高考英语7选5答题技巧及练习.doc

高考“七选五”阅读理解题解题技巧一、七选五题型解读：现在多个省市英语试卷采用“七选五”型阅读理解题，试题模式为：给出一篇缺少五个句子的文章，对应有七个选项，要求同学们根据文章结构、内容，选出正确的句子，填入相应的空白处。考试说明对该题型命题目的的表述为“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握”。这一考查题型对阅读理解提出了更高层次的要求，即不仅要有阅读速度，要对所读文章的主旨要义、具体信息要有所了解，尤其重要的是要掌握作者的写作意图、观点，区分出论点和论据，并且能够把握文章的写作结构和脉络层次，只有了解了这一切，才能比较准确地确定应该选择哪个选项。1)出题位置该题型分为两个部分：主干部分和选项部分。主干部分的原文约300词，其中有5段空白处，空白处的位置可能在段首、段中、段未；选项部分为7段文字，每段可能是一个句子，可能是两三个短句。其中5段文字分属于主干部分的空白处。要求考生依据自己对文章的理解从选项中选择5段文字放回到文章中相应的5段空白处。2) 文章结构(a)描述性结构(主要介绍事物、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的描述如传记，包括人身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描述，因此时间、地点往往是出题重点)(b)释义性结构(解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻类比阐述)(c)比较性结构(把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比)(d)原因性结构(这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的)(e)驳斥性结构(这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其优点缺点、危害性、最后阐明自己的观点)二、七选五解题步骤1)快速阅读全文要点词句，包括首尾段、首尾句以及独立成段的句子和文章中带转折词的句子等，目的是掌握文章的主要内容。2)然后再边读边做题，重点阅读各个问题附近的句子，圈定线索词，然后从选项中寻找相关的特征词，以确定答案。做题时可以采用代入排除法。如果一题做不出或拿不准，可先放过，继续往下读，先做容易的能做出的题，直到读完整篇文章。至此，文章的要点和主旨、各个段落之间的逻辑关系应基本清楚了。3)重新阅读相关词句，重点做刚才没做出的题或不确定的题，此时可将已选出的答案代入原文，利用排除法。同时检查核对已选出的答案，看文章从内容上是否语义连贯合理，语篇结构上是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用语是否恰当贴切。如果所选的答案可以满足上述标准，则表明各个问题的答案基本正确。4）比较两类关键词 ：将7个选项的关键词与5个空的前后句中的关键词进行比较，匹配的是正确答案。具体方法：1 阅读各个空的前后句，标记关键词 在阅读文章的开始部分、明确文章的基本话题以后，要阅读五个空自的前后句，并将前后句中的解题线索，即关键词标记下来。关键词包括句中的核心名词或名词词组（如带有形容词的名词词组），专有名词、时间数字、代词、连词等。2 阅读各个选项，尤其是选项的首句，标记关键词 3 比较并匹配上述两类关键词，确定答案 4 将确定的答案代入原文，看读起来是否通顺。 如：下面一篇文章51 You dont show your secret personality when you are awake because you can control your behavior, but when you are asleep，your sleeping position shows the real you52.The important position is the one that you go to sleep in If you go to sleep on your back，youre a very open personYou normally trust people andyou are easily influenced by fashion or new ideasYou dont like to displease peopleSo you never express your real feelings53 If you sleep on your stomach，you are a rather secretive personYou worry a lot and youre always easily upsetYou always stick to your own opinions or judgment，but you arent very ambitious(上进心)54.This means that you enjoy having a good time If you sleep curled up，you are probably a very nervous personYou have a low opinion of yourself and so youre often delusiveYoure shy and you dont normally like meeting peopleYou prefer to on your own，Youre easily hurt If you sleep on your sideyon have usually got a wellbalanced personality55.Yonre usually carefulYou believe in yourselfYon sometimes feel anxious，but you dont often get sadYou always say what you think even if it makes people rather angry.A. Youre quite shy and you arent quite sure of yourselfB. You know your strengths and weaknessC. Normally people seldom change their sleeping positionD .Everyone has got two personalitiesthe one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and realE. Maybe you dont want to make friends with a person who sleeps curled up.F .You usually live for today not tomorrowG. In a normal night，of course，people frequently change their positions1标记空前后句中的关键词 本文主要讨论各种睡眠姿势反映出的各种性格。各个空前后句的关键词标记如下： 51空后：名词词组secret personality ，dont show 52空前position 空后important ,position, the one ，等。说明空中要填入的选项含有此类词汇。 53关键词：never express your real feelings54关键词：arent very ambitious(上进心)。空后，you enjoy having a good time 55空前句中的关键词：wellbalanced ，空后为careful2标记选项中的关键词 (A) 关键词shy，arent quite sure说明空的前一句可能提到过一种不敢干什么(B) know your strengths and weakness说明一个人性格是好的，优缺点都知道而且能调控。 (C) seldom change their sleeping position说明前后一句可能提到数字，而且是很少的。 (D) two personalities，shown secret (E) dont want to make friends，sleeps curled up.（说明前面或后面肯定提到蜷着身子睡觉的人的各种个性。(F) live for today not tomorrow（活在当下，没抱负）(G) frequently change their positions3比较两类关键词 将7个选项的关键词与5个空的前后句中的关键词进行比较，发现匹配的是： 51与D、52与G、53与A、54与F、55与B。 4 代入原文 将确定的选项代入原文，发现意义上与逻辑上都通顺，因此为正确答案。 三、七选五解题策略七选五解题的关键是能娴熟地利用各种衔接手段。衔接手段分为三种：词汇衔接、逻辑衔接、结构衔接（具体如下）。1). 词汇衔接词汇衔接又可以具体分为三种：代词、同义词/近义词、上下义词/同一范畴词对应关系。 1. 代词英语表达中的代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。例题：The new design was well received by the reception staff of the hotel chain._正确选项句子为：They all believe that its introduction has led to a modern, more professional corporate image and greater confidence among them.例题分析：选项中的they是一个复数人数主格代词，对应空格前句中的staff。staff是一个集合名词（全体员工），是个复数概念。例题：It is important, therefore, that we should know what people using our stores want of us._ During the past two years, we have been working hard to improve the standard of our products in both these areas.正确选项句子为： The research made by the company shows that, above all else, customers expect fashion and value.例题分析：空格后的句末in both these areas中both这个不定代词提示考生空格中一定出现两个并列的名词概念，即fashion and value。2. 同义词/近义词英语前言后语之间往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这是我们解题的一个很好的判断线索。例题：Laura Ashley made a fortune by looking back to past centuries, searching for old designs to decorate a variety of clothes and household furnishings. _. 正确的选项是：These traditional products created a huge wave of demand from the States and elsewhere. 例题分析：空格前句中的old和选项中的traditional是近义词，是很明显的同义对应关系。 有的时候，如果选项中出现空格前后句里相同的词汇，尤其是实词（特别是名词），这往往是很好的提示。这就是所谓的同词重复现象。例题：51 You dont show your secret personality when you are awake because you can control your behavior, but when you are asleep，your sleeping position shows the real you正确选项为Everyone has got two personalitiesthe one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real例题分析：空格后句和空格里都出现了personality，secret，在读选项的时候很容易注意到这个同词重复的解题线索。3. 上下义词/同一范畴词什么是上下义词和同一范畴词？举个例子你们就明白了。Fruit和apple之间就是上下义词，因为前者包含了后者，或可以说后者是前者的一个子集。Apple和orange之间则是同一范畴的关系，都属于fruit。利用前后句中这样的特殊的同义关系常常可以很轻松地解题。 例题：A recently study by American management institute shows that the processing of documents takes up 60% of office works time, 40% of labor costs and up to 10% of business income. _.正确的选项是：These figures are hardly surprising since documents convey nine-tenths of all information. 例题分析：选项中的these figures 提示我们前句一定出现了大于等于三个数字，figure/number/ data等都是表示“数字、数据”的意思，空格前面出现了三个百分数，属于数字的一种，是上下义词的关系。2)、逻辑衔接逻辑衔接根据前后句之间的逻辑关系又细分为：解释关系、例证关系、因果关系、转折关系。1. 解释关系前后句之间含有解释的逻辑关系，这样的逻辑关系是很隐蔽的。例题_thats why I dont wear a white coat.正确选项：He has tried to create an environment where people are not afraid 例题分析：后面说不穿白大褂，前面则为解释的原因。2. 例证关系前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式多样，但就其本质而言无非是思维上的形象（例子、类比等）和抽象（观点）的辩证关系，用到的思维过程无非就是基本的归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。例题：Manager should provide regular feedback to their staff._.正确选项：For example, when good work has been done it must be praised.例题分析：选项是对前句举了一个十分明显的例子。3. 因果关系前后句的逻辑是因果关系，常见的逻辑表达有：because, for, since, as, the reason is that，result in/ from, be due to, be attributed to 等等。 例题：There is no doubt that, in an increasingly competitive trading environment, we are better equipped than ever to compete and to win and we feel increasingly optimistic._. 正确选项：This is due to our now having a clear strategy（战略） with a focus on the customer, product improvement 例题分析：选项句中有一个非常重要的形容词clear，这个词足以说明该公司的strategy(战略)是正确的，一家公司有着清晰而正确的战略思想当然会使其蒸蒸日上。空格前面一句正是讲的该公司踌躇满志，十分乐观。空格句开头的this is due to 反映出这样的因果逻辑关系。4. 转折关系 例题： known as Glasgows most fashionable dentist,正确选项Jerome is keen to point out that he takes his work very seriously.例题分析：空格前句作者用了一个as引起的倒装表示尽管他是城里最时尚的牙医，但人家对工作可是（take seriously），不是绣花枕头。所以考生可以在备选项中搜寻转折逻辑的各种表达法，很快就能找出正确的选项。3）、结构衔接（主要看文章结构和出题位置）a)描述性结构(主要介绍事物、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的描述如传记，包括人身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描述，因此时间、地点往往是出题重点)(b)释义性结构(解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻类比阐述)(c)比较性结构(把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比)(d)原因性结构(这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的)(e)驳斥性结构(这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其优点缺点、危害性、最后阐明自己的观点)英语文章绝大多数都是总分结构，无论是全篇的逻辑，还是每一个独立的意群（一般以自然段的形式出现）的逻辑都是总分结构。利用总句和分句中可能存在的上述的各种衔接关系可以迅速地解题。由于篇幅有限，这里就不举例说明了。下面让我们来用上述总结的方法巧解一篇文章。（2009年高考英语辽宁卷阅读理解新题型样题）Taking good notes is a time-saving skill that will help you to become a batter student in several ways 71. Second, your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test. Third, note-taking offers variety to your study time and helps you to hold your interest.You will want to take notes during classroom discussions and while reading a textbook or doing research for a report 72 . Whenever or however you take notes, keep in mind that note-taking is a selective process.73The following methods may work best for you.Read the text quickly to find the main facts and ideas in it.Carefully read the text and watch for words that can show main points and supporting facts.Write your notes in your own words.74Note any questions or ideas you may have about what was said or written.As you take notes, you may want to use your own shorthand(速记). When you do, be sure that you understand your symbols and that you use them all the time.75A. Use words, not complete sentences.B. There are three practical note-taking methods.C. You must write your notes on separate paper.D0. Otherwise, you may not be able to read your notes later.E. you will also want to develop your own method for taking notes.F. That means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your notes.G. First, the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember it.答案：GEFAD分析：这篇文章整体分为四个段落层次，每个段落均由几个语段构成相对独立地语义单位，各段都围绕“Taking good notes”这样一个中心话题，形成了文章的线性结构。第一段讲述的是做笔记是好学生在多方面的一项省时技巧，第二段讲述的是不管何时、用何种方法做笔记，都要有选择性的做记录，第三段讲述的是做笔记的最佳方法，第四段讲述的是要记住自己的速记符号，这就形成了文章的层次结构，这对下一步的做题有了明确的整体方向。文章的语句间的组合，除了从语句间的意义关系分析外，还可借助句子之间的连接性词语来把握，因为连接性词语能表明这个语段句与句之间、层与层之间的基本关系是承接关系（如so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result等）平列关系（如first, second, third; firstly, secondly, thirdly; first, next, then; in the first place, in the second place; for one thing, for another thing;to begin with, to conclude等）。比如文章中的选项71，由Second、Third得知应选表示平列关系的句子G.项。转折关系（如however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely, otherwise等）。比如选项75，与前句构成了转折关系，故应选D项答案。层递关系（如also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, whats more, too, either, neither, notbut, not onlybut also等）。如72 选项，与前句组合为层递关系，故应选包含also的E.项句子。