promise的内容。2.【2012辽宁卷】34. The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for he could find about Mark Twain. A. wherever B. however C. whatever D. whichever【考点】连词用法。【答案】C【解析】介词for后面加的是宾语从句，且从句中find缺少宾语，所以用whatever，选C项3.【2012四川卷,17】 Scientists study _ human brains work to make computers.A. when B. how C. that D. whether【答案】 B 【考点】本题考查名词性从句。【解析】句意为：科学家研究人类大脑是如何工作以制造出电脑的。根据句意，故答案选B。4.【2012江西卷,25】It suddenly occurred to him he had left his keys in the office.AwhetherBwhereCwhichDthat【答案】D【考点】考察名词性从句当中的主语从句。【解析】it作形式主语，真正的主语为that he had left his keys in the office。且that在句中无意义，并不充当任何成分。5.【2012江苏卷,27】The notice came around two in the afternoonthe meeting would be postponed.A. whenB. thatC. whetherD. how【考点】名词性从句-同位语从句【答案】B【解析】句意为：会议将被延期的通知大约下午两点钟来。空格后的句子是解释说明名词the notice，作同位语从句，在从句中不做任何成分，所以用that引导。6.【2012安徽卷,27】The limits of a persons intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but he reaches these limits will depend on his environment. A. where B. whether C. that D. why 【答案】B【解析】首先把插入语generally speaking删掉，选择B.本题考查名词性从句，but whether he reaches these limits 【作为句子主语】will depend on his environment.【考点】考查名词性从句。7.【2012全国新课程,24】 It is by no means clear the president can do to end the strike.A. how B. whichC. that D. what【答案】D【解析】此处it是形式主语，what引导的是主语从句，作真正的主语。What作do的宾语。句意：总统采取什么行动结束这次罢工一点也不清楚。【考点】考查主语从句的连接词。8.【2012山东卷,25】 It doesnt matter _ you pay by cash or credit card in this store. A. howB. whetherC. whatD. why 【答案】B【解析】此处it是形式主语，后面whether.or引导的主语从句是真正的主语，whether.or意为：是还是都行。句意：在这个商店中用现金或信用卡支付都可以。【考点】考查主语从句的连接词。9.【2012福建卷,35】We promise attends the party a chance to have a photo taken with the movie star.A. whoB. whom C. whoever D. whomever【考点】本句考查连词的辨析【答案】C【解析】首先本句考查的关键短语是promise sb sth“向某人承诺某事“本句指的是向参加聚会的人提供一个和电影明星合影的机会，不定式做chance的定语，然后就是参加聚会的任何人whoever=anyone who，这样句子就很清晰了，所以划分句子成分非常关键，以前考察whoever都是做状语，而本题考查的是作promise的宾语，挺新颖的。B组 2008-2011年全国高考题组1.【2011北京卷 22】_ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. A. WhichB. WhatC. ThatD. Whom【答案】B【考点】考察名词性从句中的主语从句。【解析】句意：这个惊人的消息使我意识到我们将面临多么严重的问题。结合句意可知答案为A，此处what引导的宾语从句是一个感叹句。2.【2011上海卷 35】There is clear evidence _ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.A. whatB. ifC. howD. that【答案】D【考点】考查名词性从句中的同位语从句。【解析】句意为：证据表明，所有能够说明的感觉中最困难的是身体的疼痛。分析句子结构，从句中不错成分，故用关联词that。3.【2011山东卷 26】I am afraid hes more of a talker than a doer, which is _ he never finishes anything. A. that B. when C. where D. why【答案】D【考点】考查表语从句。【解析】句义：我恐怕他比起来一个实践家更是一个空谈家，那就是他一事无成的原因。本文“which is.”引导的一个非限定性定语从句中有一个表语从句根据句意用“why”引导。4.【2011江西卷 26.】The villagers have already known _ well do is to rebuild the bridge. A. thisB. thatC. whatD. which【答案】C【考点】考察宾语从句和主语从句。【解析】村民们已经知道我们将要做的事情是重建这座桥，后面的宾语从句的主语从句中缺少主语且指物，所以选择what。5.【2011江苏卷 26】It was never clear _ the man hadnt reported the accident sooner.A. that B. how C. when D. why【答案】A【考点】考查主语从句。【解析】句意：这名男子没有早点报告这次事故的原因根本没有搞清楚。It在句中是形式主语，真正的主语是why引导的主语从句。6.【2011安徽卷 33】His writing is so confusing that its difficult to make out _it i