汉英语篇衔接手段和连贯手段的对比省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx

汉英篇章衔接伎俩和连贯伎俩对比汉英篇章衔接伎俩和连贯伎俩对比A contrastive study of cohesive devices and coherent devices in Chinese and English texts第1页Steps1.IntroductionText,cohesion,coherence,cohesive devices,coherent devices2.Comparison3.Improving thetranslation 第2页篇章篇章篇章是表示整体概念语义单位。它在一篇章是表示整体概念语义单位。它在一定情景中产生，提供作者想传达定情景中产生，提供作者想传达信息信息，各成份之间有各成份之间有语言伎俩语言伎俩将其将其衔接衔接在一起，在一起，成为成为语义连贯语义连贯整体，为交际受者所接收。整体，为交际受者所接收。衔接性衔接性和和连贯性连贯性是篇章最主要特征。是篇章最主要特征。第3页cohere,Lat.co-+haere(cling),to stick or held together,and to have internal elements or parts logically connected so that aesthetic consistency results.Cohesion&Coherence 第4页Both constructs represent how words,constituents,and ideas conveyed in a text are connected.Cohesion deals with the connectedness between elements at low levels of text,that is,among sentence elements,and clauses normally within a paragraph.Text cohesion models text in terms of relations between words or referring expressions to help determine how tightly connected the text is.Coherence expresses the continuity that exists between one part of text and another and the overall relation of all parts.Text coherence displays text in terms of macro level relations between clauses or sentences to help determine the overall structure of the text.第5页The topic of cohesionhas always appeared to me the most useful constituent of discourse analysis or text linguistics applicable to translation.”（Newmark,1987：295）第6页Cohesive devices语法衔接（语法衔接（grammatical cohesion）：）：指称指称 /照应照应(reference)(reference)替换（替换（substitutionsubstitution）省略（省略（ellipsisellipsis）连接连接/关联（关联（conjunctionconjunction）词汇衔接（词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）：）：复现关系复现关系(reiteration)(reiteration)同现关系同现关系(collocation)(collocation)-Halliday&Hasan:Cohesion in English,1976.第7页指称关系指称关系 ReferenceReference is defined as a case where the information to be retrieved is the referential meaning,the identity of the particular thing or class of things that is being referred to.指称关系指指词与所指对象之间语义关系，用代词等语法关指称关系指指词与所指对象之间语义关系，用代词等语法关系表示。系表示。人称指称（人称指称（personal reference）：人称指称关系指称词普）：人称指称关系指称词普通为第三人称代词，如，通为第三人称代词，如，him、his、everybody等；等；指示指称（指示指称（demonstrative reference）：指示指称词包含）：指示指称词包含this、that、these、those之类指示代词以及定冠词之类指示代词以及定冠词the 和和such a一类词，也包含一类词，也包含here、there、now、then等地点指等地点指示词和时间指示词；示词和时间指示词；比较指称关系（比较指称关系（comparative reference）：比较指称关系）：比较指称关系中比较通常能够经过一些含有比较意义词语如中比较通常能够经过一些含有比较意义词语如same、as、equal、such、similar、different、other、else等来实现。等来实现。第8页9指称衔接指称衔接1.父亲妈妈，你们也买个钱罐存钱吧。2.铅笔在哪里？3.这种力，是普通人看不见生命力。（夏衍夏衍野草野草）4.人到了老年，会有一个似乎奇怪又不奇怪现象：即发生在昨天事，倒会忘得一干二净；而二十年前对自己印象极深事情，却像是昨天刚发生一样，记得一清二楚。（钟灵（钟灵胡二笳子胡二笳子）第9页10指称衔接指称衔接 ex.1.父亲妈妈，你们也买个钱罐存钱吧。父亲妈妈，你们也买个钱罐存钱吧。Daddy,Mummy,please buy a piggie（bank）for yourself.2.铅笔在哪里？铅笔在哪里？Where are the/my/your propelling/mechancial pencil?3.这种力，是普通人看不见生命力。这种力，是普通人看不见生命力。（夏衍夏衍野草野草）It is an invisible force of life.4.人到了老年，会有一个似乎奇怪又不奇怪现象：即发生人到了老年，会有一个似乎奇怪又不奇怪现象：即发生在昨天事，倒会忘得一干二净；而二十年前对自己印象极在昨天事，倒会忘得一干二净；而二十年前对自己印象极深事情，却像是昨天刚发生一样，记得一清二楚。深事情，却像是昨天刚发生一样，记得一清二楚。（钟灵（钟灵胡二笳子胡二笳子）When you are getting on in years,you tend to have a feeling that seems rather odd but,in fact,not very much so:what happened to you just a couple of days ago,you clean forget about it,but what happened as long as decades earlier with a sharp impact on you,you remember as clearly as if it had occurred yesterday.第10页英语指示代词与汉语指示代词相同，不一样英语指示代词与汉语指示代词相同，不一样是使用频率有差异。有时，汉语指示代词省是使用频率有差异。有时，汉语指示代词省略，要靠上下文了解英译时添加出来。略，要靠上下文了解英译时添加出来。英语有定冠词，汉语没有。英语有定冠词，汉语没有。汉语汉语“这这”和和“那那”惯用英语惯用英语“the”、“it”译出。译出。第11页“这倒难以说定。可是你只要看看这儿小客厅，就得了解答。这里面有一个金融界大亨，又有一位工业界巨头；这小客厅就是中国社会缩影。”（子夜）“Its a tall order,your question.But you can find an answer in the next room.There you have a successful financier and a captain of industry.That little drawing room is Chinese society in miniature.”(Tr.Sidney Shapiro)第12页替换替换 SubstitutionIn substitution,an item is replaced by another item.替换指是用替换形式去指上下文所出现成份。替换指是用替换形式去指上下文所出现成份。名词性替换（名词性替换（nominal substitution）：指用替换）：指用替换词词one,ones,the same来取代名词或名词短语来取代名词或名词短语;动词性替换（动词性替换（verbal substitution）：指是用动词）：指是用动词替换词替换词通常是通常是do一定形式一定形式去替换动词或动词短去替换动词或动词短语；语；分句性替换（分句性替换（clausal substitution）：指用替换词）：指用替换词主要有主要有so和和not去取代分句。去取代分句。第13页省略省略 EllipsisEllipsis involves the omission of an item.It is the“substitution by zero”.In other words,in ellipsis,an item is replaced by nothing.省略指篇章中句子或小句中一些基本结组成份缺省。省略指篇章中句子或小句中一些基本结组成份缺省。省略包含名词型省略省略包含名词型省略(Nominal substitution)、动、动词型省略词型省略(Verbal ellipsis)和小句型省略和小句型省略(Clausal ellipsis)。第14页替换与省略 ex.1.现在农民，也不像父辈那样珍惜粮食了。2.他经常不顾危险，这种态度他朋友称为勇敢，而他敌人则称之为有勇无谋。第15页替换与省略现在农民，也不像父辈那样珍惜粮食了。（http:/ 翻译擂台赛赛题）Many farmers today do not treasure grains as much as the older generations did.他经常不顾危险，这种态度他朋友称为勇敢，而他敌人则称之为有勇无谋。He showed his usual disregard for dangeran attitude his friends called bravery and his enemies foolhardiness.(OALD8)第16页连接连接 ConjunctionConjunction is a relationship indicating how the subsequent sentence or clause should be linked to the preceding or the following sentence or part of a sentence.Conjunction involves the use of formal markers,that is,conjunctions,to relate sentences,clauses to each other.连接指用连词、副词、或词组（短语）把两个命连接指用连词、副词、或词组（短语）把两个命题联络起来伎俩。题联络起来伎俩。第17页连接 ex.1.我喜欢看小孩子追逐着旋转火焰，心里重温起少年愉悦。2.在生活越来越富足今天，越来越多长辈选择“压岁书”作为送给孩子们过年礼品。连日来市里各大书店门庭若市，少儿类图书销售量直线上升。第18页连接 ex.1.我喜欢看小孩子追逐着旋转火焰，心里重温起少年愉悦。I love gazing upon kids chasing the spinning fireworks as it reminds me of my teenage glees.2.在生活越来越富足今天，越来越多长辈选择“压岁书”作为送给孩子们过年礼品。连日来市里各大书店门庭若市，少儿类图书销售量直线上升。Today with more and more people living a better-off life,seniors in the family would give books to the children as a lunar New Year gift.As a result,in the past few days,people have beating a path(?)to the big bookstores in the city and sales volumes for various childrens books have increased by large margins.第19页词汇衔接 Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion deals with connections based on the words used.It is achieved by selection of vocabulary,using semantically close items.There are two types of lexical cohesion:reiteration and collocation.词汇衔接指篇章中词汇之间存在着语义联络，经过词汇衔接指篇章中词汇之间存在着语义联络，经过原词重复、同义、近义、反义、上下义和整体与部原词重复、同义、近义、反义、上下义和整体与部分等关系来实现，可归纳为词重复和搭配两大类。分等关系来实现，可归纳为词重复和搭配两大类。第20页21词汇衔接词汇衔接 ex.1.孔乙己便涨红了脸，额上青筋条条绽出，争辩道，“窃书不能算偷窃书！读书人事，能算偷么？”2.黄浦夕潮不知怎已经涨上了，现在沿这苏州河两岸各色船只都浮得高高地，舱面比码头还高了约莫半尺。第21页22词汇衔接词汇衔接1.孔乙己便涨红了脸，额上青筋条条绽出，争辩道，“窃书不能算偷窃书！读书人事，能算偷么？”（鲁迅孔乙己）At that Kong Yiji would flush,the veins on his forehead standing out as he protested,“Taking books cant be counted as stealing Taking books for a scholar cant be counted as stealing.”2.黄浦夕潮不知怎已经涨上了，现在沿这苏州河两岸各色船只都浮得高高地，舱面比码头还高了约莫半尺。（茅盾子夜）The evening tide from the Whangpoo had turned(?)imperceptibly,and now the assortment of boats along both sides of the creek were riding high,their decks some six inches above the landing-stages.第22页Any differences in terms of cohesive devices used in Chinese and English texts？第23页汉语没有定冠词汉语没有定冠词,而英语可用定冠词而英语可用定冠词;英语代词用得多多，汉语代词用得少少;英语人称代词以及对应限定词使用率也大大高英语人称代词以及对应限定词使用率也大大高于汉语。于汉语。汉译英时，要在适当地方增加定冠词和代词，尤其增加定冠词和代词，尤其是物主代词、人称代词是物主代词、人称代词。汉语往往能够不用连接词语了表示句间或句内语义关系，依汉语往往能够不用连接词语了表示句间或句内语义关系，依靠句子之间或句内各部分之间内在逻辑关系到达连结目标，靠句子之间或句内各部分之间内在逻辑关系到达连结目标，汉语中短语与小句汉语中短语与小句(单句单句)之间，之间，(复句复句)小句与句子之间，句小句与句子之间，句子与更大单位句群之间，界限也不是截然分明，而英语中，子与更大单位句群之间，界限也不是截然分明，而英语中，连接词是使用最频繁衔接伎俩。汉译英时则要适当连接词是使用最频繁衔接伎俩。汉译英时则要适当增加关联增加关联词语词语，把原文这种内在联络揭示出来，以防止句子结构涣散，把原文这种内在联络揭示出来，以防止句子结构涣散或脱节。或脱节。汉语倾向于用重复伎俩，英语倾向于用替换伎俩。汉译英中汉语倾向于用重复伎俩，英语倾向于用替换伎俩。汉译英中必要时候要防止重复，多用代词或其它形式替换必要时候要防止重复，多用代词或其它形式替换。汉语中最常见省略是主语省略，谓语省略则较少，而英语句汉语中最常见省略是主语省略，谓语省略则较少，而英语句子普通不能省略主语，会话英语中省略谓语现象较多。汉译子普通不能省略主语，会话英语中省略谓语现象较多。汉译英时英时要要恰当地添加主语，注意译文句子结构完整恰当地添加主语，注意译文句子结构完整。汉英两种语言部分语篇衔接伎俩在使用上汉英两种语言部分语篇衔接伎俩在使用上各有各有偏重偏重。第24页Coherence devicesUnlike cohesion,coherence refers to the overall sense of unity in a passage.The sense is in turn fulfilled through a certain structure,organization or pattern with a guiding topic or theme.Though it is not so easy to identify as cohesion,it will,after all,be embodied and detected through some devices like text markers,lexical coherence,and text pattern,etc.第25页Text markers as coherence device indicate the relationship between different parts of text in the same way cohesive conjunction signals cohesion.They usually involve the use of conjunctions as well.Lexical coherence refers to the role played by the selection of vocabulary in organizing relations on the text level.Compared with lexical cohesion,lexical coherence contributes to textual unity in a similar way but work at rather global levels.The topical pattern involves the dividing of a topic into its components or logical parts and each component represents a main section of information.Five patterns of organization are chronological,spatial,compare-and-contrast,advantage-disadvantage,cause-effect,problem-solution.第26页Tendencies in terms of coherence汉语：汉语：意合意合信息纷杂信息纷杂“画龙点睛画龙点睛”逻辑关系涣散逻辑关系涣散先因后果先因后果英语：英语：形合形合信息清楚易懂信息清楚易懂“开门见山开门见山”逻辑关系严谨逻辑关系严谨先果后因先果后因第27页篇章连贯性也是篇章内聚力表达。它首先经篇章连贯性也是篇章内聚力表达。它首先经过篇章标示词如连词和副词来取得，更主要过篇章标示词如连词和副词来取得，更主要首先则取决于各概念或命题之间与主题语义首先则取决于各概念或命题之间与主题语义逻辑上联络。翻译时除充分利用篇章标示词逻辑上联络。翻译时除充分利用篇章标示词外，还要尤其注意吃透原文，理顺文字底层外，还要尤其注意吃透原文，理顺文字底层联络，译于字里行间，而且要充分注意两种联络，译于字里行间，而且要充分注意两种语言在谋篇布局方面差异，努力再现原文语语言在谋篇布局方面差异，努力再现原文语义结构上连贯性。义结构上连贯性。第28页修改译文：修改译文：1、长安城内街道宽广笔直，主要大街宽度都在一百米以上，宫门前一条东西向大街，足有二百二十米之宽。道路两旁种有青槐和榆树，并有完整排水系统。The streets were straight and wideThe avenues were over 100m in widthThe one outside the palace，running from east to west，was fully 200m wideAsh and elm trees lined the streets，all of which had a sewerage system第29页2、在四川西部有一美妙去处一美妙去处它它背依岷山主峰雪宝顶，树木苍翠，花香袭人，鸟语婉转，流水潺潺，名胜古迹荟萃。它它就是松潘县黄黄龙龙。In the West of Sichuan there is a fine spot.It lies beneath Xuebao,the main peak of Min Mountain.It has green forest,fragrant flowers,bubbling streams and songbirds,and historical interests.That is Huanglong(Yellow Dragon)in Songpan County.第30页SummaryThis lecture has provided a glimpse of theories,evidence and applications of cohesion and coherence from a textual perspective and in terms of pedagogical implications of the research.Though cohesion and coherence are semantic relations,they manifest themselves in this way or that by means of certain devices.There are some overlaps among cohesive and coherent devices,especially in terms of conjunctions.Different cohesive devices do not work alone.Instead,they function together to create a sense of connectivity.This is also true of coherent devices.第31页Group work:Work in groups and select a spokesperson to present your groups comments on the two students translations(Whose is better in achieving coherence and cohesion in the target text?)in the next class.Refer to Slides 7&27 and use them as guidelines for your contrast.第32页